Changes in electrophysiological findings of spinal muscular atrophy type I after the administration of nusinersen and onasemnogene abeparvovec: two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Recently, there have been significant advances in the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Although clinical improvement in patients with SMA after the treatment has been reported, changes in electrophysiological findings, especially needle electromyography (EMG), have rarely been reported. Herein, we report the posttreatment changes in EMG and nerve conduction study findings over time in two patients with SMA type I. CASE PRESENTATION: Patient 1: A 2.5-year-old girl was diagnosed with SMA type I at 1 month of age. She received nusinersen four times and onasemnogene abeparvovec (OA) was administered at 6 months of age. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes of the median and tibial nerves increased over time. The needle EMG after the treatment showed high-amplitude motor unit potentials (MUPs) suggestive of reinnervation during voluntary contraction, which were not seen before the treatment. However, fibrillation potentials at rest were still seen after the treatment. Patient 2: A 2-year-old girl was diagnosed with SMA type I at 6 months of age. She had received nusinersen two times and OA was administered at 7 months of age. The CMAP amplitudes and the MUPs presented similar changes as presented in Case 1. CONCLUSION: This is the first report on the changes in needle EMG findings after treatment in patients with SMA type I. These findings suggested that peripheral nerve reinnervation occurred after the treatment, although active denervation was still present. The accumulation of these findings will be important for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment for SMA in the future.

Utility of Autonomic Function Tests to Differentiate Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson Disease with Dementia from Alzheimer Disease.

OBJECTIVE: We studied autonomic disturbance in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson disease with dementia (PDD), Alzheimer disease (AD), to determine whether autonomic function tests can be used to distinguish these disorders. METHODS: Autonomic function was tested in 56 patients with DLB, 37 patients with PDD, and 59 patients with AD by using the sympathetic skin response, coefficient of variation in R-R interval, the head-up tilt test, serum norepinephrine concentration, and 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine cardiac scintigraphy. Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction, such as constipation, urinary symptoms, and orthostatic hypotension, were also noted. RESULTS: The groups did not differ on baseline characteristics other than those associated with Parkinsonism and dementia. All patients with DLB and PDD had some dysautonomia, whereas rates were much lower for patients with AD (19%). Significantly more DLB and PDD patients than AD patients showed abnormalities on autonomic function tests. CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic function tests might be quite useful to distinguish DLB and PDD from AD.

Spreading of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis lesions--multifocal hits and local propagation?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether or not the lesions in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) originate from a single focal onset site and spread contiguously by prion-like cell-to-cell propagation in the rostrocaudal direction along the spinal cord, as has been hypothesised (the 'single seed and simple propagation' hypothesis). METHODS: Subjects included 36 patients with sporadic ALS and initial symptoms in the bulbar, respiratory or upper limb regions. Abnormal spontaneous activities in needle electromyography (nEMG)-that is, fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves (Fib/PSWs) or fasciculation potentials (FPs)-were compared among the unilateral muscles innervated by different spinal segments, especially between the T10 and L5 paraspinal muscles, and between the vastus medialis and biceps femoris. Axon length and the proportion of muscle fibre types, which are both related to motoneuronal vulnerability in ALS, are similar in the paired muscles. RESULTS: Fourteen of 36 patients showed a non-contiguous distribution of nEMG abnormalities from the onset site, with skipping of intermediate segments. In eight of them, the non-contiguous pattern was evident between paired muscles with the same motoneuronal vulnerability. The non-contiguously affected lumbosacral lesions involved motoneuron columns horizontally or radially proximate to one another, appearing to form a cluster in four of the eight patients. FPs, known to precede Fib/PSWs, were shown more frequently than Fib/PSWs in all the lumbosacral segments but L5, suggesting that 2nd hits occur at L5 and then spread to other lumbosacral segments. CONCLUSIONS: In sporadic ALS, the distribution of lower motoneuron involvement cannot be explained by the 'single seed and simple propagation' hypothesis alone. We propose a 'multifocal hits and local propagation' hypothesis instead.

Verification of propagation hypothesis in patients with sporadic hand onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: If lesions in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) originate from a single focal onset site and spread contiguously by prion-like cell-to-cell propagation at a constant speed, the lesion spread time should be proportional to the anatomical distance. We verify this model in the patients. METHODS: In 29 sporadic ALS patients with hand onset followed by spread to shoulder and leg, we retrospectively evaluated the inter/intra-regional spread time ratio: time interval of symptoms from hand-to-leg divided by that from hand-to-shoulder. We also obtained the corresponding inter-/intra-regional distance ratios of spinal cord from magnetic resonance imaging of 12 patients, and those of primary motor cortex from coordinates using neuroimaging software. RESULTS: Inter-/intra-regional spread time ratios ranged from 0.29 to 6.00 (median 1.20). Distance ratios ranged from 1.85 to 2.86 in primary motor cortex and from 5.79 to 8.67 in spinal cord. Taken together with clinical manifestations, of 27 patients with the requisite information available, lesion spreading was consistent with the model in primary motor cortex in 4 (14.8%) patients, and in spinal cord in only 1 (3.7%) patient. However, in more patients (12 of 29 patients: 41.4%), the inter-regional spread times in a long anatomical distance of hand-to-leg were shorter than or equal to the intra-regional spread times in a short anatomical distance of hand-to-shoulder. CONCLUSION: Contiguous cell-to-cell propagation at a constant speed might not play a major role at least in distant lesion spreading of ALS. Several mechanisms can be responsible for progression in ALS.

Can regional spreading of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor symptoms be explained by prion-like propagation?

Progressive accumulation of specific misfolded protein is a defining feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), similarly seen in Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The intercellular transfer of inclusions made of tau, α-synuclein and huntingtin has been demonstrated, revealing the existence of mechanisms reminiscent of those by which prions spread through the nervous system. Evidence for such a prion-like propagation mechanism has now spread to the major misfolded proteins, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and the 43 kDa transactive response DNA binding protein (TDP-43), implicated in ALS. The focus in this review is on what is known about ALS progression in terms of clinical as well as molecular aspects. Furthermore, the concept of 'propagation' is dissected into contiguous and non-contiguous types, and this concept is expanded to the severity of the focal symptom as well as its regional spread which can be explained by cell to cell propagation in the local neuron pool.

Motor nerve conduction study in cauda equina with high-voltage electrical stimulation in multifocal motor neuropathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

In this study we aim to establish a motor nerve conduction study (NCS) for the cauda equina and examine its usefulness in multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). NCS of the tibial nerve proximal to the knee was performed with an optimized high-voltage electrical stimulation (HV-ES) method in 21 normal subjects, 5 with MMN, and 11 with ALS. HV-ES, but not magnetic stimulation, could supramaximally stimulate the cauda equina. Cauda equina motor conduction time determined by HV-ES, but not that with F-waves, correlated well with cauda equina length on magnetic resonance imaging. HV-ES revealed proximal lesions in 4 MMN patients but in none of the ALS patients. Importantly, 1 patient with "MMN without conduction block (CB)" had a CB in the cauda equina. Cauda equina motor conduction is better evaluated by HV-ES than with F-wave study or magnetic stimulation. HV-ES can help to distinguish MMN and "MMN without CB" from ALS.

Sacral dural arteriovenous fistula mimicking multiple mononeuropathy.

A sacral dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) is extremely rare, and the pathophysiological and clinical features have not been established. A 70-year-old man developed gradually progressive right-dominant bilateral sensory disorder of the lower limbs. His clinical course and electrophysiological findings were similar to those of multiple mononeuropathy. However, angiography showed a sacral dAVF at the right intervertebral foramen between the fifth lumbar and first sacral vertebrae. Endovascular embolization of the dAVF improved his clinical symptoms and electrophysiological findings. A sacral dAVF can mimic multiple mononeuropathy in terms of its clinical features and electrophysiological findings. A sacral dAVF is a treatable disease and should be considered as a differential diagnosis of lower extremity disorders.

Efficient in vivo delivery of siRNA to the liver by conjugation of alpha-tocopherol.

RNA interference is a powerful tool for target-specific knockdown of gene expression. However, efficient and safe in vivo delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) to the target organ, which is essential for therapeutic applications, has not been established. In this study we used alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), which has its own physiological transport pathway to most of the organs, as a carrier molecule of siRNA in vivo. The alpha-tocopherol was covalently bound to the antisense strand of 27/29-mer siRNA at the 5'-end (Toc-siRNA). The 27/29-mer Toc-siRNA was designed to be cleaved by Dicer, producing a mature form of 21/21-mer siRNA after releasing alpha-tocopherol. The C6 hydroxyl group of alpha-tocopherol, associated with antioxidant activity, was abolished. Using this new vector, intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg of Toc-siRNA, targeting apolipoprotein B (apoB), achieved efficient reduction of endogenous apoB messenger RNA (mRNA) in the liver. The downregulation of apoB mRNA was confirmed by the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver as a phenotype. Neither induction of interferons (IFNs) nor other overt side effects were revealed by biochemical and pathological analyses. These findings indicate that Toc-siRNA is effective and safe for RNA interference-mediated gene silencing in vivo.

Efficient In Vivo Delivery of siRNA to the Liver by Conjugation of α-Tocopherol.

RNA interference is a powerful tool for target-specific knockdown of gene expression. However, efficient and safe in vivo delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) to the target organ, which is essential for therapeutic applications, has not been established. In this study we used α-tocopherol (vitamin E), which has its own physiological transport pathway to most of the organs, as a carrier molecule of siRNA in vivo. The α-tocopherol was covalently bound to the antisense strand of 27/29-mer siRNA at the 5'-end (Toc-siRNA). The 27/29-mer Toc-siRNA was designed to be cleaved by Dicer, producing a mature form of 21/21-mer siRNA after releasing α-tocopherol. The C6 hydroxyl group of α-tocopherol, associated with antioxidant activity, was abolished. Using this new vector, intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg of Toc-siRNA, targeting apolipoprotein B (apoB), achieved efficient reduction of endogenous apoB messenger RNA (mRNA) in the liver. The downregulation of apoB mRNA was confirmed by the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver as a phenotype. Neither induction of interferons (IFNs) nor other overt side effects were revealed by biochemical and pathological analyses. These findings indicate that Toc-siRNA is effective and safe for RNA interference-mediated gene silencing in vivo.

Nerve conduction study of the association between glycemic variability and diabetes neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether glycemic variability is related to diabetes microvascular disease, especially diabetes peripheral neuropathy (DPN). We investigated the association between glycemic variability and DPN with type 1 or 2 diabetes. METHODS: Forty patients (23 males and 17 females; aged 34-79 years) underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and a nerve conduction study (NCS). Glycemic variability was estimated by mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) in CGM. DPN was quantitatively evaluated by NCS in the median, tibial, sural and medial plantar nerves. RESULTS: MAGE had a significantly positive correlation with disease duration and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (r = 0.462, p = 0.003; and r = 0.40, p = 0.011, respectively), and a significantly negative correlation with BMI and medial plantar compound nerve action potential amplitude (r = - 0.39, p = 0.012; and r = - 0.32, p = 0.042, respectively). Multivariate linear regression analysis with adjustment for clinical background showed that MAGE (ß = - 0.49, p= 0.007) was independently associated with a higher risk of medial plantar neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Glycemic variability may be an independent risk factor for DPN.

Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite the introduction of plasmapheresis and immunoglobulin therapy, many patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome still have an incomplete recovery. Evidence from pathogenesis studies suggests the involvement of complement-mediated peripheral nerve damage. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of eculizumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody against the complement protein C5, in patients with severe Guillain-Barré syndrome. METHODS: This study was a 24 week, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase 2 trial done at 13 hospitals in Japan. Eligible patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome were aged 18 years or older and could not walk independently (Guillain-Barré syndrome functional grade 3-5). Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive 4 weeks of intravenous immunoglobulin plus either eculizumab (900 mg) or placebo; randomisation was done via a computer-generated process and web response system with minimisation for functional grade and age. The study had a parallel non-comparative single-arm outcome measure. The primary outcomes were efficacy (the proportion of patients with restored ability to walk independently [functional grade ≤2] at week 4) in the eculizumab group and safety in the full analysis set. For the efficacy endpoint, we predefined a response rate threshold of the lower 90% CI boundary exceeding 50%. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number, NCT02493725. FINDINGS: Between Aug 10, 2015, and April 21, 2016, 34 patients were assigned to receive either eculizumab (n=23) or placebo (n=11). At week 4, the proportion of the patients able to walk independently (functional grade ≤2) was 61% (90% CI 42-78; n=14) in the eculizumab group, and 45% (20-73; n=5) in the placebo group. Adverse events occurred in all 34 patients. Three patients had serious adverse events: two in the eculizumab group (anaphylaxis in one patient and intracranial haemorrhage and abscess in another patient) and one in the placebo group (depression). The possibility that anaphylaxis and intracranial abscess were related to eculizumab could not be excluded. No deaths or meningococcal infections occurred. INTERPRETATION: The primary outcome measure did not reach the predefined response rate. However, because this is a small study without statistical comparison with the placebo group, the efficacy and safety of eculizumab could be investigated in larger, randomised controlled trials. FUNDING: The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and Alexion Pharmaceuticals.

Long-term Effects of Intravenous Cyclophosphamide in Combination with Mesna Provided Intravenously and via Bladder Perfusion in a Patient with Severe Multifocal Motor Neuropathy.

A 25-year-old woman presenting with progressive muscle weakness in the distal extremities in the absence of sensory involvement for 2 years was diagnosed with multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN). Her disease was difficult to manage with various immunosuppressants, and the muscle weakness eventually progressed to involve the respiratory muscles, necessitating mechanical ventilation. Intravenous cyclophosphamide (CY) dramatically improved her symptoms, and she has since maintained her ambulatory status for 18 years with intermittent CY therapy. Because the patient presented with hemorrhagic cystitis due to CY, we also implemented mesna administration by bladder perfusion. The administration of CY should therefore be considered in patients with severe MMN that is unresponsive to standard therapy.

[Whether or not ALS lesions spread contiguously?].

Using clinical information, it was investigated whether lesions in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) spread contiguously from an onset site to the another regions in domino-like manner as hypothesized by prion-like propagation of pathogenic proteins. First, the data from medical records of 53 sALS patients with bulbar or lower limb onset showed that the symptom has noncontiguously spread from the bulbar region to the lower limbs or vice versa, skipping the upper limbs, in 18.9% of the patients. Second, in 18 patients with upper limb onset, correlation between the local progression speed of symptom severity in the onset limb and the interval from onset to involvement of the second region (lower limb) was investigated. The symptom severity was assessed by a score on "dressing and hygene", the subscale of the revised ALS functional rating scale. The two parameters should be positively correlated, if the lesion propagates contiguously from an initially affected motoneuron to the neighbouring ones within the same motoneuron pool (local progression) and then propagates to the another motoneuron pools (regional spread). However, the statistically significant correlation was not found, suggesting that there may be the different mechanisms between local progression and regional spread of ALS lesions.

Bax-inhibiting peptide derived from mouse and rat Ku70.

Bax is a proapoptotic protein that plays a key role in the induction of apoptosis. Ku70 has activities to repair DNA damage in the nucleus and to suppress apoptosis by inhibiting Bax in the cytosol. We previously designed peptides based on the amino acid sequence of Bax-binding domain of human Ku70, and showed that these peptides bind Bax and inhibit cell death in human cell lines. In the present report, we examined the biological activities of other pentapeptides, VPTLK and VPALR, derived from mouse and rat Ku70. Cells in culture accumulated FITC-labeled VPTLK and VPALR, indicating that these peptides are cell permeable (human, mouse, rat, and porcine cells were examined). These peptides bound to Bax and suppressed cell death in various cell types including primary cultured cells. These data suggest that such Bax inhibiting peptides from three mammalian species may be used to protect healthy cells from apoptotic injury under pathological conditions.