An HLA-E-targeted TCR bispecific molecule redirects T cell immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Peptides presented by HLA-E, a molecule with very limited polymorphism, represent attractive targets for T cell receptor (TCR)-based immunotherapies to circumvent the limitations imposed by the high polymorphism of classical HLA genes in the human population. Here, we describe a TCR-based bispecific molecule that potently and selectively binds HLA-E in complex with a peptide encoded by the inhA gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans. We reveal the biophysical and structural bases underpinning the potency and specificity of this molecule and demonstrate its ability to redirect polyclonal T cells to target HLA-E-expressing cells transduced with mycobacterial inhA as well as primary cells infected with virulent Mtb. Additionally, we demonstrate elimination of Mtb-infected cells and reduction of intracellular Mtb growth. Our study suggests an approach to enhance host T cell immunity against Mtb and provides proof of principle for an innovative TCR-based therapeutic strategy overcoming HLA polymorphism and therefore applicable to a broader patient population.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E6 facilitates Calcineurin-Nuclear factor for activated T cells 2 (NFAT2) signaling to promote cellular proliferation in cervical cell carcinoma.

The calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and development in diverse cell types and organ systems. Deregulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling has been reported in leukaemias and few solid tumors such as breast and colon. In the present study, we found elevated calcineurin protein levels and phosphatase activity in cervical cancer cell lines and depletion of the same attenuated cell proliferation. Additionally, nuclear levels of NFAT2, a downstream target of calcineurin, viz, was found elevated in human papillomavirus (HPV) infected cells, HeLa and SiHa, compared to the HPV negative cells, HaCaT and C33A, indicative of its higher DNA binding activity. The nuclear levels of both NFAT1 and NFAT3 remain unaltered implicating they have little role in cervical carcinogenesis. Similar to the in vitro studies, the HPV infected human squamous cell carcinoma specimens showed higher NFAT2 levels compared to the normal cervical epithelium. Depletion of NFAT2 by RNAi attenuated growth of SiHa cells. Overexpression of HPV16 oncoproteins viz, E6 and E7 increased NFAT2 expression levels and DNA binding activity, while knockdown of E6 by RNAi decreased the same. Briefly, we now report an activation of calcineurin-NFAT2 axis in cervical cancer and a novel role of HPV oncoprotein in facilitating NFAT2 dependent cell proliferation.

Analyzing atmospheric plasma's potential for diesel soil remediation: Insightful mechanisms.

The remediation of diesel-contaminated soil is a critical environmental concern, driving the need for effective solutions. Recently, the methodology of Non-thermal Atmospheric Plasma (NTAP) technology, which is equipped with a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) electrode and has become a feasible approach, was proven to be viable. The reactive species from the plasma were exposed to the contaminated soil in this investigation using the NTAP technique. The reacted soil was then extracted using dichloromethane, and the amount of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) removed was assessed. Investigation into varying power levels, treatment durations, and hydrogen peroxide integration revealed significant findings. With an initial concentration of 3086 mg of diesel/kg of soil and a pH of 5.0, 83% of the diesel was removed from the soil at 150 W in under 20 min. Extended exposure to NTAP further improved removal rates, highlighting the importance of treatment duration optimization. Additionally, combining hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with NTAP enhanced removal efficiency by facilitating diesel breakdown. This synergy offers a promising avenue for comprehensive soil decontamination. Further analysis considered the impact of soil characteristics on removal efficacy. Mechanistically, NTAP generates reactive species that degrade diesel into less harmful compounds, aiding subsequent removal. Overall, NTAP advances environmental restoration efforts by offering a quick, economical, and environmentally benign method of remediating diesel-contaminated soil especially when used in tandem with hydrogen peroxide.

Improving U(VI) retention efficiency and cycling stability of GCN-supported calcined-LDH composite: Mechanism insight and real water system applications.

The synthesis and characterization of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) and its composites with calcined layered double hydroxide (CLDH) were examined in this investigation. The goal was to assess these composites' maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for U(VI) ions in wastewater. Several different characterization methodologies were utilized to examine the fabricated substances. These methods encompass X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The GCN-CLDH composite displayed enhanced adsorption ability towards U(VI) ions due to its high surface functionality. Langmuir adsorption isotherm analysis showed that more than 99% of U(VI) ions were adsorbed, with a qmax of 196.69 mg/g. The kinetics data exhibited a good fit for a pseudo-second-order (PSO) model. Adsorption mechanisms involving precipitation and surface complexation via Lewis's acid-base interactions were proposed. The application of the GCN-CLDH composite in groundwater demonstrated adsorption below the maximum permissible limit established by USEPA, indicating improved cycling stability. These observations underscore the capacity of the GCN-CLDH composite's proficiency in adsorbing U(VI) aqueous solutions containing radioactive metals.

Exploring recyclable alginate-enhanced GCN-LDO sponge for U(VI) and Cd(II) removal: Insights from batch and column studies.

Developing effective water treatment materials, particularly through proven adsorption methods, is crucial for removing heavy metal contaminants. This study synthesizes a cost-effective three-dimensional material encapsulating graphitic carbon nitride-layered double oxide (GCN-LDO) in sodium alginate (SA) through the freeze-drying method. The material is applied to remove uranium (U(VI)) and cadmium (Cd(II)) in real water systems. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses conclusively verified the elemental composition and successful encapsulation of GCN-LDO within the SA matrix. Removal effectiveness was tested under various conditions, including adsorbent dose, ionic strength, contact time, temperature, different initial pollutant concentrations, and the impact of co-existing ions. The adsorption of U(VI) and Cd(II) conformed to the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model, signifying a chemical interaction between the sodium alginate-graphitic carbon nitride-layered double oxide (SA-GCN-LDO) sponge and the metal ions. The Langmuir isotherm indicated monolayer, homogeneous adsorption for U(VI) and Cd(II) with capacities of 158.25 and 165.00 mg/g. SA-GCN-LDO recyclability was found in up to seven adsorption cycles with a removal efficacy of 70%. The temperature effect study depicts the exothermic nature of the U(VI) and Cd(II) ion removal process. Various mechanisms involved in U(VI) and Cd(II) removal were proposed. Further, continuous fixed bed column studies were performed, and Thomas and the Yoon-Nelson model were studied. These insights from this investigation contribute to advancing our knowledge of the material's performance within the context of U(VI) and Cd(II) adsorption, paving the way for optimized and sustainable water treatment solutions.

Redefining water purification: gC3N4-CLDH's electrochemical SMX eradication.

The contamination of water sources by pharmaceutical compounds presents global environmental and health risks, necessitating the development of efficient water treatment technologies. In this study, the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a novel graphitic carbon nitride-calcined (Fe-Ca) layered double hydroxide (gC3N4-CLDH) composite for electrochemical degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in water yielded significant outcomes are reported. SEM, XRD, FTIR, and XPS analyses confirmed well-defined composite structures with unique morphology and crystalline properties. Electrochemical degradation experiments demonstrated >98% SMX removal and >75% TOC removal under optimized conditions, highlighting its effectiveness. The composite exhibited excellent mineralization efficiency across various pH levels, with superoxide radicals (O2●-) and hydroxyl radicals (●OH) identified as primary reactive oxygen species. With remarkable regeneration capability for up to 7 cycles, the gC3N4-CLDH composite emerges as a highly promising solution for sustainable water treatment. Humic acid (HA) in water significantly slows SMX degradation, suggests complicating SMX degradation with natural organic matter. Despite this, the gC3N4-CLDH composite effectively degrades SMX in groundwater and industrial wastewater, with slight efficiency reduction in the latter due to higher impurity levels. These findings highlight the complexities of treating pharmaceutical pollutants in various water types. Overall, gC3N4-CLDH's high removal efficiency, broad pH applicability, sustainability, and mechanistic insights provide a solid foundation for future research and real-world environmental applications.

FAM21 is critical for TLR2/CLEC4E-mediated dendritic cell function against Candida albicans.

FAM21 (family with sequence similarity 21) is a component of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homologue (WASH) protein complex that mediates actin polymerization at endosomal membranes to facilitate sorting of cargo-containing vesicles out of endosomes. To study the function of FAM21 in vivo, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice in the C57BL/6 background in which FAM21 was specifically knocked out of CD11c-positive dendritic cells. BMDCs from those mice displayed enlarged early endosomes, and altered cell migration and morphology relative to WT cells. FAM21-cKO cells were less competent in phagocytosis and protein antigen presentation in vitro, though peptide antigen presentation was not affected. More importantly, we identified the TLR2/CLEC4E signaling pathway as being down-regulated in FAM21-cKO BMDCs when challenged with its specific ligand Candida albicans Moreover, FAM21-cKO mice were more susceptible to C. albicans infection than WT mice. Reconstitution of WT BMDCs in FAM21-cKO mice rescued them from lethal C. albicans infection. Thus, our study highlights the importance of FAM21 in a host immune response against a significant pathogen.

Vanadium-Doped FeBP Microsphere Croissant for Significantly Enhanced Bi-Functional HER and OER Electrocatalyst.

Ultra-fine hydrogen produced by electrochemical water splitting without carbon emission is a high-density energy carrier, which could gradually substitute the usage of traditional fossil fuels. The development of high-performance electrocatalysts at affordable costs is one of the major research priorities in order to achieve the large-scale implementation of a green hydrogen supply chain. In this work, the development of a vanadium-doped FeBP (V-FeBP) microsphere croissant (MSC) electrocatalyst is demonstrated to exhibit efficient bi-functional water splitting for the first time. The FeBP MSC electrode is synthesized by a hydrothermal approach along with the systematic control of growth parameters such as precursor concentration, reaction duration, reaction temperature and post-annealing, etc. Then, the heteroatom doping of vanadium is performed on the best FeBP MSC by a simple soaking approach. The best optimized V-FeBP MSC demonstrates the low HER and OER overpotentials of 52 and 180 mV at 50 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH in a three-electrode system. In addition, the two-electrode system, i.e., V-FeBP || V-FeBP, demonstrates a comparable water-splitting performance to the benchmark electrodes of Pt/C || RuO2 in 1 M KOH. Similarly, exceptional performance is also observed in natural sea water. The 3D MSC flower-like structure provides a very high surface area that favors rapid mass/electron-transport pathways, which improves the electrocatalytic activity. Further, the V-FeBP electrode is examined in different pH solutions and in terms of its stability under industrial operational conditions at 60 °C in 6 M KOH, and it shows excellent stability.

Role of Lipid Rafts in Pathogen-Host Interaction - A Mini Review.

Lipid rafts, also known as microdomains, are important components of cell membranes and are enriched in cholesterol, glycophospholipids and receptors. They are involved in various essential cellular processes, including endocytosis, exocytosis and cellular signaling. Receptors are concentrated at lipid rafts, through which cellular signaling can be transmitted. Pathogens exploit these signaling mechanisms to enter cells, proliferate and egress. However, lipid rafts also play an important role in initiating antimicrobial responses by sensing pathogens via clustered pathogen-sensing receptors and triggering downstream signaling events such as programmed cell death or cytokine production for pathogen clearance. In this review, we discuss how both host and pathogens use lipid rafts and associated proteins in an arms race to survive. Special attention is given to the involvement of the major vault protein, the main constituent of a ribonucleoprotein complex, which is enriched in lipid rafts upon infection with vaccinia virus.

Hybrid Device Architecture Using Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Graphene Quantum Dots, and Titanium Dioxide for UV Photodetectors.

In this work, a nanoscale device architecture is demonstrated for a UV photodetector application on sapphire (0001), incorporating the plasmonic hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and titanium oxide (TiO2) for the first time. The hybrid GQDs/TiO2/HNPs photodetector exhibits the photocurrent of 1.58 × 10-5 A under the 1.64 mW/mm2 of 275 nm illumination at 10 V, which is around two order increase from the bare TiO2 device. The proposed architecture demonstrates a low dark current of ∼1 × 10-10 A at 10 V and thus the device demonstrates an excellent photo to dark current ratio along with the improved rise and fall time on the order of several hundred millisecond. The enhanced performance of device architecture is attributed to the efficient utilization of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) induced hot carriers as well as scattered photons from the plasmonic HNPs that are fully encapsulated by the photoactive TiO2 layers. Furthermore, the addition of GQDs on the TiO2 can offer an additional photon absorption pathway. The proposed hybrid architecture of GQDs/TiO2/HNPs demonstrates the integration of the photon absorption and carrier transfer properties of plasmonic HNPs, GQDs, and TiO2 for an enhanced ultraviolet (UV) photoresponse. The photocurrent enhancement mechanisms of the hybrid device architecture are thoroughly investigated based on the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulation along with the energy band analysis. This work demonstrates a great potential of the hybrid device architecture for high-performance UV photodetectors.

Vaccinia virus-based vaccines confer protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus in Syrian hamsters.

COVID-19 in humans is caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that belongs to the beta family of coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory illness in 10-15% of infected individuals and mortality in 2-3%. Vaccines are urgently needed to prevent infection and to contain viral spread. Although several mRNA- and adenovirus-based vaccines are highly effective, their dependence on the "cold chain" transportation makes global vaccination a difficult task. In this context, a stable lyophilized vaccine may present certain advantages. Accordingly, establishing additional vaccine platforms remains vital to tackle SARS-CoV-2 and any future variants that may arise. Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been used to eradicate smallpox disease, and several attenuated viral strains with enhanced safety for human applications have been developed. We have generated two candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on two vaccinia viral strains, MVA and v-NY, that express full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Whereas MVA is growth-restricted in mammalian cells, the v-NY strain is replication-competent. We demonstrate that both candidate recombinant vaccines induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies in C57BL/6 mice vaccinated according to prime-boost regimens. Furthermore, our vaccination regimens generated TH1-biased immune responses in mice. Most importantly, prime-boost vaccination of a Syrian hamster infection model with MVA-S and v-NY-S protected the hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting that these two vaccines are promising candidates for future development. Finally, our vaccination regimens generated neutralizing antibodies that partially cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.

Hydrogen Peroxide Detection by Super-Porous Hybrid CuO/Pt NP Platform: Improved Sensitivity and Selectivity.

A super-porous hybrid platform can offer significantly increased number of reaction sites for the analytes and thus can offer advantages in the biosensor applications. In this work, a significantly improved sensitivity and selectivity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection is demonstrated by a super-porous hybrid CuO/Pt nanoparticle (NP) platform on Si substrate as the first demonstration. The super-porous hybrid platform is fabricated by a physiochemical approach combining the physical vapor deposition of Pt NPs and electrochemical deposition of super-porous CuO structures by adopting a dynamic hydrogen bubble technique. Under an optimized condition, the hybrid CuO/Pt biosensor demonstrates a very high sensitivity of 2205 µA/mM·cm2 and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 140 nM with a wide detection range of H2O2. This is meaningfully improved performance as compared to the previously reported CuO-based H2O2 sensors as well as to the other metal oxide-based H2O2 sensors. The hybrid CuO/Pt platform exhibits an excellent selectivity against other interfering molecules such as glucose, fructose, dopamine, sodium chloride and ascorbic acid. Due to the synergetic effect of highly porous CuO structures and underlying Pt NPs, the CuO/Pt architecture offers extremely abundant active sites for the H2O2 reduction and electron transfer pathways.

Discovery of Novel and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitors of PI3 Kinase Based on Indazole Substituted Morpholino-Triazines.

A new class of potent PI3Kα inhibitors is identified based on aryl substituted morpholino-triazine scaffold. The identified compounds showed not only a high level of enzymatic and cellular potency in nanomolar range but also high oral bioavailability. The three lead molecules (based on their in vitro potency) when evaluated further for in vitro metabolic stability as well as pharmacokinetic profile led to the identification of 26, as a candidate for further development. The IC50 and EC50 value of 26 is 60 and 500 nM, respectively, for PI3Kα enzyme inhibitory activity and ovarian cancer (A2780) cell line. The identified lead also showed a high level of microsomal stability and minimal inhibition activity for CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 at 10 µM concentrations. The lead compound 26, demonstrated excellent oral bioavailability with an AUC of 5.2 µM at a dose of 3 mpk in mice and found to be well tolerated in mice when dosed at 30 mpk BID for 5 days.