A large-scale microRNA transcriptome-wide association study identifies two susceptibility microRNAs, miR-1307-5p and miR-192-3p, for colorectal cancer risk.

Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have identified many putative susceptibility genes for colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, susceptibility miRNAs, critical dysregulators of gene expression, remain unexplored. We genotyped DNA samples from 313 CRC East Asian patients and performed small RNA sequencing in their normal colon tissues distant from tumors to build genetic models for predicting miRNA expression. We applied these models and data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) including 23 942 cases and 217 267 controls of East Asian ancestry to investigate associations of predicted miRNA expression with CRC risk. Perturbation experiments separately by promoting and inhibiting miRNAs expressions and further in vitro assays in both SW480 and HCT116 cells were conducted. At a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of P < 4.5 × 10-4, we identified two putative susceptibility miRNAs, miR-1307-5p and miR-192-3p, located in regions more than 500 kb away from any GWAS-identified risk variants in CRC. We observed that a high predicted expression of miR-1307-5p was associated with increased CRC risk, while a low predicted expression of miR-192-3p was associated with increased CRC risk. Our experimental results further provide strong evidence of their susceptible roles by showing that miR-1307-5p and miR-192-3p play a regulatory role, respectively, in promoting and inhibiting CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which was consistently observed in both SW480 and HCT116 cells. Our study provides additional insights into the biological mechanisms underlying CRC development.

Differential patterns of reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer according to birth cohorts among women in China, Japan and Korea.

BACKGROUND: The birth cohort effect has been suggested to influence the rate of breast cancer incidence and the trends of associated reproductive and lifestyle factors. We conducted a cohort study to determine whether a differential pattern of associations exists between certain factors and breast cancer risk based on birth cohorts. METHODS: This was a cohort study using pooled data from 12 cohort studies. We analysed associations between reproductive (menarche age, menopause age, parity and age at first delivery) and lifestyle (smoking and alcohol consumption) factors and breast cancer risk. We obtained hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis on the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s birth cohorts. RESULTS: Parity was found to lower the risk of breast cancer in the older but not in the younger birth cohort, whereas lifestyle factors showed associations with breast cancer risk only among the participants born in the 1950s. In the younger birth cohort group, the effect size was lower for parous women compared to the other cohort groups (HR [95% CI] 0.86 [0.66-1.13] compared to 0.60 [0.49-0.73], 0.46 [0.38-0.56] and 0.62 [0.51-0.77]). Meanwhile, a higher effect size was found for smoking (1.45 [1.14-1.84] compared to 1.25 [0.99-1.58], 1.06 [0.85-1.32] and 0.86 [0.69-1.08]) and alcohol consumption (1.22 [1.01-1.48] compared to 1.10 [0.90-1.33], 1.15 [0.96-1.38], and 1.07 [0.91-1.26]). CONCLUSION: We observed different associations of parity, smoking and alcohol consumption with breast cancer risk across various birth cohorts.

Association of female reproductive and hormonal factors with gallbladder cancer risk in Asia: A pooled analysis of the Asia Cohort Consortium.

The female predominance of gallbladder cancer (GBC) has led to a hypothesis regarding the hormone-related aetiology of GBC. We aimed to investigate the association between female reproductive factors and GBC risk, considering birth cohorts of Asian women. We conducted a pooled analysis of 331,323 women from 12 cohorts across 4 countries (China, Japan, Korea, and Singapore) in the Asia Cohort Consortium. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the association between reproductive factors (age at menarche, parity, age at first delivery, breastfeeding, and age at menopause) and GBC risk. We observed that a later age at menarche was associated with an increased risk of GBC (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.16-1.70 for 17 years and older vs. 13-14 years), especially among the cohort born in 1940 and later (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.50-4.35). Among the cohort born before 1940, women with a later age at first delivery showed an increased risk of GBC (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.08-2.24 for 31 years of age and older vs. 20 years of age and younger). Other reproductive factors did not show a clear association with GBC risk. Later ages at menarche and at first delivery were associated with a higher risk of GBC, and these associations varied by birth cohort.

Obesity is associated with biliary tract cancer mortality and incidence: A pooled analysis of 21 cohort studies in the Asia Cohort Consortium.

Body fatness is considered a probable risk factor for biliary tract cancer (BTC), whereas cholelithiasis is an established factor. Nevertheless, although obesity is an established risk factor for cholelithiasis, previous studies of the association of body mass index (BMI) and BTC did not take the effect of cholelithiasis fully into account. To better understand the effect of BMI on BTC, we conducted a pooled analysis using population-based cohort studies in Asians. In total, 905 530 subjects from 21 cohort studies participating in the Asia Cohort Consortium were included. BMI was categorized into four groups: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2 ); normal (18.5-22.9 kg/m2 ); overweight (23-24.9 kg/m2 ); and obese (25+ kg/m2 ). The association between BMI and BTC incidence and mortality was assessed using hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by Cox regression models with shared frailty. Mediation analysis was used to decompose the association into a direct and an indirect (mediated) effect. Compared to normal BMI, high BMI was associated with BTC mortality (HR 1.19 [CI 1.02-1.38] for males, HR 1.30 [1.14-1.49] for females). Cholelithiasis had significant interaction with BMI on BTC risk. BMI was associated with BTC risk directly and through cholelithiasis in females, whereas the association was unclear in males. When cholelithiasis was present, BMI was not associated with BTC death in either males or females. BMI was associated with BTC death among females without cholelithiasis. This study suggests BMI is associated with BTC mortality in Asians. Cholelithiasis appears to contribute to the association; and moreover, obesity appears to increase BTC risk without cholelithiasis.

Diabetes is associated with increased liver cancer incidence and mortality in adults: A report from Asia Cohort Consortium.

There has been growing evidence suggesting that diabetes may be associated with increased liver cancer risk. However, studies conducted in Asian countries are limited. This project considered data of 968,738 adults pooled from 20 cohort studies of Asia Cohort Consortium to examine the association between baseline diabetes and liver cancer incidence and mortality. Cox proportional hazard model and competing risk approach was used for pooled data. Two-stage meta-analysis across studies was also done. There were 839,194 subjects with valid data regarding liver cancer incidence (5654 liver cancer cases [48.29/100,000 person-years]), follow-up time and baseline diabetes (44,781 with diabetes [5.3%]). There were 747,198 subjects with valid data regarding liver cancer mortality (5020 liver cancer deaths [44.03/100,000 person-years]), follow-up time and baseline diabetes (43,243 with diabetes [5.8%]). Hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [95%CI]) of liver cancer diagnosis in those with vs. without baseline diabetes was 1.97 (1.79, 2.16) (p < .0001) after adjusting for baseline age, gender, body mass index, tobacco smoking, alcohol use, and heterogeneity across studies (n = 586,072; events = 4620). Baseline diabetes was associated with increased cumulative incidence of death due to liver cancer (adjusted HR (95%CI) = 1.97 (1.79, 2.18); p < .0001) (n = 595,193; events = 4110). A two-stage meta-analytic approach showed similar results. This paper adds important population-based evidence to current literature regarding the increased incidence and mortality of liver cancer in adults with diabetes. The analysis of data pooled from 20 studies of different Asian countries and the meta-analysis across studies with large number of subjects makes the results robust.

Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks and Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

INTRODUCTION: Previous observational studies have reported inconsistent findings on the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks (SSSDs) and the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. This study investigated the associations between SSSD consumption and the risk of GI cancer using a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Observational epidemiological studies were searched from the PubMed and EMBASE databases until June 2021. We conducted a meta-analysis of all included studies and subgroup meta-analyses based on various factors. RESULTS: In a meta-analysis of 27 studies with nine case-control studies and 18 cohort studies, the consumption of SSSDs was modestly associated with an increased risk of GI cancer (odds ratio [OR]/relative risk [RR]: 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.16), with a significant positive dose-response relationship. In the subgroup meta-analysis by study design, there was a significant positive association between the consumption of SSSDs and GI cancer in cohort studies (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20; n = 18), but not in case-control studies. In the subgroup meta-analysis by type of cancer, consumption of SSSDs was significantly associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (OR/RR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.07-1.19). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that SSSD consumption significantly increases the risk of GI cancer, specifically colorectal cancer.

The association of diet-dependent acid load with colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in Korea.

Acid-base disequilibrium is a contributor to cancer development because it affects molecular activities such as insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and adiponectin production. However, evidence of an association of diet-induced acid-base imbalance with colorectal cancer (CRC) is limited. We examined whether colorectal carcinogenesis is attributable to a diet with a high acid load. We recruited a total of 923 CRC cases and 1846 controls at the National Cancer Center in Korea for inclusion in a case-control study. We collected information on nutrient intake and specific clinical parameters of CRC by using a semiquantitative FFQ and medical records, respectively. Potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) were used to estimate diet-dependent acid load. We used an unconditional logistic regression model to analyse the association. Dietary acid load scores had a positive association with the odds of CRC (OR = 2·31 (95 % CI 1·79, 2·99) and OR = 2·14 (95 % CI 1·66, 2·76) for PRAL and NEAP, respectively, Pfor trend < 0·001). A stronger positive association was observed for females (OR = 3·09, 95 % CI 1·93, 4·94) than for males (OR = 1·71, 95 % CI 1·27, 2·31). Furthermore, acidogenic diets appeared to affect rectal cancer more strongly than colon cancer in females. Our study contributes to reinforcing epidemiological evidence regarding a detrimental effect of acidogenic diets on colorectal carcinogenesis. Thus, it is important to pay attention to the balance of acidogenic (e.g. poultry and red meat) and alkalinogenic foods (e.g. fruits and vegetables) in CRC prevention, especially for females.

The interaction effect of dietary selenium intake and the IL10 rs1800871 polymorphism on the risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control study in Korea.

The importance of Se in human health has received much attention due to its antioxidant properties when it is consumed at an appropriate level. However, the existing evidence is limited to obtain an effective conclusion for colorectal cancer (CRC). Notably, an adequate intake of Se was reported for Koreans. Furthermore, cytokine secretion and immune function may be affected by dietary Se. Our study aimed to explore whether Se potentially reduces CRC risk and whether the IL10 rs1800871 polymorphism has an effect on this association. We designed a case-control study with 1420 cases and 2840 controls. A semi-quantitative FFQ was used to obtain information on Se intake. We determined IL10 rs1800871 through genetic analysis. Different models were developed to explore Se intake related to CRC risk by calculating OR and 95 % CI using unconditional logistic regression. A reduced risk of CRC was found as Se intake increased, with an OR (95 % CI) of 0·44 (0·35, 0·55) (Pfor trend < 0·001). However, this association seems to be allele-specific and only present among risk variant allele carriers (GA/GG) with a significant interaction between dietary Se and IL10 rs1800871 (Pfor interaction = 0·043). We emphasised that a reduction in CRC risk is associated with appropriate Se intake. However, the IL10 rs1800871 polymorphism has an impact on this reduction, with a greater effect on variant allele carriers. These findings suggest the importance of considering an individual's genetic characteristics when developing nutritional strategies for CRC prevention.

Family history and gastric cancer incidence and mortality in Asia: a pooled analysis of more than half a million participants.

BACKGROUND: The family history of gastric cancer holds important implications for cancer surveillance and prevention, yet existing evidence predominantly comes from case-control studies. We aimed to investigate the association between family history of gastric cancer and gastric cancer risk overall and by various subtypes in Asians in a prospective study. METHODS: We included 12 prospective cohorts with 550,508 participants in the Asia Cohort Consortium. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate study-specific adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between family history of gastric cancer and gastric cancer incidence and mortality, then pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. Stratified analyses were performed for the anatomical subsites and histological subtypes. RESULTS: During the mean follow-up of 15.6 years, 2258 incident gastric cancers and 5194 gastric cancer deaths occurred. The risk of incident gastric cancer was higher in individuals with a family history of gastric cancer (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.32-1.58), similarly in males (1.44, 1.31-1.59) and females (1.45, 1.23-1.70). Family history of gastric cancer was associated with both cardia (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.00-1.60) and non-cardia subsites (1.49, 1.35-1.65), and with intestinal- (1.48, 1.30-1.70) and diffuse-type (1.59, 1.35-1.87) gastric cancer incidence. Positive associations were also found for gastric cancer mortality (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.19-1.41). CONCLUSIONS: In this largest prospective study to date on family history and gastric cancer, a familial background of gastric cancer increased the risk of gastric cancer in the Asian population. Targeted education, screening, and intervention in these high-risk groups may reduce the burden of gastric cancer.

Association between dietary carotenoid intake and breast cancer risk: a case-control study among Korean women.

The association between dietary carotenoids and breast cancer (BC) risks were inconsistent. Therefore, this study investigated the association between dietary carotenoid and BC risks among Korean women. We recruited participants from the National Cancer Centre of Korea. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated with a logistic regression model. There was an inverse association between dietary carotenoid subclasses and BC risks; in particular, a higher intake of ß-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin was associated with reduced BC risks. After subgroup analysis with estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) status, there was similar trend among ER-/PR- women. We further investigated which foods contribute to the carotenoid intake. A higher intake of radish leaves, kale, and bracken was associated with lowered BC risks. Accordingly, dietary carotenoid, particularly ß-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin, appears to be associated with a lower risk of BC among Korean women.

The interaction between magnesium intake, the genetic variant INSR rs1799817 and colorectal cancer risk in a Korean population: a case-control study.

Magnesium may have a significant impact on the development of cancer. However, the relationship between magnesium intake and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the association between magnesium intake and the risk of CRC, and we investigated how the insulin receptor (INSR) rs1799817 variant impacts this relationship. Data from 1,420 CRC patients and 2,840 controls from the Korean National Cancer Centre were analysed. A higher intake of magnesium was associated with a reduced risk of CRC in the total population (odds ratio (OR) = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.52-0.81). We found that G + carriers of INSR rs1799817 with higher magnesium intake had a significantly lower risk of CRC (p for interaction = 0.003). Our findings indicated that high magnesium intake could be associated with a decreased risk of CRC, and this association could be modified by the INSR rs1799817 variant.

Interaction between dietary potassium intake and TNF-α rs1800629 genetic polymorphism in gastric cancer risk: a case-control study conducted in Korea.

Mineral consumption has been suggested to have an impact on gastric cancer (GC) prevention. However, the protective effect of potassium against gastric carcinogenesis remains inconclusive. The causal link between inflammation and cancer is well established. Notably, potassium intake and potassium channels may play certain roles in regulating the production of TNF-α (TNF-α). We aimed to determine whether dietary potassium intake is related to the risk of GC. We further observed whether this association was modified by TNF-α rs1800629. We designed a case-control study comprising 377 GC cases and 756 controls. Information on dietary potassium intake was collected using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Genotyping was performed by the Affymetrix Axiom Exom 319 Array platform. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to assess associations. A significantly reduced GC risk was found for those who consumed higher dietary potassium levels (OR = 0·63, 95 % CI = 0·45, 0·89, P for trend = 0·009). In the dominant model, we observed a non-significant association between TNF-α rs1800629 and GC risk (OR = 1·01, 95 % CI = 0·68, 1·49). In females, those who were homozygous for the major allele (G) of rs1800629 with a higher intake of dietary potassium exhibited a decreased risk of GC (OR = 0·40, 95 % CI = 0·20, 0·78, P interaction = 0·041). This finding emphasises the beneficial effect of potassium intake on GC prevention. However, this association could be modified by TNF-α rs1800629 genotypes. A greater protective effect was exhibited for females with GG homozygotes and high potassium intake.

Vitamin E intake and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) rs662 genetic polymorphism are associated with colorectal cancer risk in a Korean population.

Vitamin E and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) are associated with cancer development. However, their interactive effect on colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is inconclusive. We conducted a case-control study including 1,351 CRC patients and 2,670 controls at the Korean National Cancer Centre (KNCC). There was an inverse association between vitamin E intake and CRC risk (odds ratio (OR) = 0.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22-0.42). We identified a reduced CRC risk among individuals with CC genotype of PON1 rs662 polymorphism compared with subjects carrying the T allele (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.61-0.90). The highest interaction between vitamin E intake and PON1 rs662 variants was significant for the subjects carrying the CC genotype (p-interaction = 0.014). This study provided further supporting evidence that vitamin E intake is associated with lower odds of CRC. Furthermore, the activity of vitamin E is strengthened among individuals carrying C allele of the PON1 rs662 polymorphism.

Coffee consumption and its interaction with the genetic variant AhR rs2066853 in colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in Korea.

The bioactive compounds in coffee have several antioxidant properties that may beneficially impact colorectal cancer (CRC) development. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an important transcription factor that regulates an enzyme related to the caffeine metabolism pathway. We investigated the modification effect on coffee of AhR gene polymorphism in the risk of CRC. A case-control study was conducted with 699 cases and 1393 controls to investigate the interaction between coffee intake and the AhR rs2066853 variant in CRC risk. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed using multiple logistic regression analyses. We observed a significant protective effect of coffee against CRC in the overall and male populations. Consuming three or more cups of coffee per day may significantly lower CRC risk in all subjects by 77% and in men by 83% (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.14-0.39 and OR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.09-0.34, respectively, P-trends < 0.001). No association between AhR rs2066853 and CRC risk was found. In the dominant model, the G/G genotype had a strongest synergistic effect with coffee on protection against CRC (OR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.06-0.26, P-interaction = 0.014). The interaction remained significant in men and the distal colon cancer subgroup. In the additive model, the interaction was clearly shown strongest in G/G carriers (OR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.06-0.27, P-interaction = 0.039), followed by A/A and G/A carriers. The interaction remained significant in men and the rectal cancer subgroup. In conclusion, the protective effect of coffee on CRC risk might interact with the genetic variant AhR rs2066853, and this joint effect was determined by sex and site-specific cancer.

Developing and validating polygenic risk scores for colorectal cancer risk prediction in East Asians.

Several polygenic risk scores (PRSs) have been developed to predict the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in European descendants. We used genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from 22 702 cases and 212 486 controls of Asian ancestry to develop PRSs and validated them in two case-control studies (1454 Korean and 1736 Chinese). Eleven PRSs were derived using three approaches: GWAS-identified CRC risk SNPs, CRC risk variants identified through fine-mapping of known risk loci and genome-wide risk prediction algorithms. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and area under the curve (AUC). PRS115-EAS , a PRS with 115 GWAS-reported risk variants derived from East-Asian data, validated significantly better than PRS115-EUR derived from European descendants. In the Korea validation set, OR per SD increase of PRS115-EAS was 1.63 (95% CI = 1.46-1.82; AUC = 0.63), compared with OR of 1.44 (95% CI = 1.29-1.60, AUC = 0.60) for PRS115-EUR . PRS115-EAS/EUR derived using meta-analysis results of both populations slightly improved the AUC to 0.64. Similar but weaker associations were found in the China validation set. Individuals among the highest 5% of PRS115-EAS/EUR have a 2.52-fold elevated CRC risk compared with the medium (41-60th) risk group and have a 12% to 20% risk of developing CRC by age 85. PRSs constructed using results from fine-mapping and genome-wide algorithms did not perform as well as PRS115-EAS and PRS115-EAS/EUR in risk prediction, possibly due to a small sample size. Our results indicate that CRC PRSs are promising in predicting CRC risk in East Asians and highlights the importance of using population-specific data to build CRC risk prediction models.

Association between metabolic syndrome and its components and incident colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been identified as a contributor to cancer development. However, reports concerning the association between MetS and colorectal cancer (CRC) have been inconsistent. This study investigated whether MetS, its components, and the number of components increase the risk of CRC. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of 41,837 participants recruited from August 2002 to December 2014 from the National Cancer Center in South Korea. The participants were followed until December 2017 to identify incident CRC cases. The participants underwent laboratory tests at the baseline. Additionally, a self-administered questionnaire collected information concerning lifestyle and general characteristics at the baseline. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to explore the association between MetS and its components and CRC risk after adjustments for confounding variables. RESULTS: In total, 128 incident CRC cases were identified during the follow-up period. An increased CRC risk was found among participants with MetS (HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.08-2.44). Additionally, elevated blood pressure (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.05-2.15) and a high fasting glucose level (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.23-2.63) were associated with an elevated risk of CRC. Notably, an increased risk was identified among participants with abdominal obesity coexisting with another component of MetS. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that MetS is a risk factor for CRC. Greater emphasis should be placed on the importance of CRC screening among individuals with abdominal obesity coexisting with another component of MetS. LAY SUMMARY: Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most common cancer type in terms of incidence. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been identified as a contributor to cancer development. However, the association between MetS and CRC remains controversial because of a lack of consistent findings in previous studies. In this study, the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines are used for the diagnosis of MetS. MetS is found to be a predictor of CRC. Additionally, the importance of CRC screening among individuals with 2 components of MetS should be emphasized.

Chryseobacterium oryzae sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium suipulveris sp. nov., isolated from Andong sikhye and pigpen dust, respectively.

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, mesophilic, rod-shaped bacteria, ADR-1T and SC2-2T, were isolated from Andong sikhye and dust in a pigpen, respectively. The phylogenetic tree on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains ADR-1T and SC2-2T were members of the genus Chryseobacterium and revealed the highest sequence similarities to Chryseobacterium binzhouense LM2T (97.6 %) and Chryseobacterium koreense Chj707T (94.9 %), respectively. Phylogenomic treeing using 92 core genes clearly indicated that strain ADR-1T clustered with Chryseobacterium echinoideorum CC-CZW010T, Chryseobacterium binzhouense LM2T and Chryseobacterium taihuense CGMCC 1.10941T, and strain SC2-2T formed a compact cluster with Chryseobacterium koreense CCUG 49689T. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and orthologous average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of strain ADR-1T with the closely related species of the genus Chryseobacterium were ≤24.4 % and ≤80.7 %, and those of strain SC2-2T were ≤24.0 % and ≤77.8 %, respectively, which are well below the cut-off values of species discrimination (>70 % dDDH and >95-96 % ANI). The only respiratory quinone in both strains was menaquinone 6. The polar lipid profile of strain ADR-1T comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified lipids, while strain SC2-2T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified aminophospholipid and five unidentified polar lipids. The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain ADR-1T were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), and those of strain SC2-2T were iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. On the basis of the results of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strains ADR-1T and SC2-2T represent two distinct novel species in the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the names Chryseobacterium oryzae sp. nov. (type strain ADR-1T=KACC 19311T=NBRC 113104T) and Chryseobacterium suipulveris sp. nov. (type strain SC2-2T=KACC 19313T=NBRC 113106T) are proposed.

Interactive effect of the empirical lifestyle index for insulin resistance with the common genetic susceptibility locus rs2423279 for colorectal cancer.

The aim of this study is to examine the empirical insulinemic potential consisting of dietary and lifestyle factors and the interactive effect with the common genetic susceptibility locus rs2423279 on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). This case-control study was conducted with 923 CRC patients and 1846 controls. The empirical measures for assessing the insulinemic potential, namely, the empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH), for insulin resistance (EDIR), the empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia (ELIH), and for insulin resistance (ELIR), were calculated based on semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and lifestyle questionnaire. A genetic variant of rs2423279 was genotyped. The CRC patients were more likely to score in the highest quartile for the ELIH (OR 2·90, Q4 v. Q1, 95 % CI (2·01, 4·19), Pfor trend < 0·001), EDIR (OR 3·32, Q4 v. Q1, 95 % CI (2·32, 4·74), P < 0·001) and ELIR (OR 2·79, Q4 v. Q1, 95 % CI (1·96, 3·97), P < 0·001) than the controls. The significant effect between the ELIR, which assesses dietary and lifestyle patterns related to insulin resistance, and C allele carriers of rs2423279 was stronger than that for homozygous T allele carriers (OR 2·50, 95 % CI (1·78, 3·51), Pfor interaction = 0·034). The empirical insulinemic potential for insulin resistance might have interactive effects with the rs2423279 polymorphism on the risk of CRC. The results of this study suggest the basis of the metabolic impact of the insulin response on colorectal carcinogenesis.

Riboflavin intake, MTRR genetic polymorphism (rs1532268) and gastric cancer risk in a Korean population: a case-control study.

The vitamin B group, including riboflavin, plays paramount roles in one-carbon metabolism (OCM), and disorders related to this pathway have been linked to cancer development. The variants of genes encoding OCM enzymes and the insufficiency of B vitamins could contribute to carcinogenesis. Very few observational studies have revealed a relationship between riboflavin and gastric cancer (GC), especially under conditions of modified genetic factors. We carried out a study examining the association of riboflavin intake and its interaction with MTRR (rs1532268) genetic variants with GC risk among 756 controls and 377 cases. The OR and 95 % CI were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression models. We observed protective effects of riboflavin intake against GC, particularly in the female subgroup (OR = 0·52, 95 % CI 0·28, 0·97, Ptrend = 0·031). In the MTRR (rs1532268) genotypes analysis, the dominant model showed that the effects of riboflavin differed between the CC and CT + TT genotypes. Compared with CC carriers, low riboflavin intake in T+ carriers was significantly associated with a 93 % higher GC risk (OR = 1·93, 95 % CI 1·09, 3·42, Pinteraction = 0·037). In general, higher riboflavin intake might help reduce the risk of GC in both CC and TC + TT carriers, particularly the T+ carriers, with marginal significance (OR = 0·54, 95 % CI 0·28, 1·02, Pinteraction = 0·037). Our study indicates a protective effect of riboflavin intake against GC. Those who carry at least one minor allele and have low riboflavin intake could modify this association to increase GC risk in the Korean population.

Association between dietary intake networks identified through a Gaussian graphical model and the risk of cancer: a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between dietary communities identified by a Gaussian graphical model (GGM) and cancer risk. METHODS: We performed GGM to identify the dietary communities in a Korean population. GGM-derived communities were then scored and investigated for their association with cancer incidence in the entire population as well as in the 1:1 age- and sex-matched subgroup using a Cox proportional hazards model. In the sensitivity analysis, GGM-derived communities were compared to dietary patterns (DPs) that were identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and reduced rank regression (RRR). RESULTS: During a median time to follow-up of 6.6 years, 397 cancer cases were newly diagnosed. The GGM identified 17 and 16 dietary communities for the total and matched populations, respectively. For each one-unit increase in the standard deviation of the community-specific score of the community that was composed of dairy products and bread, there was a reduced risk of cancer according to the fully adjusted model (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.66-0.96). In the matched population, the third tertile of the community-specific score of the community composed of poultry, seafood, bread, cakes and sweets, and meat by-products showed a significantly reduced risk of cancer compared to that of the lowest tertile in the fully adjusted model (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.50-0.86, p-trend = 0.002). CONCLUSION: We found that the GGM-identified community composed of dairy products and bread showed a reduced risk of cancer. Further population-based prospective studies should be conducted to examine possible associations of dietary intake and specific cancer types.