Selonsertib in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Phase 2b Randomized Active Run-In Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Selonsertib is an apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitor that reduces inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. The MOSAIC study evaluated whether selonsertib attenuated kidney function decline in patients with diabetic kidney disease. METHODS: We conducted a phase 2b study in adults with type 2 diabetes and eGFR 20 to <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 with UACR 150 to 5000 mg/g on maximum tolerated dose of ACE inhibitor or ARB. To account for an acute selonsertib-related decrease in eGFRcr, patients entered a 4-week selonsertib run-in period to establish treatment-specific baseline eGFRcr. Patients were randomized 1:1 to selonsertib 18 mg or matching placebo once daily. We followed all participants up until the last randomized participant completed 48 weeks follow-up. The primary efficacy outcome was the difference in eGFRcr slopes from treatment-specific baselines to week 84, evaluated at a prespecified two-sided P = 0.30. We also evaluated kidney clinical events (eGFRcr ≥40% decline from pre-run-in baseline, kidney failure, or death due to kidney disease) and adverse events. RESULTS: In total, 310 patients were randomized (selonsertib n=154, placebo n=156; 68% male, mean age 65 years, mean baseline eGFRcr 35 ml/min/1.73 m2). Mean difference between selonsertib and placebo eGFRcr slopes at week 84 was 1.20 ml/min/1.73 m2/year (95% CI, -0.41 to 2.81; P = 0.14). Kidney clinical events occurred in 17% (26/154) of patients randomized to selonsertib and 12% (19/156) of those randomized to placebo (difference 4.7%; 95% CI, -6.3% to 15.9%). The most common investigator-reported adverse event was acute kidney injury (selonsertib 11.0/100 and placebo 5.9/100 patient-years). CONCLUSIONS: Selonsertib attenuated the decline in eGFRcr over up to 84 weeks; however, it resulted in a numerically higher number of patients reaching a kidney clinical event and a numerically higher rate of investigator-reported acute kidney injury.

Evaluation of glomerular hemodynamic changes by sodium-glucose-transporter 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetic rats using in vivo imaging.

The mechanisms responsible for glomerular hemodynamic regulation with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated changes in glomerular hemodynamic function using an animal model of type 2 diabetes, treated with an SGLT2 inhibitor alone or in combination with a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor using male Zucker lean (ZL) and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Afferent and efferent arteriolar diameter and single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) were evaluated in ZDF rats measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the administration of a SGLT2 inhibitor (luseogliflozin). Additionally, we assessed these changes under the administration of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1aR) antagonist (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine), along with coadministration of luseogliflozin and an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), telmisartan. ZDF rats had significantly increased SNGFR, and afferent and efferent arteriolar diameters compared to ZL rats, indicating glomerular hyperfiltration. Administration of luseogliflozin significantly reduced afferent vasodilatation and glomerular hyperfiltration, with no impact on efferent arteriolar diameter. Urinary adenosine levels were increased significantly in the SGLT2 inhibitor group compared to the vehicle group. A1aR antagonism blocked the effect of luseogliflozin on kidney function. Co-administration of the SGLT2 inhibitor and ARB decreased the abnormal expansion of glomerular afferent arterioles, whereas the efferent arteriolar diameter was not affected. Thus, regulation of afferent arteriolar vascular tone via the A1aR pathway is associated with glomerular hyperfiltration in type 2 diabetic kidney disease.

Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 2 study propose iptacopan as an alternative complement pathway inhibitor for IgA nephropathy.

Targeting the alternative complement pathway is an attractive therapeutic strategy given its role in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Iptacopan (LNP023) is an oral, proximal alternative complement inhibitor that specifically binds to Factor B. Our randomized, double-blind, parallel-group adaptive Phase 2 study (NCT03373461) enrolled patients with biopsy-confirmed IgAN (within previous three years) with estimated glomerular filtration rates of 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and over and urine protein 0.75 g/24 hours and over on stable doses of renin angiotensin system inhibitors. Patients were randomized to four iptacopan doses (10, 50, 100, or 200 mg bid) or placebo for either a three-month (Part 1; 46 patients) or a six-month (Part 2; 66 patients) treatment period. The primary analysis evaluated the dose-response relationship of iptacopan versus placebo on 24-hour urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) at three months. Other efficacy, safety and biomarker parameters were assessed. Baseline characteristics were generally well-balanced across treatment arms. There was a statistically significant dose-response effect, with 23% reduction in UPCR achieved with iptacopan 200 mg bid (80% confidence interval 8-34%) at three months. UPCR decreased further through six months in iptacopan 100 and 200 mg arms (from a mean of 1.3 g/g at baseline to 0.8 g/g at six months in the 200 mg arm). A sustained reduction in complement biomarker levels including plasma Bb, serum Wieslab, and urinary C5b-9 was observed. Iptacopan was well-tolerated, with no reports of deaths, treatment-related serious adverse events or bacterial infections, and led to strong inhibition of alternative complement pathway activity and persistent proteinuria reduction in patients with IgAN. Thus, our findings support further evaluation of iptacopan in the ongoing Phase 3 trial (APPLAUSE-IgAN; NCT04578834).

The Lived Experience of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Insights From DISCOVER CKD.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can have a profound impact on patients' lives. However, multinational data on patients' lived experience with CKD are scarce. METHODS: Individuals from the prospective cohort of DISCOVER CKD (NCT04034992), an observational cohort study, were recruited to participate in one-to-one telephone interviews to explore their lived experience with CKD. A target of 100 participant interviews was planned across four countries (Japan, Spain, the UK, and the USA). These qualitative interviews, lasting ~60-90 min, were conducted in the local language by trained interviewers with specific experience in CKD, between January and June 2023. Transcribed interviews were translated into English for coding and analysis. Data were coded using qualitative research software. RESULTS: Of the 105 participants interviewed, 103 were included in the final analysis. The average time since CKD diagnosis was 9.5 years, and at least half (50.5%) of participants had CKD Stage 3A or 3B. CKD diagnosis was an emotional experience, driven by worry (n = 29/103; 28.2%) and shock (n = 26/103; 25.2%), and participants often reported feeling inadequately informed. Additional information was frequently sought, either online or via other healthcare providers. The proportion of participants reporting no impacts of CKD on their lives was highest in those with CKD Stage 1 and 2 (64.3%). Conversely, every participant in the CKD Stage 5 on dialysis group reported some impact of CKD on their lives. Across all participants, the most reported impacts were anxiety or depression (37.9%) or ability to sleep (37.9%). The frequency of the reported impacts appeared to increase with disease severity, with the highest rates observed in the dialysis group. In that group, the most frequently reported impact was on the ability to work (80.0%). CONCLUSION: Findings from this multinational qualitative study suggest that patients may experience symptoms and signs of disease prior to diagnosis; however, these are often non-specific and may not be directly associated with CKD. Once diagnosed, the burden of CKD can have a diverse, negative impact on various aspects of patients' lives. This highlights the need for early identification of at-risk individuals, and the importance of early CKD diagnosis and management with guideline-directed therapies to either prevent further deterioration of CKD or slow its progression, thus reducing symptom burden and improving quality of life.

Activation of the inflammasome drives peritoneal deterioration in a mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis.

During peritoneal dialysis (PD), the peritoneum is exposed to a bioincompatible dialysate, deteriorating the tissue and limiting the long-term effectiveness of PD. Peritoneal fibrosis is triggered by chronic inflammation induced by a variety of stimuli, including peritonitis. Exposure to PD fluid alters peritoneal macrophages phenotype. Inflammasome activation triggers chronic inflammation. First, it was determined whether inflammasome activation causes peritoneal deterioration. In the in vivo experiments, the increased expression of the inflammasome components, caspase-1 activity, and concomitant overproduction of IL-1ß and IL-18 were observed in a mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis. ASC-positive and F4/80-positive cells colocalized in the subperitoneal mesothelial cell layer. These macrophages expressed high CD44 levels indicating that the CD44-positive macrophages contribute to developing peritoneal deterioration. Furthermore, intravital imaging of the peritoneal microvasculature demonstrated that the circulating CD44-positive leukocytes may contribute to peritoneal fibrosis. Bone marrow transplantation in ASC-deficient mice suppressed inflammasome activation, thereby attenuating peritoneal fibrosis in a high glucose-based PD solution-injected mouse model. Our results suggest inflammasome activation in CD44-positive macrophages may be involved in developing peritoneal fibrosis. The inflammasome-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines might therefore serve as new biomarkers for developing encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis.

Factors affecting the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors-related initial decline in glomerular filtration rate and its possible effect on kidney outcome in chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes: The Japan Chronic Kidney Disease Database.

AIM: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors often cause a transient decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) shortly after the initiation, referred to as the 'initial drop'. However, the clinical significance of this initial drop in real-world practice remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the nationwide Japan Chronic Kidney Disease Database, we examined factors that affected the initial drop, in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We also evaluated the effects of the initial drop on a composite kidney outcome (a decline in GFR of ≥50% or progression to end-stage kidney disease). RESULTS: Data from 2053 patients with CKD and T2DM newly prescribed an SGLT2 inhibitor were analysed. The follow-up period after SGLT2 inhibitor administration was 1015 days (interquartile range: 532, 1678). Multivariate linear regression models revealed that the concomitant use of the renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and diuretics, urinary protein levels ≥2+, and changes in GFR before the initiation of the SGLT2 inhibitor were associated with a larger initial GFR decline (ß = -0.609, p = .039; ß = -2.298, p < .001; ß = -0.936, p = .048; ß = -0.079, p < .001, respectively). Patients in the quartile with the largest initial GFR decline experienced a higher incidence of the subsequent composite kidney outcome than those in the other quartiles (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The concomitant use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and diuretics, higher urine protein levels and pre-treatment GFR changes were associated with a larger initial GFR decline. Of these factors, the use of a diuretic had the largest effect. Furthermore, patients with CKD and T2DM experiencing an excessive initial GFR drop might be at a higher risk of adverse kidney outcomes.

eGFR slope as a surrogate endpoint for end-stage kidney disease in patients with diabetes and eGFR > 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the J-DREAMS cohort.

BACKGROUND: An analysis of European and American individuals revealed that a reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slope by 0.5 to 1.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year is a surrogate endpoint for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in patients with early chronic kidney disease. However, it remains unclear whether this can be extrapolated to Japanese patients. METHODS: Using data from the Japan diabetes comprehensive database project based on an advanced electronic medical record system (J-DREAMS) cohort of 51,483 Japanese patients with diabetes and a baseline eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, we examined whether the eGFR slope could be a surrogate indicator for ESKD. The eGFR slope was calculated at 1, 2, and 3 years, and the relationship between each eGFR slope and ESKD risk was estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model to obtain adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). RESULTS: Slower eGFR decline by 0.75 mL/min/1.73 m2/year reduction in 1-, 2-, and 3-year slopes was associated with lower risk of ESKD (aHR 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92-0.95), 0.84 (95% CI 0.82-0.86), and 0.77 (95% CI 0.73-0.82), respectively); this relationship became more apparent as the slope calculation period increased. Similar results were obtained in subgroup analyses divided by baseline eGFR or baseline urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR), with a stronger correlation with ESKD in the baseline eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 group and in the baseline UACR < 30 mg/gCre group. CONCLUSION: We found that changes in the eGFR slope were associated with ESKD risk in this population.

A case series of Fabry diseases with CKD in Japan.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that kidney injury is vital organ damage in Fabry disease (FD). Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors are known to reduce proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by dilating the glomerular export arteries and reducing intraglomerular pressure. This improvement in intraglomerular pressure, although lowering the glomerular filtration rate, is thought to prevent renal damage and be renoprotective in the long term. RAS inhibitors may be effective in FD patients with proteinuria to prevent the progression of kidney disease, however, the degree to which they are used in clinical practice is unknown. METHODS: The J-CKD-DB-Ex is a comprehensive multicenter database that automatically extracts medical data on CKD patients. J-CKD-DB-Ex contains data on 187,398 patients in five medical centers. FD patients were identified by ICD-10. Clinical data and prescriptions of FD patients between January 1 of 2014, and December 31 of 2020 were used for the analysis. RESULTS: We identified 39 patients with FD from the J-CKD-DB-Ex including those with suspected FD. We confirmed 22 patients as FD. Half of the patients received RAS inhibitors. RAS inhibitors tended to be used in CKD patients with more severe renal impairment. CONCLUSIONS: This case series revealed the actual clinical practice of FD patients with CKD. In particular, we found cases in which patients had proteinuria, but were not treated with RAS inhibitors. The database was shown to be useful in assessing the clinical patterns of patients with rare diseases.

Multicenter randomized controlled trial of intensive uric acid lowering therapy for CKD patients with hyperuricemia: TARGET-UA.

BACKGROUND: We investigate whether Intensive uric acid (UA)-lowering therapy (ULT) provides increased renal protection compared with standard therapy in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. METHODS: This was a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Only CKD patients with hyperuricemia were included in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to either the Intensive therapy group (target serum UA level ≥ 4.0 mg/dL and < 5.0 mg/dL) or the standard therapy group (serum UA level ≥ 6.0 mg/dL and < 7.0 mg/dL). ULT was performed using topiroxostat, a non-purine-type selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor. The primary endpoint was change in the logarithmic value of urine albumin to the creatinine ratio (ACR) between baseline and week 52 of the treatment. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-two patients were included in the full analysis set. In the Standard therapy group, mean serum UA was 8.23 mg/dL at baseline and 6.13 mg/dL at 52 weeks. In the Intensive therapy group, mean serum UA was 8.15 mg/dL at baseline and 5.25 mg/dL at 52 weeks. There was no significant difference in changes in log ACR at 52 weeks between the Intensive therapy and the Standard therapy groups. CONCLUSION: This study did not reveal the benefit of Intensive ULT to improve albuminuria levels. (UMIN000026741 and jRCTs051180146).

Association of serum magnesium levels with renal prognosis in patients with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Magnesium deficiency is associated with various health conditions, but its impact on the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum magnesium levels and prognosis of renal function in CKD patients. METHODS: This is an analysis of the Japan Chronic Kidney Disease Database Ex　(J-CKD-DB-Ex), which is a multicenter prospective cohort including CKD patients enrolled from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2020. We included adult outpatients with CKD stage G3 and G4 at the time of initial magnesium measurement. Patients were classified by magnesium levels as low (<1.7 mg/dl), normal (1.7-2.6 mg/dl), or high (>2.6 mg/dl). The primary outcomes were the composite of an eGFR < 15 ml/min/1.73 m2 or a ≥30% reduction in eGFR from the initial measurement, which was defined as CKD progression. We applied the Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression hazard model to examine the association between magnesium levels and CKD progression. RESULTS: The analysis included 9868 outpatients during the follow-up period. The low magnesium group was significantly more likely to reach CKD progression. Cox regression, adjusting for covariates and using the normal magnesium group as the reference, showed that the hazard ratio for the low magnesium group was 1.20 (1.08-1.34). High magnesium was not significantly associated with poor renal outcomes compared with normal magnesium. CONCLUSION: Based on large real-world data, this study demonstrated that low magnesium levels are associated with poorer renal outcomes.

Effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease from Japan: exploratory analyses from EMPA-KIDNEY.

BACKGROUND: EMPA-KIDNEY assessed the effects of empagliflozin 10 mg once daily vs. placebo in 6609 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at risk of progression, including 612 participants from Japan. METHODS: Eligibility required an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥ 20 < 45; or ≥ 45 < 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of ≥ 200 mg/g. The primary outcome was a composite of kidney disease progression (end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR decline to < 10 ml/min/1.73m2 or ≥ 40% from randomization, or renal death) or cardiovascular death. In post-hoc analyses, we explored the effects of empagliflozin in participants from Japan vs. non-Japan regions, including additional models assessing whether differences in treatment effects between these regions could result from differences in baseline characteristics. RESULTS: Japanese participants had higher levels of albuminuria and eGFR than those from non-Japan regions. During a median of 2.0 year follow-up, a primary outcome occurred in 432 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.64-0.82; P < 0.0001). Among the participants from non-Japan regions, there were 399 vs. 494 primary outcomes (0.75, 0.66-0.86), and 33 vs. 64 (0.49, 0.32-0.75; heterogeneity p = 0.06) in Japan. Results were similar when models explicitly considered treatment interactions with diabetes status, categories of eGFR/uACR, and recruitment in Japan (heterogeneity p = 0.08). Safety outcomes were broadly comparable between the two groups, and by Japanese status. CONCLUSIONS: Empagliflozin safely reduced the risk of "kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death" in patients with CKD, with consistent effects in participants from Japan.

Guidelines for clinical evaluation of chronic kidney disease in early stages : AMED research on regulatory science of pharmaceuticals and medical devices.

BACKGROUND: For the development of pharmaceutical products in kidney field, appropriate surrogate endpoints which can predict long-term prognosis are needed as an alternative to hard endpoints, such as end-stage kidney disease. Though international workshop has proposed estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) slope reduction of 0.5-1.0 mL/min/1.73 m /year and 30% decrease in albuminuria/proteinuria as surrogate endpoints in early and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), it was not clear whether these are applicable to Japanese patients. METHODS: We analyzed J-CKD-DB and CKD-JAC, Japanese databases/cohorts of CKD patients, and J-DREAMS, a Japanese database of patients with diabetes mellitus to investigate the applicability of eGFR slope and albuminuria/proteinuria to the Japanese population. Systematic review on those endpoints was also conducted including the results of clinical trials published after the above proposal. RESULTS: Our analysis showed an association between eGFR slope and the risk of end-stage kidney disease. A 30% decrease in albuminuria/proteinuria over 2 years corresponded to a 20% decrease in the risk of end-stage kidney disease patients with baseline UACR ≥ 30 mg/gCre or UPCR ≥ 0.15 g/gCre in the analysis of CKD-JAC, though this analysis was not performed on the other database/cohort. Those results suggested similar trends to those of the systematic review. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that eGFR slope and decreased albuminuria/proteinuria may be used as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials for early CKD (including diabetic kidney disease) in Japanese population, though its validity and cutoff values must be carefully considered based on the latest evidence and other factors.

Kidney outcomes associated with haematuria and proteinuria trajectories among patients with IgA nephropathy in real-world clinical practice: The Japan Chronic Kidney Disease Database.

AIM: Among patients with Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, we aimed to identify trajectory patterns stratified by the magnitude of haematuria and proteinuria using repeated urine dipstick tests, and assess whether the trajectories were associated with kidney events. METHODS: Using a nationwide multicentre chronic kidney disease (CKD) registry, we analysed data from 889 patients with IgA nephropathy (mean age 49.3 years). The primary outcome was a sustained reduction in eGFR of 50% or more from the index date and thereafter. During follow-up (median 49.0 months), we identified four trajectories (low-stable, moderate-decreasing, moderate-stable, and high-stable) in both urine dipstick haematuria and proteinuria measurements, respectively. RESULTS: In haematuria trajectory analyses, compared to the low-stable group, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for kidney events were 2.59 (95% CI, 1.48-4.51) for the high-stable, 2.31 (95% CI, 1.19-4.50) for the moderate-stable, and 1.43 (95% CI, (0.72-2.82) for the moderate-decreasing groups, respectively. When each proteinuria trajectory group was subcategorized according to haematuria trajectories, the proteinuria group with high-stable and with modest-stable haematuria trajectories had approximately 2-times higher risk for eGFR reduction ≥50% compared to that with low-stable haematuria trajectory. CONCLUSION: Assessments of both haematuria and proteinuria trajectories using urine dipstick could identify high-risk IgA nephropathy patients.

Genome-wide association study of the risk of chronic kidney disease and kidney-related traits in the Japanese population: J-Kidney-Biobank.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a syndrome characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which may be accompanied by an increase in the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). Although trans-ethnic genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been conducted for kidney-related traits, there have been few analyses in the Japanese population, especially for the UACR trait. In this study, we conducted a GWAS to identify loci related to multiple kidney-related traits in Japanese individuals. First, to detect loci associated with CKD, eGFR, and UACR, we performed separate GWASs with the following two datasets: 475 cases of CKD diagnosed at seven university hospitals and 3471 healthy subjects (dataset 1) and 3664 cases of CKD-suspected individuals with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or urinary protein ≥ 1+ and 5952 healthy subjects (dataset 2). Second, we performed a meta-analysis between these two datasets and detected the following associated loci: 10 loci for CKD, 9 loci for eGFR, and 22 loci for UACR. Among the loci detected, 22 have never been reported previously. Half of the significant loci for CKD were shared with those for eGFR, whereas most of the loci associated with UACR were different from those associated with CKD or eGFR. The GWAS of the Japanese population identified novel genetic components that were not previously detected. The results also suggest that the group primarily characterized by increased UACR possessed genetically different features from the group characterized by decreased eGFR.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study of bardoxolone methyl in patients with diabetic kidney disease: design and baseline characteristics of the AYAME study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), but currently available treatments do not improve kidney function or prevent the initiation of dialysis/kidney replacement therapy. A previous study demonstrated that bardoxolone methyl improves the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), but the study was prematurely terminated because of an imbalance in heart failure between treatment groups. The subsequent phase 2 TSUBAKI study demonstrated no incidence of heart failure and an improved eGFR and GFR as determined by inulin clearance in DKD patients. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre phase 3 study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of bardoxolone methyl in DKD patients with an eGFR ≥15.0-<60.0 ml/min/1.73 m2 and a urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) ≤3500 mg/g but without risk factors for heart failure. The primary endpoint is the time to onset of a ≥30% decrease in the eGFR or ESKD. Randomized patients (1:1) have been under treatment with once-daily oral bardoxolone methyl (5, 10 or 15 mg by intrapatient dose adjustment) or placebo for at least 3 years. RESULTS: The mean age of the 1013 patients is 65.9 years, 21.5% are female, the mean eGFR is 37.84 ml/min/1.73 m2 and the median UACR is 351.80 mg/g. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate patients are enrolled in this study. This study will investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of bardoxolone methyl in DKD patients covering a wider range of eGFR (≥15.0-<60.0 ml/min/1.73 m2) and albuminuria (≤3500 mg/g) compared with previous studies.

eGFR slope as a surrogate endpoint for clinical study in early stage of chronic kidney disease: from The Japan Chronic Kidney Disease Database.

BACKGROUND: In clinical trials targeting early chronic kidney disease (CKD), eGFR slope has been proposed as a surrogate endpoint for predicting end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, it is unclear whether the eGFR slope serves as a surrogate endpoint for predicting long-term prognosis in Japanese early CKD populations. METHODS: The data source was the J-CKD-Database, which contains real-world data on patients with CKD in Japan. eGFR slope was calculated from the eGFR of each period, 1-year (1-year slope), 2-year (2-year slope), and 3-year (3-year slope), for participants with a baseline eGFR ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73 m2. The outcome was ESKD (defined as dialysis initiation or incidence of CKD stage G5). The relationship between eGFR slope and the sub-distribution hazard ratio (SHR) of ESKD with death as a competing event was investigated using a Fine-Gray proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS: The number of participants and mean observation periods were 7768/877 ± 491 days for 1-year slope, 6778/706 ± 346 days for 2-year slope, and 5219/495 ± 215 days for 3-year slope. As the eGFR slope decreased, a tendency toward a lower risk of ESKD was observed. Compared with the 1-year slope, there was a smaller variation in the slope values for the 2-year or 3-year slope and a greater decrease in the SHR; therefore, a calculation period of 2 or 3 years for the eGFR slope was considered appropriate. CONCLUSION: Even in Japanese patients with early stage CKD, a slower eGFR slope calculated from eGFR values over 2-3 years was associated with a decreased risk of ESKD.

IL-1ß may be an indicator of peritoneal deterioration after healing of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an essential lifesaving treatment for end-stage renal disease. However, PD therapy is limited by peritoneal inflammation, which leads to peritoneal membrane failure because of progressive peritoneal deterioration. Peritonitis is the most common complication in patients undergoing PD. Thus, elucidating the mechanism of chronic peritoneal inflammation after PD-associated peritonitis is an urgent issue for patients undergoing PD. This first case report suggests that an increased interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) expression in the peritoneal dialysate after healing of peritonitis can contribute to peritoneal deterioration. CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old woman was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus 10 years ago and had been started on PD for end-stage renal disease. One day, the patient developed PD-associated acute peritonitis and was admitted to our hospital for treatment. Thus, treatment with antimicrobial agents was initiated for PD-associated peritonitis. Dialysate turbidity gradually disappeared after treatment with antimicrobial agents, and the number of cells in the PD fluid decreased. After 2 weeks of antimicrobial therapy, peritonitis was clinically cured, and the patient was discharged. Thereafter, the patient did not develop peritonitis; however, residual renal function tended to decline, and peritoneal function also decreased in a relatively short period. We evaluated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels before and after PD-associated peritonitis; interestingly, the levels of IL-1ß remained high in the PD fluid, even after remission of bacterial peritonitis. In addition, it correlated with decreased peritoneal function. CONCLUSIONS: This case suggests that inflammasome-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines may contribute to chronic inflammation-induced peritoneal deterioration after PD-related peritonitis is cured.

Correlates and Consequences of an Acute Change in eGFR in Response to the SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin in Patients with CKD.

BACKGROUND: Dapagliflozin reduces kidney failure risk in patients with CKD but can result in a reversible acute reduction in eGFR upon treatment initiation. Determinants of this eGFR reduction and its associations with efficacy and safety outcomes are unknown. METHODS: The DAPA-CKD trial randomized 4304 adults with CKD and albuminuria to once-daily dapagliflozin 10 mg or placebo, added to standard care. We prespecified an analysis comparing the effects of dapagliflozin among patients who experienced relative reductions in eGFR (>10% or >0%-10%) or an increase in eGFR from baseline to 2 weeks and assessed long-term efficacy and safety thereafter. RESULTS: A total of 4157 (96.6%) patients had eGFR data available at baseline and at 2 weeks. In the dapagliflozin and placebo groups, 1026 (49.4%) and 494 (23.7%), respectively, experienced an acute reduction in eGFR >10%. Among patients receiving dapagliflozin, those with an acute reduction in eGFR >10% experienced a long-term eGFR decline of -1.58 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year compared with -2.44 and -2.48 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year among those experiencing a less pronounced reduction or increase in eGFR, respectively (P-interaction=0.05). In the placebo group, long-term eGFR decline was -3.27, -3.84, and -3.77 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year for acute eGFR reduction subgroups of >10%, >0%-10%, or increase in eGFR (P-interaction=0.48). Rates of serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest in patients randomized to dapagliflozin were unrelated to the acute eGFR change. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with CKD and albuminuria treated with dapagliflozin, an acute reduction in eGFR (from baseline to 2 weeks) is not associated with higher rates of CKD progression.Clinical Trial registration number: A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on Renal Outcomes and Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (Dapa-CKD) NCT03036150.

Kidney vascular congestion exacerbates acute kidney injury in mice.

Heart failure is frequently accompanied by kidney failure and co-incidence of these organ failures worsens the mortality in patients with heart failure. Recent clinical observations revealed that increased kidney venous pressure, rather than decreased cardiac output, causes the deterioration of kidney function in patients with heart failure. However, the underlying pathophysiology is unknown. Here, we found that decreased blood flow velocity in peritubular capillaries by kidney congestion and upregulation of endothelial nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling synergistically exacerbate kidney injury. We generated a novel mouse model with unilateral kidney congestion by constriction of the inferior vena cava between kidney veins. Intravital imaging highlighted the notable dilatation of peritubular capillaries and decreased kidney blood flow velocity in the congestive kidney. Damage after ischemia reperfusion injury was exacerbated in the congestive kidney and accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes within peritubular capillaries was noted at the acute phase after injury. Similar results were obtained in vitro, in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes adhesion on activated endothelial cells was decreased in flow velocity-dependent manner but cancelled by inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB for the mice subjected by both kidney congestion and ischemia reperfusion injury ameliorated the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and subsequent exacerbation of kidney injury. Thus, our study demonstrates the importance of decreased blood flow velocity accompanying activated NF-κB signaling in aggravation of kidney injury. Hence, inhibition of NF-κB signaling may be a therapeutic candidate for the vicious cycle between heart and kidney failure with increased kidney venous pressure.

New-onset and relapse of nephrotic syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination: a questionnaire survey in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical reports indicate a correlation between new-onset and relapse of nephrotic syndrome (NS) following coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in patients with glomerular diseases. However, there are no reports of a nationwide survey on NS following COVID-19 vaccination in Japan. METHODS: We conducted a web-based survey of council members of the Japanese Society of Nephrology (581 members, 382 facilities) to elucidate the relationship between COVID-19 vaccination and new-onset and relapse of NS. RESULTS: Following COVID-19 vaccination, 27 patients (male: 15, 55.6%) with new-onset (n = 6) and relapse (n = 21) of NS were reported. Of them, 12 (44.4%) patients were diagnosed with minimal change disease at the occurrence of NS. Five patients developed a slight increase in serum creatinine levels; however, none progressed to severe renal dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Our findings clarify the clinical features of new-onset and relapse of NS following COVID-19 vaccination. Although there was no obvious progression to severe renal dysfunction, clinicians and pathologists should be aware that NS is a potential adverse effect of the vaccines.