Implementing a nurse-led screening clinic for symptom distress with community-based referral for cancer survivors: A feasibility study.

INTRODUCTION: This prospective, single-arm, pragmatic implementation study evaluated the feasibility of a nurse-led symptom-screening program embedded in routine oncology post-treatment outpatient clinics by assessing (1) the acceptance rate for symptom distress screening (SDS), (2) the prevalence of SDS cases, (3) the acceptance rate for community-based psychosocial support services, and (4) the effect of referred psychosocial support services on reducing symptom distress. METHODS: Using the modified Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS-r), we screened patients who recently completed cancer treatment. Patients screening positive for moderate-to-severe symptom distress were referred to a nurse-led community-based symptom-management program involving stepped-care symptom/psychosocial management interventions using a pre-defined triage system. Reassessments were conducted at 3-months and 9-months thereafter. The primary outcomes included SDS acceptance rate, SDS case prevalence, intervention acceptance rate, and ESAS-r score change over time. RESULTS: Overall, 2988/3742(80%) eligible patients consented to SDS, with 970(32%) reporting ≥1 ESAS-r symptom as moderate-to-severe (caseness). All cases received psychoeducational material, 673/970(69%) accepted psychosocial support service referrals. Among 328 patients completing both reassessments, ESAS-r scores improved significantly over time (p < 0.0001); 101(30.8%) of patients remained ESAS cases throughout the study, 112(34.1%) recovered at 3-month post-baseline, an additional 72(22%) recovered at 9-month post-baseline, while 43(12.2%) had resumed ESAS caseness at 9-month post-baseline. CONCLUSION: Nurse-led SDS programs with well-structured referral pathways to community-based services and continued monitoring are feasible and acceptable in cancer patients and may help in reducing symptom distress. We intend next to develop optimal strategies for SDS implementation and referral within routine cancer care services.

Healthcare professionals' perspectives on the unmet needs of cancer patients and family caregivers: global psycho-oncology investigation.

PURPOSE: This international study aimed to compare healthcare professionals' perspectives on the unmet needs of their cancer patients with those of family caregivers and to investigate the degree to which patients' age group moderates the associations. METHODS: Healthcare professionals involved in the care for cancer patients and their family caregivers were invited to participate in the International Psycho-Oncology Society (IPOS) Survivorship Online Survey. A total of 397 healthcare professionals from 34 countries provided valid study data. The participants evaluated whether the unmet need was the same for all age groups of patients and the degree of their patients' needs not being met per patients' age group. They evaluated the same questions for family caregivers. RESULTS: Patients' unmet needs in medical care were evaluated as greater than those of caregivers across all age groups. On the other hand, pediatric patients' unmet needs for spiritual concerns, sexuality/intimacy, and insomnia/fatigue were evaluated as greater than those of caregivers, whereas adolescent and young adult patients' unmet needs for symptom management were greater than those of caregivers. Patients' other unmet needs were evaluated as comparable with those of caregivers regardless of age groups. CONCLUSION: The findings provide insights how best healthcare providers stratify resources to address the unmet needs of patients and caregivers by the patients' age. Development of systematic assessment of unmet needs and provision of interventions tailored for patients' lifespan to address the unmet needs of cancer patients, and caregivers are warranted.

Assessing Community Vulnerability over 3 Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic, Hong Kong, China.

We constructed a coronavirus disease community vulnerability index using micro district-level socioeconomic and demographic data and analyzed its correlations with case counts across the 3 pandemic waves in Hong Kong, China. We found that districts with greater vulnerability reported more cases in the third wave when widespread community outbreaks occurred.

Measurement invariance across gender and age groups, validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the short-form supportive care needs survey questionnaire (SCNS-SF34).

BACKGROUND: Despite the wide use of the Short-Form Supportive Care Needs Survey Questionnaire (SCNS-SF34), the measurement invariance of the SCNS-SF34 across the main groups-gender and age-which might be of interest in the application of the instrument has never been confirmed. To provide an accurate assessment tool to evaluate the unmet needs of Chinese cancer patients, the present study aimed to assess the measurement invariance of the SCNS-SF34 across gender and age groups and to assess the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the SCNS-SF34. METHODS: The SCNS-SF34 was administrated to 1106 Chinese cancer patients. Other instruments included the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form (MSAS-SF), the Short-Form-12 Health Survey version 2 (SF-12 v2) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Factor structure, internal construct validity, convergent validity, known-group validity and internal consistency were assessed. RESULTS: Our data fit the original five-factor model. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated measurement invariance across age and gender groups. The domains of the SCNS-SF34 had moderate correlations with the corresponding domains of the MSAS-SF, the SF-12 v2 and the HADS, which supported convergent validity. Of the 34 items, 33 had an item-total correlation that was corrected for an overlap of > 0.4 to support the internal construct validity. The SCNS-SF34 aptly differentiated patients by age and gender. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.64 to 0.87. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm the measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the SCNS-SF34 across gender and age group. It is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the needs of Chinese patients with cancer.

Effectiveness and Parental Acceptability of Social Networking Interventions for Promoting Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Among Young Children: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV) coverage among young children remains low worldwide. Mobile social networking apps such as WhatsApp Messenger are promising tools for health interventions. OBJECTIVE: This was a preliminary study to test the effectiveness and parental acceptability of a social networking intervention that sends weekly vaccination reminders and encourages exchange of SIV-related views and experiences among mothers via WhatsApp discussion groups for promoting childhood SIV. The second objective was to examine the effect of introducing time pressure on mothers' decision making for childhood SIV for vaccination decision making. This was done using countdowns of the recommended vaccination timing. METHODS: Mothers of child(ren) aged 6 to 72 months were randomly allocated to control or to one of two social networking intervention groups receiving vaccination reminders with (SNI+TP) or without (SNI-TP) a time pressure component via WhatsApp discussion groups at a ratio of 5:2:2. All participants first completed a baseline assessment. Both the SNI-TP and SNI+TP groups subsequently received weekly vaccination reminders from October to December 2017 and participated in WhatsApp discussions about SIV moderated by a health professional. All participants completed a follow-up assessment from April to May 2018. RESULTS: A total of 84.9% (174/205), 71% (57/80), and 75% (60/80) who were allocated to the control, SNI-TP, and SNI+TP groups, respectively, completed the outcome assessment. The social networking intervention significantly promoted mothers' self-efficacy for taking children for SIV (SNI-TP: odds ratio [OR] 2.69 [1.07-6.79]; SNI+TP: OR 2.50 [1.13-5.55]), but did not result in significantly improved children's SIV uptake. Moreover, after adjusting for mothers' working status, introducing additional time pressure reduced the overall SIV uptake in children of working mothers (OR 0.27 [0.10-0.77]) but significantly increased the SIV uptake among children of mothers without a full-time job (OR 6.53 [1.87-22.82]). Most participants' WhatsApp posts were about sharing experience or views (226/434, 52.1%) of which 44.7% (101/226) were categorized as negative, such as their concerns over vaccine safety, side effects and effectiveness. Although participants shared predominantly negative experience or views about SIV at the beginning of the discussion, the moderator was able to encourage the discussion of more positive experience or views and more knowledge and information. Most intervention group participants indicated willingness to receive the same interventions (110/117, 94.0%) and recommend the interventions to other mothers (102/117, 87.2%) in future. CONCLUSIONS: Online information support can effectively promote mothers' self-efficacy for taking children for SIV but alone it may not sufficient to address maternal concerns over SIV to achieve a positive vaccination decision. However, the active involvement of health professionals in online discussions can shape positive discussions about vaccination. Time pressure on decision making interacts with maternal work status, facilitating vaccination uptake among mothers who may have more free time, but having the opposite effect among busier working mothers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Hong Kong University Clinical Trials Registry HKUCTR-2250; https://tinyurl.com/vejv276.

Public Engagement and Government Responsiveness in the Communications About COVID-19 During the Early Epidemic Stage in China: Infodemiology Study on Social Media Data.

BACKGROUND: Effective risk communication about the outbreak of a newly emerging infectious disease in the early stage is critical for managing public anxiety and promoting behavioral compliance. China has experienced the unprecedented epidemic of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in an era when social media has fundamentally transformed information production and consumption patterns. OBJECTIVE: This study examined public engagement and government responsiveness in the communications about COVID-19 during the early epidemic stage based on an analysis of data from Sina Weibo, a major social media platform in China. METHODS: Weibo data relevant to COVID-19 from December 1, 2019, to January 31, 2020, were retrieved. Engagement data (likes, comments, shares, and followers) of posts from government agency accounts were extracted to evaluate public engagement with government posts online. Content analyses were conducted for a random subset of 644 posts from personal accounts of individuals, and 273 posts from 10 relatively more active government agency accounts and the National Health Commission of China to identify major thematic contents in online discussions. Latent class analysis further explored main content patterns, and chi-square for trend examined how proportions of main content patterns changed by time within the study time frame. RESULTS: The public response to COVID-19 seemed to follow the spread of the disease and government actions but was earlier for Weibo than the government. Online users generally had low engagement with posts relevant to COVID-19 from government agency accounts. The common content patterns identified in personal and government posts included sharing epidemic situations; general knowledge of the new disease; and policies, guidelines, and official actions. However, personal posts were more likely to show empathy to affected people (χ21=13.3, P<.001), attribute blame to other individuals or government (χ21=28.9, P<.001), and express worry about the epidemic (χ21=32.1, P<.001), while government posts were more likely to share instrumental support (χ21=32.5, P<.001) and praise people or organizations (χ21=8.7, P=.003). As the epidemic evolved, sharing situation updates (for trend, χ21=19.7, P<.001) and policies, guidelines, and official actions (for trend, χ21=15.3, P<.001) became less frequent in personal posts but remained stable or increased significantly in government posts. Moreover, as the epidemic evolved, showing empathy and attributing blame (for trend, χ21=25.3, P<.001) became more frequent in personal posts, corresponding to a slight increase in sharing instrumental support, praising, and empathizing in government posts (for trend, χ21=9.0, P=.003). CONCLUSIONS: The government should closely monitor social media data to improve the timing of communications about an epidemic. As the epidemic evolves, merely sharing situation updates and policies may be insufficient to capture public interest in the messages. The government may adopt a more empathic communication style as more people are affected by the disease to address public concerns.

Development and pre/post testing of a decision aid supporting Chinese parental and young women's HPV vaccination decision-making.

We developed and tested the acceptability and utility of a novel HPV vaccination decision aid (DA) among Chinese young women aged 18-26 years and parents of adolescent girls aged 9-17 years. From March to May 2016, a total of 101 parents plus 109 young women completed baseline surveys assessing their HPV vaccination knowledge, decision self-efficacy, decision conflict, and HPV vaccination intention. Two weeks after receiving the DA, 84 (83.2%) parents and 92 (84.4%) young women completed re-assessments. Chi-square tests or t-tests were performed to compare the before-and-after differences. Cohen's d was calculated to indicate the effect size. After reading the DA, both participating young women's and parents' knowledge of HPV vaccination (Cohen's d = 0.62 among young women and d = 0.59 among parents) and decision self-efficacy (d = 0.38 among young women and d = 0.59 among parents) significantly increased. Both young women's and parents' decision conflict (d = -0 · 98 and -1.06) significantly decreased. The proportion of young women intending to receive HPV vaccination and parents deciding to vaccinate daughters against HPV significantly increased (p < 0 · 0001). The DA showed good acceptability and utility facilitating HPV vaccination decision-making for most Chinese young women and parents of adolescent girls. Further randomized controlled trials of this tool are essential.

Dietary changes adopted by Chinese colorectal cancer patients: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore influences on post-diagnosis dietary decision-making in colorectal cancer survivors (CRC) for future intervention development. METHODS: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 CRC survivors. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim for grounded theory analysis. RESULTS: Most CRC survivors interviewed reported making both short- and long-term changes post-diagnosis, influenced by physical symptoms and personal beliefs: short-term treatment-driven changes to facilitate recovery, manage treatment side-effects and avoid disruption in treatment; short-term 'patient role' driven changes heavily influenced by family members and cultural beliefs; long-term changes driven by residual symptoms and illness beliefs, including cancer causal attributions and beliefs about preventing future recurrences. Traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) beliefs were influential in both short- and long-term dietary decision-making, which may explain why survivors focused on specific food items rather than food patterns. CONCLUSION: While our findings suggested that the majority of CRC survivors made dietary changes post-diagnosis, their dietary pattern and motivation may change over the course of their illness trajectory. Also, the types of changes made are often not consistent with existing dietary recommendations. It is necessary to consider illness perception and cultural beliefs when delivering dietary care or developing interventions for this population.

Determinants of human papillomavirus vaccination uptake among adolescent girls: A theory-based longitudinal study among Hong Kong Chinese parents.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination uptake among Chinese adolescent girls remains extremely low. This two-year longitudinal study examined theoretical predictors of adolescent girls' HPV vaccination uptake using an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Between February and November 2014, a random sample of 1996 (response rate 60%) Hong Kong Chinese parents of 12- to 17-year-old HPV unvaccinated girls completed baseline telephone interviews assessing attitudes and intention towards HPV vaccination. Six and 12months later 1255 and 979 parents reported their daughters' HPV vaccination status, respectively. Structural equation modelling tested data fit to an TPB-derived hypothesized model of baseline factors predicting parental decisionmaking for adolescent girls' subsequent HPV vaccination uptake. Overall, at 1-year follow-up, only 9.8% (97/988) of participants' daughters received at least one dose of HPV vaccines. Descriptive norms (ß=0.28), perceived greater benefits of HPV vaccination (ß=0.17), anticipated affective consequences (ß=0.32), and attitude to general optional vaccines (ß=0.09) were associated with parental vaccination intention. Barriers to HPV vaccination (ß=-0.31), descriptive norms (ß=0.17), perceived self-efficacy (ß=0.73), and vaccination intention (ß=0.11) were associated with vaccination planning. Vaccination intention (ß=0.31) and planning (ß=0.18) modestly predicted vaccination uptake. The lack of government-organized HPV vaccination programme may result in persistent low HPV vaccination uptake and many young women may remain vulnerable to future cervical cancer risk in Hong Kong.

Avian influenza A/H7N9 risk perception, information trust and adoption of protective behaviours among poultry farmers in Jiangsu Province, China.

BACKGROUND: Poultry farmers are at high-risk from avian influenza A/H7N9 infection due to sustained occupational exposures to live poultry. This study examined factors associated with poultry farmers' adoption of personal protective behaviours (PPBs) based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). METHODS: Totally, 297 poultry farmers in three cities of Jiangsu Province, China were interviewed during November 2013-January 2014. Data on PMT constructs, perceived trustworthiness of A/H7N9 information from mass media (formal sources), friends and family (informal sources), intention to adopt and actual adoption of PPBs and respondents' demographics were collected. Structural equation modeling (SEM) identified associations between demographic factors and PMT constructs associated with A/H7N9-oriented PPB intention. Moderated mediation analysis examined how demographics moderated the effects of information trust on PPB intention via risk perceptions of A/H7N9. RESULTS: Respondents generally perceived low vulnerability to A/H7N9 infection. The SEM found that male respondents perceived lower severity of (ß = -0.23), and lower vulnerability to (ß = -0.15) A/H7N9 infection; age was positively associated with both perceived personal vulnerability to (ß = 0.21) and perceived self-efficacy (ß = 0.24) in controlling A/H7N9; education was positively associated with perceived response efficacy (ß = 0.40). Furthermore, perceived vulnerability (ß = 0.16), perceived self-efficacy (ß = 0.21) and response efficacy (ß = 0.67) were positively associated with intention to adopt PPBs against A/H7N9. More trust in informal information (TII) was only significantly associated with greater PPB intention through its positive association with perceived response efficacy. Age significantly moderated the associations of TII with perceived Self-efficacy and perceived response efficacy, with younger farmers who had greater TII perceiving lower self-efficacy but higher response efficacy. CONCLUSION: Poultry farmers perceive A/H7N9 as a personally-irrelevant risk. Interventions designed to enhance perceived response efficacy, particularly among lower educated respondents may effectively motivate adoption of PPBs. Informal information may be an important resource for enhancing response efficacy.

Illness perceptions among cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to document in Hong Kong Chinese cancer survivors cross-sectional associations between illness perceptions, physical symptom distress and dispositional optimism. METHODS: A consecutive sample of 1036 (response rate, 86.1%, mean age 55.18 years, 60% female) survivors of different cancers recruited within 6 months of completion of adjuvant therapy from Hong Kong public hospitals completed the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ), Chinese version of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale Short-Form (MSAS-SF), and the revised Chinese version of Life Orientation Test (C-LOT-R), respectively. Stepwise multiple regression analyses examined adjusted associations. RESULTS: IPQ seriousness, symptom identity, illness concern, and emotional impact scores varied by cancer type (p < 0.01). Stress-related, lifestyle, environment, psychological/personality, and health-related factors were most frequently attributed causes of cancer. After adjustment for sample differences, physical symptom distress was significantly associated with all illness perception dimensions (p < 0.01), excepting control beliefs. Optimism was positively correlated with perceived personal and treatment control (p < 0.01) and illness understanding (p < 0.01), but negatively correlated with other IPQ dimensions (all p < 0.01). IPQ domain differences by cancer type were eliminated by adjustment for sample characteristics. CONCLUSION: Illness perceptions did not differ by cancer type. Greater physical symptom distress and lower levels of optimism were associated with more negative illness perceptions. IMPLICATIONS: Understanding how cancer survivors make sense of cancer can clarify an important aspect of adaptation. This in turn can inform interventions to facilitate adjustment. Knowledge contributions include evidence of physical symptom distress correlating with most dimensions of illness perception. Optimism was also associated with cancer survivors' illness perceptions.

Public risk perception and attitudes towards live poultry markets before and after their closure due to influenza A(H7N9), Hong Kong, January-February 2014.

BACKGROUND: The study investigated public risk perception regarding influenza A(H7N9) and attitudes towards closure of live poultry markets (LPMs) before and after LPMs closed in Hong Kong. METHODS: Two population-based surveys were conducted before and after LPMs closed in January-February 2014, respectively. Adults were recruited using random digital dialing. RESULTS: In total, 670 and 1011 respondents completed the survey before and after closure of LPMs, respectively. Perceived susceptibility to H7N9 infection was low across surveys. Among respondents who completed the survey after LPMs closed, only 14.6% agreed that temporary closure of LPMs caused inconvenience to the daily life; 38.7% valued the Chinese tradition of live poultry consumption more than controlling the risk of avian influenza; 54.6% recognized greater risk of influenza epidemic associated with LPMs. Support for permanent closure of LPMs which was comparably low across surveys was strongly associated with perceived risk of avian influenza related to LPMs, the effectiveness of LPM closure in control of avian influenza and the inconvenience caused by closure. CONCLUSIONS: Risk communication that promotes people's perceived risk of avian influenza associated with LPMs and the effectiveness of LPM closure in control of avian influenza outbreaks may improve support for permanent closure of LPMs.

Psychosocial Influences on Parental Decision-Making Regarding Vaccination Against Seasonal Influenza for Young Children in Hong Kong: a Longitudinal Study, 2012-2013.

PURPOSE: Vaccination uptake remained low, although annual subsidies are provided to encourage 6-72-month-old Hong Kong children to be vaccinated against seasonal influenza. This study was aimed to investigate the psychosocial influences on parental decision-making regarding young children's seasonal influenza vaccination. METHODS: One-thousand two-hundred twenty-six parents of eligible children were recruited using random digit dialing in August-October 2012 to assess baseline perceptions and re-contacted in March 2013 to record children's vaccination uptake. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to examine factors associated with parental decision about children's vaccination based on the complete data of 1222 respondents. RESULTS: Of the 1226 respondents who completed the follow-up survey, 34.3 % reported that their child was vaccinated during the follow-up period. Child's past influenza vaccination history (ß = 0.48), belief in vaccination safety (ß = 0.35), and social norms (ß = 0.25) were strongly associated with parental intention to vaccinate their child which directly predicted child vaccination uptake (ß = 0.57). Belief in vaccination safety (ß = 0.42) and social norms (ß = 0.36) were strongly associated with vaccination intention of parents whose children never received influenza vaccine. CONCLUSION: Interventions that address concerns on vaccination safety and utilize social norms may be effective to initiate Chinese parents to vaccinate their children.

Cervical cancer prevention practices through screening and vaccination: A cross-sectional study among Hong Kong Chinese women.

OBJECTIVE: No published data are available that currently evaluate Chinese adult women's cervical cancer prevention practices through screening and vaccination using population-based samples. This study describes patterns and correlates of these behaviors among Hong Kong Chinese women aged 30-59 years. METHODS: From February to November 2014 a random sample of 1482 Hong Kong Chinese women having at least one 12-17 year-old daughter, who had heard of HPV vaccine before but had not sought HPV vaccination for daughter(s) completed structured telephone interviews. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with participants' cervical screening attendance, HPV vaccination uptake and intention to uptake. RESULTS: Overall, 80.8% of the participants reported attending asymptomatic cervical screening and 73% had regular screening. Family income and attitudes to cervical smear testing were associated with asymptomatic cervical screening attendance. Only 3.0% (45/1482) of all participants had received HPV vaccination. Among those who had not received HPV vaccination, 12.3% (183/1437) indicated positive intentions. Age below 50, household income and encouragement from family/friends were significantly associated with women's intended and actual uptake of HPV vaccination. Trusting formal and informal HPV vaccination information was positively associated with vaccination intention, while lack of concrete recommendation from doctors was negatively associated with vaccination uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Information trust was associated with vaccination intention but not actual uptake whereas encouragement from family/friends facilitates women's HPV vaccination. Continued efforts are needed to ensure Chinese women adopting cervical cancer preventive behaviors, and must consider different specific needs of population subgroups.

Psychosocial determinants of Chinese parental HPV vaccination intention for adolescent girls: preventing cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Intention is an important precursor of decisions to undergo vaccination. Using an extensively modified theory of planned behaviour, we explored psychosocial determinants of vaccination intention against human papillomavirus (HPV) among Hong Kong Chinese parents. METHODS: A random sample of 368 (response rate 54.6%) Chinese parents who had at least one daughter aged 12-17 years, had heard of HPV vaccine before but had not vaccinated daughters against HPV and had completed telephone interviews between February and April 2014. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis examined the additive effect of theoretical constructs. Stepwise multiple regression analysis determined which variables contributed the most to the prediction of vaccination intention. RESULTS: Principal determinants of parental HPV vaccination intention were anticipated worry if not vaccinated (ß = 0.23, p = 0.001), anticipated anxiety reduction after HPV vaccination (ß = 0.19, p = 0.005), proneness to peer influence (ß = 0.17, p = 0.002), private health insurance for children (ß = 0.14, p = 0.009), perceiving daughter's susceptibility to cervical cancer (ß = 0.17, p = 0.003), number of daughters (ß = -0.13, p = 0.011), descriptive norms of HPV vaccination (ß = 0.13, p = 0.021), perceiving cervical cancer as behaviour-preventable disease (ß = -0.11, p = 0.031) and anticipated regret if not vaccinated (ß = 0.14, p = 0.046). Cervical cancer-related worry/anxiety explained 32.8% of the variance in parental HPV vaccination intention. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that cervical cancer-related worry/anxiety is the most important predictor of parental HPV vaccination intention in Hong Kong Chinese and possibly other populations. Social influences also play an important role affecting parental vaccination intention, particularly peer influence and descriptive norm beliefs. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of future HPV vaccination promotion and cervical cancer prevention programme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Population Behavior Patterns in Response to the Risk of Influenza A(H7N9) in Hong Kong, December 2013-February 2014.

BACKGROUND: A novel avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, first identified in Mainland China in February and March 2013, caused an outbreak in humans in April and May, 2013. Closure of live poultry markets in some affected cities dramatically reduced numbers of cases during summer of 2013, but the epidemic resurged during the winter 2013-14, increasing reported cases to 393 in Mainland China as of 30 March 2014. PURPOSE: The study aimed to explore population behavior patterns responding to an epidemic of influenza A(H7N9) virus. METHOD: Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted among 1000, 680, and 1011 respondents in December 2013, January 2014, and February 2014, with response rates of 68.0, 64.4, and 66.6 %, respectively, in Hong Kong. Adults were recruited and interviewed using random digit-dialing telephone survey. Latent class analysis was employed to explore heterogeneity in protective behavior patterns across the three surveys. Multinomial regression models were developed to determine factors associated with latent class membership. RESULTS: Three comparable latent classes were identified across the three surveys: Moderate hygiene compliance (Class 1), High hygiene compliance (Class 2), and Vigilance (Class 3). The prevalence of Class 1 was 48-52 % across the three surveys while Class 3 prevalence increased significantly from 13 % in the Dec-2013 survey to 20 % in the Feb-2014 survey. Compared with Class 1, Class 3 were more likely to be female, older, better educated, married, perceive higher susceptibility to H7N9, attribute greater severity to H7N9, report higher current worry, and anticipated worry about H7N9 infection. CONCLUSION: The three classes reflect different levels of adoption of protection and thereby may have different levels of vulnerability toward contracting H7N9 infection. It appears that as the epidemic intensifies, Class 2 (Good hygiene compliance) members are likely to transfer to Class 3 (Vigilance) while Class 1 (Moderate hygiene compliance) could be unchanged. The young, mostly single males and those with lower educational achievement represent a group for whom public health messages need to be targeted.

Chinese new immigrant mothers' perception about adult-onset non-communicable diseases prevention during childhood.

Many non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are largely preventable via behaviour change and healthy lifestyle, which may be best established during childhood. This study sought insights into Chinese new immigrant mothers' perceptions about adult-onset NCDs prevention during childhood. Twenty-three semi-structured interviews were carried out with new immigrant mothers from mainland China who had at least one child aged 14 years or younger living in Hong Kong. Interviews were audio taped, transcribed and analysed using a Grounded Theory approach. The present study identified three major themes: perceived causes of adult NCDs, beliefs about NCDs prevention and everyday health information practices. Unhealthy lifestyle, contaminated food and environment pollution were perceived as the primary causes of adult NCDs. Less than half of the participants recognized that parents had responsibility for helping children establish healthy behaviours from an early age to prevent diseases in later life. Most participants expressed helplessness about chronic diseases prevention due to lack of knowledge of prevention, being perceived as beyond individual control. Many participants experienced barriers to seeking health information, the most common sources of health information being interpersonal conversation and television. Participants' everyday information practice was passive and generally lacked awareness regarding early prevention of adult-onset NCDs. Updated understanding of this issue has notable implications for future health promotion interventions.

Executive function, perceived stress and eating behaviours among Chinese young adults.

Young adults in a transitional period may experience more stress and, hence, suffer from an increased risk of unhealthy eating. Executive function (EF) involves not only inhibitory control and mental flexibility (the 'cool' facet) to facilitate resistance to immediate temptations, but also affective decision making (the 'hot' facet) that helps to regulate emotional eating. The effects of different facets of EF and their interactions with perceived stress on eating behaviours remained underexplored. In this study, 594 young adults in their graduation year of post-secondary education were included. We used latent profile analysis to identify major patterns of eating behaviours and analysed their associations with perceived stress, and both the 'cool' and 'hot' facets of EF using multinominal logistic regression models. Latent profile analysis identified three clusters of eating patterns: non-approaching moderate eaters (N = 312, 52.5%), approaching eaters (N = 229, 38.6%), and approaching-and-avoidant eaters (N = 53, 8.9%). Logistic regression models found that the approaching-and-avoidant eating pattern was associated with higher perceived stress (OR = 3.16, p value = 0.007) and poorer affective decision-making (OR = 0.97, p value = 0.006). Stratified analysis further revealed that higher perceived stress was significantly associated with approaching-and-avoidant eating only among individuals with poorer affective decision-making. These findings suggest that individuals with poorer emotional regulation may face greater difficulties in regulating eating behaviours when experiencing higher stress. Interventions for people with a mixed pattern of approaching-and-avoidance eating should focus on providing support to regulate emotion-related eating.

Motivators and Demotivators for COVID-19 Vaccination Based on Co-Occurrence Networks of Verbal Reasons for Vaccination Acceptance and Resistance: Repetitive Cross-Sectional Surveys and Network Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy is complex and multifaced. People may accept or reject a vaccine due to multiple and interconnected reasons, with some reasons being more salient in influencing vaccine acceptance or resistance and hence the most important intervention targets for addressing vaccine hesitancy. OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at assessing the connections and relative importance of motivators and demotivators for COVID-19 vaccination in Hong Kong based on co-occurrence networks of verbal reasons for vaccination acceptance and resistance from repetitive cross-sectional surveys. METHODS: We conducted a series of random digit dialing telephone surveys to examine COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among general Hong Kong adults between March 2021 and July 2022. A total of 5559 and 982 participants provided verbal reasons for accepting and resisting (rejecting or hesitating) a COVID-19 vaccine, respectively. The verbal reasons were initially coded to generate categories of motivators and demotivators for COVID-19 vaccination using a bottom-up approach. Then, all the generated codes were mapped onto the 5C model of vaccine hesitancy. On the basis of the identified reasons, we conducted a co-occurrence network analysis to understand how motivating or demotivating reasons were comentioned to shape people's vaccination decisions. Each reason's eigenvector centrality was calculated to quantify their relative importance in the network. Analyses were also stratified by age group. RESULTS: The co-occurrence network analysis found that the perception of personal risk to the disease (egicentrality=0.80) and the social responsibility to protect others (egicentrality=0.58) were the most important comentioned reasons that motivate COVID-19 vaccination, while lack of vaccine confidence (egicentrality=0.89) and complacency (perceived low disease risk and low importance of vaccination; egicentrality=0.45) were the most important comentioned reasons that demotivate COVID-19 vaccination. For older people aged ≥65 years, protecting others was a more important motivator (egicentrality=0.57), while the concern about poor health status was a more important demotivator (egicentrality=0.42); for young people aged 18 to 24 years, recovering life normalcy (egicentrality=0.20) and vaccine mandates (egicentrality=0.26) were the more important motivators, while complacency (egicentrality=0.77) was a more important demotivator for COVID-19 vaccination uptake. CONCLUSIONS: When disease risk is perceived to be high, promoting social responsibility to protect others is more important for boosting vaccination acceptance. However, when disease risk is perceived to be low and complacency exists, fostering confidence in vaccines to address vaccine hesitancy becomes more important. Interventions for promoting vaccination acceptance and reducing vaccine hesitancy should be tailored by age.