Continuous Bayesian variant interpretation accounts for incomplete penetrance among Mendelian cardiac channelopathies.

PURPOSE: The congenital Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) and Brugada Syndrome (BrS) are Mendelian autosomal dominant diseases that frequently precipitate fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Incomplete penetrance is a barrier to clinical management of heterozygotes harboring variants in the major implicated disease genes KCNQ1, KCNH2, and SCN5A. We apply and evaluate a Bayesian penetrance estimation strategy that accounts for this phenomenon. METHODS: We generated Bayesian penetrance models for KCNQ1-LQT1 and SCN5A-LQT3 using variant-specific features and clinical data from the literature, international arrhythmia genetic centers, and population controls. We analyzed the distribution of posterior penetrance estimates across 4 genotype-phenotype relationships and compared continuous estimates with ClinVar annotations. Posterior estimates were mapped onto protein structure. RESULTS: Bayesian penetrance estimates of KCNQ1-LQT1 and SCN5A-LQT3 are empirically equivalent to 10 and 5 clinically phenotype heterozygotes, respectively. Posterior penetrance estimates were bimodal for KCNQ1-LQT1 and KCNH2-LQT2, with a higher fraction of missense variants with high penetrance among KCNQ1 variants. There was a wide distribution of variant penetrance estimates among identical ClinVar categories. Structural mapping revealed heterogeneity among "hot spot" regions and featured high penetrance estimates for KCNQ1 variants in contact with calmodulin and the S6 domain. CONCLUSIONS: Bayesian penetrance estimates provide a continuous framework for variant interpretation.

Non-missense variants of KCNH2 show better outcomes in type 2 long QT syndrome.

AIMS: More than one-third of type 2 long QT syndrome (LQT2) patients carry KCNH2 non-missense variants that can result in haploinsufficiency (HI), leading to mechanistic loss-of-function. However, their clinical phenotypes have not been fully investigated. The remaining two-thirds of patients harbour missense variants, and past studies uncovered that most of these variants cause trafficking deficiency, resulting in different functional changes: either HI or dominant-negative (DN) effects. In this study, we examined the impact of altered molecular mechanisms on clinical outcomes in LQT2 patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 429 LQT2 patients (234 probands) carrying a rare KCNH2 variant from our patient cohort undergoing genetic testing. Non-missense variants showed shorter corrected QT (QTc) and less arrhythmic events (AEs) than missense variants. We found that 40% of missense variants in this study were previously reported as HI or DN. Non-missense and HI-groups had similar phenotypes, while both exhibited shorter QTc and less AEs than the DN-group. Based on previous work, we predicted the functional change of the unreported variants-whether they cause HI or DN via altered functional domains-and stratified them as predicted HI (pHI)- or pDN-group. The pHI-group including non-missense variants exhibited milder phenotypes compared to the pDN-group. Multivariable Cox model showed that the functional change was an independent risk of AEs (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Stratification based on molecular biological studies enables us to better predict clinical outcomes in the patients with LQT2.

Acute coronary syndrome with simultaneous two-vessel occlusion De Winter ST-segment depression or reciprocal change?

We discuss a case of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with simultaneous two-vessel occlusions in a man in his 20s. The serial electrocardiograms (ECG) showed very early dynamic changes of ST-T configuration resulting from ischemic zone depth or area between anterior wall versus inferior wall. The upsloping ST depression along with tall tentorial T waves in the precordial leads, as shown in the index ECG, raises the possibilities of a de Winter pattern. The retrospective assessment of the index ECG identified prominent T waves and a mild degree of ST-segment elevations in the inferior leads, given the electrocardiographic findings previously recorded at his workplace medical examination obtained at a later date. If the subtle ST-segment elevations in leads II, III, and aVF and the tall T waves were not overlooked in the index ECG, the probability of reciprocal ST-segment depressions in the precordial leads should also be taken into account. We recognize our ECG findings as intriguing ST-T deviation patterns that can change depending on the time sequence and anatomical dominancy of two infarct-related arteries. We finally suggest physicians should bear in mind the possibility of simultaneous multiple vessel occlusions when they encounter ACS patients with hemodynamic instability as in this present case.

Conduction gap mapping of linear ablation lesions with high-density mapping.

INTRODUCTION: When performing linear ablation, creating contiguous and transmural lesions are technically challenging due to the difficulty in finding electrical conduction gaps. We hypothesized that high-density mapping could identify the gaps. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study included consecutive patients who underwent conduction gap mapping of de novo lesions (41 patients, 55 lines) and previous lesions (25 patients, 34 lines). We analyzed the utility of bipolar and unipolar conduction gap mapping and retrospectively assessed the voltage and morphology of the bipolar electrograms at the gap sites. Bipolar and unipolar propagation maps were classified into three types: the propagation wavefront traveled through the linear ablation lesions (direct leak), the wavefront jumped to an opposite site across the line and returned to the line (jump and return leak), and others (indefinite leak). In the jump and return leak maps, the site where it returned suggested a conduction gap site. Bipolar propagation maps identified 30 (54.5%) conduction gaps and unipolar maps identified 40 (72.7%) gaps at de novo linear ablation lesions (P = .01), and 32 (94.1%) gaps and 33 (97.1%) gaps, respectively, at previous lesions (P = .56). Bipolar voltage mapping did not add any further efficacy in detecting conduction gaps, and the morphology of the electrograms recorded at the gap sites was not related to the types of propagation maps. CONCLUSION: Conduction gaps of linear ablation lesions can be visualized by high-density mapping with a high probability. Unipolar propagation, when used with bipolar mapping, may help detect conduction gap sites.

Performance of an atrial fibrillation detection algorithm using continuous pulse wave monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Detecting asymptomatic and undiagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF) is increasingly important. Recently, we developed a wristwatch-based pulse wave monitor (PWM; Seiko Epson, Japan) capable of long-term recording, with an automatic diagnosis algorithm that uses frequency-based pulse wave analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of continuous pulse wave monitoring for detection of AF. METHODS: During the electrophysiological study (EPS) in patients with AF, simultaneous pulse wave monitoring and Holter electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded (n = 136, mean age 62.7 ± 10.9 years). The diagnostic accuracy of the PWM for AF was compared to the Holter ECG diagnosis. Standard performance metrics (sensitivity [Se], specificity [Sp], positive predictive value [PPV], and negative predictive value [NPV]) were calculated. The duration-based measurements were based on the diagnosis concordance ratios for the duration of time between diagnosis detected by the PWM and true diagnosis by the Holter ECG (AF or not AF). The episode-based performance metrics were based on the proportion of episodes appropriately detected with the PWM relative to episodes determined by the Holter ECG. RESULTS: The total recording time was 1,542,770 s (AF: 270,945 s). A high diagnostic Sp (patient average: 96.4%, cumulative: 97.7%) and NPV (patient average: 95.1%, cumulative: 96.8%) were obtained in the duration-based results. In the episode-based metrics, all indices significantly improved with longer AF episode durations. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous pulse wave monitoring can provide accurate and dependable information to aid in AF diagnosis. A high validity in confirming freedom from AF was shown by a high NPV.

Relationship Between Glucose Fluctuations and ST-Segment Resolution in Patients With ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction.

This study was conducted to assess whether any relationships exist between glucose fluctuations and electrocardiographic surrogate markers of reperfusion injury in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).We prospectively studied 63 consecutive patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI. Patients had either diabetes (n = 30), impaired glucose tolerance (n = 26), impaired fasting glucose (n = 1), or normal glucose tolerance (n = 6). STsegment resolution (STR, %) was measured using electrocardiograms recorded 60 minutes after PCI. STR was categorized as ≥ 30% and < 30%. Glucose fluctuations were assessed by the following parameters obtained from a continuous glucose monitoring system: mean amplitude of glucose excursion (MAGE, mg/dL); and area under curve with reference to mean blood glucose (AUCMBG, mg/ dL/day).Both MAGE and AUCMBG were significantly higher in STR < 30%. In univariate analysis, MAGE ≥ 70 mg/dL (OR = 17.0; 95%CI, 1.93-150.12; P < 0.01), AUCMBG ≥ 20 mg/dL/day (OR = 10.9; 95%CI, 1.92-61.77; P < 0.01), and reperfusion arrhythmias (OR = 7.6; 95%CI, 1.32-44.29; P < 0.05) were significantly associated with suboptimal STR. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed only MAGE ≥ 70 mg/dL was predictive of suboptimal STR (OR = 22.5; 95%CI, 2.43-208.66, P < 0.01).Parameters of glucose fluctuations correlated with electrocardiographic surrogate markers of impaired myocardial salvage in STEMI after reperfusion therapy. Our results suggest that glucose fluctuations may represent a potential therapeutic target to reduce myocardial reperfusion injury in STEMI.

Clinical characterization of type 1 long QT syndrome caused by C-terminus Kv7.1 variants.

BACKGROUND: Variants in the KCNQ1 gene, encoding the α-subunit of the slow component of delayed rectifier K+ channel Kv7.1, cause long QT syndrome (LQTS) type 1. The location of variants may be one of the factors in determining prognosis. However, detailed genotype-phenotype relationships associated with C-terminus variants remain unelucidated. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the clinical characteristics and variant-specific arrhythmic risks in patients with LQTS carrying Kv7.1 C-terminus variants. METHODS: The study comprises 202 consecutive patients with LQTS (98 probands and 104 family members) who carry a rare heterozygous variant in the Kv7.1 C-terminus. Their clinical characteristics and arrhythmic events were investigated. RESULTS: We identified 36 unique C-terminus variants (25 missense and 11 non-missense). The p.R366W variant was identified in 8 families, and p.T587M was identified in 21 families in large numbers from northwestern Japan. As for the location of the variant, we found that the variants in highly conserved regions and nonhelical domains were associated with longer QTc intervals compared with the variants in other regions. Both p.R366W and p.T587M variants are located in the highly conserved and functionally pivotal regions close to helices A and D, which are associated with calmodulin binding and channel assembly (tetramerization), respectively. The probands carrying p.T587M and p.R366W variants had worse arrhythmia outcomes compared with those with other C-terminus variants. The haplotype analysis of p.T587M families was suggestive of a founder effect. CONCLUSION: The arrhythmic risk of C-terminus variants in Kv7.1 in LQTS is not homogeneous, and locations of variants can be a determining factor for prognosis.

KUS121, a VCP modulator, has an ameliorating effect on acute and chronic heart failure without calcium loading via maintenance of intracellular ATP levels.

AIMS: As heart failure (HF) progresses, ATP levels in myocardial cells decrease, and myocardial contractility also decreases. Inotropic drugs improve myocardial contractility but increase ATP consumption, leading to poor prognosis. Kyoto University Substance 121 (KUS121) is known to selectively inhibit the ATPase activity of valosin-containing protein, maintain cellular ATP levels, and manifest cytoprotective effects in several pathological conditions. The aim of this study is to determine the therapeutic effect of KUS121 on HF models. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cultured cell, mouse, and canine models of HF were used to examine the therapeutic effects of KUS121. The mechanism of action of KUS121 was also examined. Administration of KUS121 to a transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced mouse model of HF rapidly improved the left ventricular ejection fraction and improved the creatine phosphate/ATP ratio. In a canine model of high frequency-paced HF, administration of KUS121 also improved left ventricular contractility and decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure without increasing the heart rate. Long-term administration of KUS121 to a TAC-induced mouse model of HF suppressed cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. In H9C2 cells, KUS121 reduced ER stress. Finally, in experiments using primary cultured cardiomyocytes, KUS121 improved contractility and diastolic capacity without changing peak Ca2+ levels or contraction time. These effects were not accompanied by an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate or phosphorylation of phospholamban and ryanodine receptors. CONCLUSIONS: KUS121 ameliorated HF by a mechanism totally different from that of conventional catecholamines. We propose that KUS121 is a promising new option for the treatment of HF.

Multiplexed Assays of Variant Effect and Automated Patch-clamping Improve KCNH2-LQTS Variant Classification and Cardiac Event Risk Stratification.

Background: Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a lethal arrhythmia syndrome, frequently caused by rare loss-of-function variants in the potassium channel encoded by KCNH2. Variant classification is difficult, often owing to lack of functional data. Moreover, variant-based risk stratification is also complicated by heterogenous clinical data and incomplete penetrance. Here, we sought to test whether variant-specific information, primarily from high-throughput functional assays, could improve both classification and cardiac event risk stratification in a large, harmonized cohort of KCNH2 missense variant heterozygotes. Methods: We quantified cell-surface trafficking of 18,796 variants in KCNH2 using a Multiplexed Assay of Variant Effect (MAVE). We recorded KCNH2 current density for 533 variants by automated patch clamping (APC). We calibrated the strength of evidence of MAVE data according to ClinGen guidelines. We deeply phenotyped 1,458 patients with KCNH2 missense variants, including QTc, cardiac event history, and mortality. We correlated variant functional data and Bayesian LQTS penetrance estimates with cohort phenotypes and assessed hazard ratios for cardiac events. Results: Variant MAVE trafficking scores and APC peak tail currents were highly correlated (Spearman Rank-order ρ = 0.69). The MAVE data were found to provide up to pathogenic very strong evidence for severe loss-of-function variants. In the cohort, both functional assays and Bayesian LQTS penetrance estimates were significantly predictive of cardiac events when independently modeled with patient sex and adjusted QT interval (QTc); however, MAVE data became non-significant when peak-tail current and penetrance estimates were also available. The area under the ROC for 20-year event outcomes based on patient-specific sex and QTc (AUC 0.80 [0.76-0.83]) was improved with prospectively available penetrance scores conditioned on MAVE (AUC 0.86 [0.83-0.89]) or attainable APC peak tail current data (AUC 0.84 [0.81-0.88]). Conclusion: High throughput KCNH2 variant MAVE data meaningfully contribute to variant classification at scale while LQTS penetrance estimates and APC peak tail current measurements meaningfully contribute to risk stratification of cardiac events in patients with heterozygous KCNH2 missense variants.

Disrupted CaV1.2 selectivity causes overlapping long QT and Brugada syndrome phenotypes in the CACNA1C-E1115K iPS cell model.

BACKGROUND: A missense mutation in the α1c subunit of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel-coding CACNA1C-E1115K, located in the Ca2+ selectivity site, causes a variety of arrhythmogenic phenotypes. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the electrophysiological features and pathophysiological mechanisms of CACNA1C-E1115K in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs). METHODS: We generated iPSCs from a patient carrying heterozygous CACNA1C-E1115K with overlapping phenotypes of long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and mild cardiac dysfunction. Electrophysiological properties were investigated using iPSC-CMs. We used iPSCs from a healthy individual and an isogenic iPSC line corrected using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing as controls. A mathematical E1115K-CM model was developed using a human ventricular cell model. RESULTS: Patch-clamp analysis revealed that E1115K-iPSC-CMs exhibited reduced peak Ca2+ current density and impaired Ca2+ selectivity with an increased permeability to monovalent cations. Consequently, E1115K-iPSC-CMs showed decreased action potential plateau amplitude, longer action potential duration (APD), and a higher frequency of early afterdepolarization compared with controls. In optical recordings examining the antiarrhythmic drug effect, late Na+ channel current (INaL) inhibitors (mexiletine and GS-458967) shortened APDs specifically in E1115K-iPSC-CMs. The AP-clamp using a voltage command obtained from E1115K-iPSC-CMs with lower action potential plateau amplitude and longer APD confirmed the upregulation of INaL. An in silico study recapitulated the in vitro electrophysiological properties. CONCLUSION: Our iPSC-based analysis in CACNA1C-E1115K with disrupted CaV1.2 selectivity demonstrated that the aberrant currents through the mutant channels carried by monovalent cations resulted in specific action potential changes, which increased endogenous INaL, thereby synergistically contributing to the arrhythmogenic phenotype.

Novel Calmodulin Variant p.E46K Associated With Severe Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Produces Robust Arrhythmogenicity in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes.

BACKGROUND: CaM (calmodulin) is a ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional Ca2+ sensor protein that regulates numerous proteins. Recently, CaM missense variants have been identified in patients with malignant inherited arrhythmias, such as long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). However, the exact mechanism of CaM-related CPVT in human cardiomyocytes remains unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate the arrhythmogenic mechanism of CPVT caused by a novel variant using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models and biochemical assays. METHODS: We generated iPSCs from a patient with CPVT bearing CALM2 p.E46K. As comparisons, we used 2 control lines including an isogenic line, and another iPSC line from a patient with long QT syndrome bearing CALM2 p.N98S (also reported in CPVT). Electrophysiological properties were investigated using iPSC-cardiomyocytes. We further examined the RyR2 (ryanodine receptor 2) and Ca2+ affinities of CaM using recombinant proteins. RESULTS: We identified a novel de novo heterozygous variant, CALM2 p.E46K, in 2 unrelated patients with CPVT accompanied by neurodevelopmental disorders. The E46K-cardiomyocytes exhibited more frequent abnormal electrical excitations and Ca2+ waves than the other lines in association with increased Ca2+ leakage from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via RyR2. Furthermore, the [3H]ryanodine binding assay revealed that E46K-CaM facilitated RyR2 function especially by activating at low [Ca2+] levels. The real-time CaM-RyR2 binding analysis demonstrated that E46K-CaM had a 10-fold increased RyR2 binding affinity compared with wild-type CaM which may account for the dominant effect of the mutant CaM. Additionally, the E46K-CaM did not affect CaM-Ca2+ binding or L-type calcium channel function. Finally, antiarrhythmic agents, nadolol and flecainide, suppressed abnormal Ca2+ waves in E46K-cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS: We, for the first time, established a CaM-related CPVT iPSC-CM model which recapitulated severe arrhythmogenic features resulting from E46K-CaM dominantly binding and facilitating RyR2. In addition, the findings in iPSC-based drug testing will contribute to precision medicine.

Gradient-based parameter optimization method to determine membrane ionic current composition in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.

Premature cardiac myocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) show heterogeneous action potentials (APs), probably due to different expression patterns of membrane ionic currents. We developed a method for determining expression patterns of functional channels in terms of whole-cell ionic conductance (Gx) using individual spontaneous AP configurations. It has been suggested that apparently identical AP configurations can be obtained using different sets of ionic currents in mathematical models of cardiac membrane excitation. If so, the inverse problem of Gx estimation might not be solved. We computationally tested the feasibility of the gradient-based optimization method. For a realistic examination, conventional 'cell-specific models' were prepared by superimposing the model output of AP on each experimental AP recorded by conventional manual adjustment of Gxs of the baseline model. Gxs of 4-6 major ionic currents of the 'cell-specific models' were randomized within a range of ± 5-15% and used as an initial parameter set for the gradient-based automatic Gxs recovery by decreasing the mean square error (MSE) between the target and model output. Plotting all data points of the MSE-Gx relationship during optimization revealed progressive convergence of the randomized population of Gxs to the original value of the cell-specific model with decreasing MSE. The absence of any other local minimum in the global search space was confirmed by mapping the MSE by randomizing Gxs over a range of 0.1-10 times the control. No additional local minimum MSE was obvious in the whole parameter space, in addition to the global minimum of MSE at the default model parameter.

Pueraria mirifica, an estrogenic tropical herb, unveiled the severity of Type 1 LQTS caused by KCNQ1-T587M.

After taking an estrogen-containing supplement derived from a tropical plant Pueraria mirifica, a 24-year-old woman presented marked QT prolongation and repetitive torsade de pointes. The patient was found to carry a heterozygous KCNQ1-T587M mutation. This is the first report on Pueraria mirifica-related acquired long QT syndrome.

Propranolol Attenuates Late Sodium Current in a Long QT Syndrome Type 3-Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Model.

BACKGROUND: Long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3) is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the SCN5A gene, which encodes the α subunit of the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel. LQT3 patients present bradycardia and lethal arrhythmias during rest or sleep. Further, the efficacy of ß-blockers, the drug used for their treatment, is uncertain. Recently, a large multicenter LQT3 cohort study demonstrated that ß-blocker therapy reduced the risk of life-threatening cardiac events in female patients; however, the detailed mechanism of action remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish LQT3-human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and to investigate the effect of propranolol in this model. METHOD: An hiPSCs cell line was established from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a boy with LQT3 carrying the SCN5A-N1774D mutation. He had suffered from repetitive torsades de pointes (TdPs) with QT prolongation since birth (QTc 680 ms), which were effectively treated with propranolol, as it suppressed lethal arrhythmias. Furthermore, hiPSCs were differentiated into cardiomyocytes (CMs), on which electrophysiological functional assays were performed using the patch-clamp method. RESULTS: N1774D-hiPSC-CMs exhibited significantly prolonged action potential durations (APDs) in comparison to those of the control cells (N1774D: 440 ± 37 ms vs. control: 272 ± 22 ms; at 1 Hz pacing; p < 0.01). Furthermore, N1774D-hiPSC-CMs presented gain-of-function features: a hyperpolarized shift of steady-state activation and increased late sodium current compared to those of the control cells. 5 µM propranolol shortened APDs and inhibited late sodium current in N1774D-hiPSC-CMs, but did not significantly affect in the control cells. In addition, even in the presence of intrapipette guanosine diphosphate ßs (GDPßs), an inhibitor of G proteins, propranolol reduced late sodium current in N1774D cells. Therefore, these results suggested a unique inhibitory effect of propranolol on late sodium current unrelated to ß-adrenergic receptor block in N1774D-hiPSC-CMs. CONCLUSION: We successfully recapitulated the clinical phenotype of LQT3 using patient-derived hiPSC-CMs and determined that the mechanism, by which propranolol inhibited the late sodium current, was independent of ß-adrenergic receptor signaling pathway.

Systematic Evaluation of KCNQ1 Variant Using ACMG/AMP Guidelines and Risk Stratification in Long QT Syndrome Type 1.

Background - Mutation/variant-site specific risk stratification in long-QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1) has been well investigated, but it is still challenging to adapt current enormous genomic information to clinical aspects caused by each mutation/variant. We assessed a novel variant-specific risk stratification in LQT1 patients. Methods - We classified a pathogenicity of 141 KCNQ1 variants among 927 LQT1 patients (536 probands) based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) guidelines and evaluated whether the ACMG/AMP-based classification was associated with arrhythmic risk in LQT1 patients. Results - Among 141 KCNQ1 variants, 61 (43.3%), 55 (39.0%), and 25 (17.7%) variants were classified into pathogenic (P), likely pathogenic (LP), and variant of unknown significance (VUS), respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that proband (HR = 2.53; 95%CI = 1.94-3.32; p <0.0001), longer QTc (≥500ms) (HR = 1.44; 95%CI = 1.13-1.83; p = 0.004), variants at membrane spanning (MS) (vs. those at N/C terminus) (HR = 1.42; 95%CI = 1.08-1.88; p = 0.01), C-loop (vs. N/C terminus) (HR = 1.52; 95%CI = 1.06-2.16; p = 0.02), and P variants [(vs. LP) (HR = 1.72; 95%CI = 1.32-2.26; p <0.0001), (vs. VUS) (HR = 1.81; 95%CI = 1.15-2.99; p = 0.009)] were significantly associated with syncopal events. The ACMG/AMP-based KCNQ1 evaluation was useful for risk stratification not only in family members but also in probands. A clinical score (0~4) based on proband, QTc (≥500ms), variant location (MS or C-loop) and P variant by ACMG/AMP guidelines allowed identification of patients more likely to have arrhythmic events. Conclusions - Comprehensive evaluation of clinical findings and pathogenicity of KCNQ1 variants based on the ACMG/AMP-based evaluation may stratify arrhythmic risk of congenital long-QT syndrome type 1.

Efficacy of multidetector computed tomography for diagnosis of unroofed coronary sinus.

The patient was a 62-year-old woman with a chest X-ray abnormality. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a dilated right ventricle and right atrium and an enlarged coronary sinus (CS), but definite diagnosis was not possible. Using contrast-enhanced 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), curved planar reconstruction along the CS showed a direct connection of the left atrium and CS, in addition to the CS to right atrium connection. Unroofed CS is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly that is difficult to diagnose with TTE alone. Our case indicates that MDCT is useful for determining structural information that cannot be obtained from TTE. .