Systematic Resection of the Visible Scar After Incomplete Endoscopic Resection of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors.

INTRODUCTION: When initial resection of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (r-NETs) is not R0, persistence of local residue could lead to disease recurrence. This study aimed to evaluate the interest of systematic resection of non-R0 r-NET scars. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all the consecutive endoscopic revisions and resections of the scar after non-R0 resections of r-NETs. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were included. Salvage endoscopic procedure using endoscopic submucosal dissection or endoscopic full-thickness resection showed an R0 rate of near 100%. Residual r-NET was found in 43% of cases. DISCUSSION: In case of non-R0 resected r-NET, systematic scar resection by endoscopic full-thickness resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection seems necessary.

Use of endoscopic submucosal dissection or full-thickness resection device to treat residual colorectal neoplasia after endoscopic resection: a multicenter historical cohort study.

INTRODUCTION : Residual colorectal neoplasia (RCN) after previous endoscopic mucosal resection is a frequent challenge. Different management techniques are feasible including endoscopic full-thickness resection using the full-thickness resection device (FTRD) system and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of these two techniques for the treatment of such lesions. METHODS : All consecutive patients with RCN treated either using the FTRD or by ESD were retrospectively included in this multicenter study. The primary outcome was the R0 resection rate, defined as an en bloc resection with histologically tumor-free lateral and deep margins. RESULTS : 275 patients (median age 70 years; 160 men) who underwent 177 ESD and 98 FTRD procedures for RCN were included. R0 resection was achieved in 83.3 % and 77.6 % for ESD and FTRD, respectively (P = 0.25). Lesions treated by ESD were however larger than those treated by FTRD (P < 0.001). The R0 rates for lesions of 20-30 mm were 83.9 % and 57.1 % in the ESD and FTRD groups, respectively, and for lesions of 30-40 mm were 93.6 % and 33.3 %, respectively. On multivariable analysis, ESD procedures were associated with statistically higher en bloc and R0 resection rates after adjustment for lesion size (P = 0.02 and P < 0.001, respectively). The adverse event rate was higher in the ESD group (16.3 % vs. 5.1 %), mostly owing to intraoperative perforations. CONCLUSION: ESD is effective in achieving R0 resection for RCN whatever the size and location of the lesions. When residual lesions are smaller than 20 mm, the FTRD is an effective alternative.

Complete endoscopic sphincterotomy with vs. without large-balloon dilation for the removal of large bile duct stones: randomized multicenter study.

Background and study aims Endoscopic sphincterotomy plus large-balloon dilation (ES-LBD) has been reported as an alternative to endoscopic sphincterotomy for the removal of bile duct stones. This multicenter study compared complete endoscopic sphincterotomy with vs. without large-balloon dilation for the removal of large bile duct stones. This is the first randomized multicenter study to evaluate these procedures in patients with exclusively large common bile duct (CBD) stones. Methods Between 2010 and 2015, 150 patients with one or more common bile duct stones ≥ 13 mm were randomized to two groups: 73 without balloon dilation (conventional group), 77 with balloon dilation (ES-LBD group). Mechanical lithotripsy was subsequently performed only if the stones were too large for removal through the papilla. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was complete in both groups. Patients could switch to ES-LBD if the conventional procedure failed. Results There was no between-group difference in number and size of stones. CBD stone clearance was achieved in 74.0 % of patients in the conventional group and 96.1 % of patients in the ES-LBD group (P < 0.001). Mechanical lithotripsy was needed significantly more often in the conventional group (35.6 % vs. 3.9 %; P < 0.001). There was no difference in terms of morbidity (9.3 % in the conventional group vs. 8.1 % in the ES-LBD group; P = 0.82). The cost and procedure time were not significantly different between the groups overall, but became significantly higher for patients in the conventional group who underwent mechanical lithotripsy. The conventional procedure failed in 19 patients, 15 of whom underwent a rescue ES-LBD procedure that successfully cleared all stones. Conclusions Complete endoscopic sphincterotomy with large-balloon dilation for the removal of large CBD stones has similar safety but superior efficiency to conventional treatment, and should be considered as the first-line step in the treatment of large bile duct stones and in rescue treatment.Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02592811).

A novel hemostatic powder for upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a multicenter study (the "GRAPHE" registry).

Background and study aims: The hemostatic powder TC-325 (Hemospray; Cook Medical, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA) has shown promising results in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in expert centers in pilot studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of TC-325 in a large prospective registry of use in routine practice. Patients and methods: The data of all patients treated with TC-325 were prospectively collected through a national registry. Outcomes were the immediate feasibility and efficacy of TC-325 application, as well as the rates of rebleeding at Day 8 and Day 30. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine predictive factors of rebleeding. Results: A total of 202 patients were enrolled and 64 endoscopists participated from 20 centers. TC-325 was used as salvage therapy in 108 patients (53.5 %). The etiology of bleeding was an ulcer in 75 patients (37.1 %), tumor in 61 (30.2 %), postendoscopic therapy in 35 (17.3 %), or other in 31 (15.3 %). Application of the hemostatic powder was found to be very easy or easy in 31.7 % and 55.4 %, respectively. The immediate efficacy rate was 96.5 %. Recurrence of UGIB was noted at Day 8 and Day 30 in 26.7 % and 33.5 %, respectively. Predictive factors of recurrence at Day 8 were melena at initial presentation and use of TC-325 as salvage therapy. Conclusion: These multicenter data confirmed the high rate of immediate hemostasis, excellent feasibility, and good safety profile of TC-325, which could become the treatment of choice in bleeding tumors or postendoscopic bleeding but not in bleeding ulcers where randomized studies are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02595853).

Long-Term Results of Endoscopic Metal Stenting for Biliary Anastomotic Stricture after Liver Transplantation.

(1) Background: Anastomotic biliary stricture (ABS) is a well-known complication of liver transplantation which can lead to secondary biliary cirrhosis and graft dysfunction. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of endoscopic metal stenting of ABS in the setting of deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). (2) Methods: Consecutive DDLT patients with endoscopic metal stenting for ABS between 2010 and 2015 were screened. Data on diagnosis, treatment and follow-up (until June 2022) were collected. The primary outcome was endoscopic treatment failure defined as the need for surgical refection. (3) Results: Among the 465 patients who underwent LT, 41 developed ABS. It was diagnosed after a mean period of 7.4 months (+/-10.6) following LT. Endoscopic treatment was technically successful in 95.1% of cases. The mean duration of endoscopic treatment was 12.8 months (+/-9.1) and 53.7% of patients completed a 1-year treatment. After a mean follow-up of 6.9 years (+/-2.3), endoscopic treatment failed in nine patients (22%) who required surgical refection. Conclusions: Endoscopic management with metal stenting of ABS after DDLT was technically successful in most cases, and half of the patients had at least one year of indwelling stent. Endoscopic treatment long-term failure rate occurred in one fifth of the patients.

Immunoglobulin G4 immunostaining of gastric, duodenal, or colonic biopsies is not helpful for the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the specificity of the infiltration of digestive tract mucosa by immunoglobulin (Ig) G4-positive plasma cells in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), as compared with normal or inflammatory mucosa. METHODS: Plasma cell infiltration, CD138 and IgG4 immunostaining of digestive biopsies were compared in 4 groups of patients: AIP type 1 (n = 19); AIP type 2 (n = 4) with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); IBD without pancreatic disorders (n = 20); and controls (n = 26). RESULTS: With AIP type 1 versus controls, more plasma cells were present in the gastric mucosa of AIP (P = .02) without difference concerning IgG4+ plasma cells at any biopsy site. With AIP type 1 versus IBD, colonic mucosa was more often abnormal (P = .004), and more CD138 (P = .02) and IgG4 plasma cells (P = .0002) were counted in the colon biopsies of IBD. With AIP type 2 versus IBD, no difference for plasma cell and IgG4 infiltration was found. CONCLUSIONS: IgG4-positive plasma cells are not more numerous in the digestive mucosa of AIP patients than in controls, but they are more abundant in the colon of IBD patients than in AIP patients.

Outcome of patients with type 1 or 2 autoimmune pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is better described than before, but there is still no international consensus for definition, diagnosis, and treatment. Our aims were to analyze the short- and long-term outcome of patients with focus on pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions, to search for predictive factors of relapse and pancreatic insufficiency, and to compare patients with type 1 and type 2 AIP. METHODS: All consecutive patients followed up for AIP in our center between 1999 and 2008 were included. Two groups were defined: (a) patients with type 1 AIP meeting HISORt (Histology, Imaging, Serology, Other organ involvement, and Response to steroids) criteria; (b) patients with definitive/probable type 2 AIP including those with histologically confirmed idiopathic duct-centric pancreatitis ("definitive") or suggestive imaging, normal serum IgG4, and response to steroids ("probable"). AIP-related events and pancreatic exocrine/endocrine insufficiency were looked for during follow-up. Predictive factors of relapse and pancreatic insufficiency were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 44 patients (22 males), median age 37.5 (19-73) years, were included: 28 patients (64%) with type 1 AIP and 16 patients (36%) with type 2 AIP. First-line treatment consisted of steroids or pancreatic resection in 59 and 27% of the patients, respectively. Median follow-up was 41 (5-130) months. Steroids were effective in all treated patients. Relapse was observed in 12 patients (27%), after a median delay of 6 months (1-70). Four patients received azathioprine because of steroid resistance/dependence. High serum IgG4 level, pain at time of diagnosis, and other organ involvement were associated with relapse (P<0.05). At the end point, pancreatic atrophy was observed in 35% of patients. Exocrine and endocrine insufficiencies were present in 34 and 39% of the patients, respectively. At univariate analysis, no factor was associated with exocrine insufficiency, although female gender (P=0.04), increasing age (P=0.006), and type 1 AIP (P=0.001) were associated with the occurrence of diabetes. Steroid/azathioprine treatment did not prevent pancreatic insufficiency. Type 2 AIP was more frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease than type 1 AIP (31 and 3%, respectively), but relapse rates were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Relapse occurs in 27% of AIP patients and is more frequent in patients with high serum IgG4 levels at the time of diagnosis. Pancreatic atrophy and functional insufficiency occur in more than one-third of the patients within 3 years of diagnosis. The outcome of patients with type 2 AIP, a condition often associated with inflammatory bowel disease, is not different from that of patients with type 1 AIP, except for diabetes.

Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: definition of preoperative imaging criteria for high-risk lesions.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) are premalignant lesions whose natural history is poorly known. Whether the dysplasia grade might be determined with precision by preoperative clinical and imaging criteria is not known. We aimed to determine if CT scan data might be useful to predict the grade of dysplasia in a series of 60 histologically proven MCN. METHODS: All consecutive patients who were operated on with pathological confirmation of MCN were included. Careful CT scan evaluation was reviewed without knowledge of pathological results. Imaging and pathological results were correlated. RESULTS: Sixty patients (59 females) were included. Low- and intermediate-grade dysplasias were identified in 47 and 3 patients (benign MCN), respectively, and high-grade dysplasia and invasive carcinoma in 7 and 3 patients (malignant MCN), respectively. Patients with benign lesions were significantly younger. None of the studied clinical data were statistically different to distinguish benign and malignant MCN, except age (42 vs. 48 years, p < 0.05). Only maximal diameter and mural nodules on CT scan were significantly more frequent in the malignant group. No malignant MCN had a maximal diameter <40 mm. At a 40-mm threshold, the sensitivity and specificity of the maximal diameter to diagnose malignant MCN were 100 and 54%, respectively. Mural nodules seen on CT scan were confirmed in all cases but one upon pathological examination of the surgical specimen. The sensitivity and specificity of the presence of a mural nodule seen on CT scan for the diagnosis of a malignant lesion were 100 and 98%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Preoperative CT scan detection of a mural nodule within a cystic pancreatic neoplasm suggestive of MCN strongly suggests malignancy. A diameter <40 mm is associated with no risk of malignancy.

Self-expanding removable plastic stents for the protection of surgical anastomoses after esophageal replacement in a porcine model.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal replacement by biological graft is associated with a high risk of anastomotic leak-related mediastinitis. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a self-expanding plastic stent can help avoid anastomotic leak after full-thickness replacement of the esophagus in a porcine model. DESIGN: Experimental feasibility study in a porcine model. SUBJECTS: Twelve pigs were analyzed in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Replacement of a 2-cm-long segment of the cervical esophagus by an aortic allograft was performed in 12 pigs, with 6 pigs used as graft donors. Animals were divided into 2 groups depending on whether a self-expanding removable plastic stent protecting the 2 aortoesophageal anastomoses was inserted (n = 7) or not (n = 5), and were allowed to eat 24 hours postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The relative occurrence of mediastinitis caused by anastomotic leakage in stented and nonstented groups was assessed; endoscopic evaluation and histological analysis of the graft area were performed 1 month after esophageal replacement. RESULTS: All animals (n = 5) without stent insertion died of anastomotic leakage within 20 days of surgery. Two of the 7 stented animals died at day 2, and 5 survived 1 month in good clinical condition. Two stent migrations were noted. Stent extraction was followed by the development of a fibrous stricture. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a self-expanding plastic stent seems to allow leak-free healing after circumferential replacement of the esophagus by a biological graft in a porcine model.

Safety of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration for Pancreatic Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm Before Surgical Resection: A European Multicenter Registry-Based Study on 149 Patients.

OBJECTIVES: The results of only a few endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) for pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) have been published, and the safety of the procedure has never been investigated. Our study compared the recurrence rate in patients with and without preoperative EUS-FNA. METHODS: This European multicenter registry-based study was conducted in 22 digestive units, and retrospectively included all patients who underwent complete resection of a pancreatic SPN from 2000 to 2018. Patients with and without initial EUS-FNA were compared, and postsurgery recurrence and the associated risk factors were evaluated. RESULTS: A complete resection of a pancreatic SPN was performed in 149 patients (133 women, 89%), with a mean age of 34 (standard deviation, 14) years. There were no significant differences between the with (78 patients) and without (71 patients) EUS-FNA groups, except for age and tumor size and location.Preoperative EUS-FNA allowed pancreatic SPN diagnosis in 63/78 cases (81%). After a mean follow-up of 43 (standard deviation, 36) months, recurrence was noted in 4 patients (2.7%). Preoperative EUS-FNA was not correlated with recurrence, but an older age (P = 0.005) was significant. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative EUS-FNA does not affect pancreatic SPN recurrence. In this series, old age was significantly correlated with recurrence.

Endoscopic training: A nationwide survey of French fellows in gastroenterology.

BACKGROUND: During their 4 years of training, French fellows in gastroenterology should acquire theoretical and practical competency in gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. AIMS: To evaluate the delivery of endoscopy training to French GI fellows and perception of learning. METHODS: A nationwide electronic survey was carried out of French GI fellows using an anonymous, 17-item electronic questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 291 out of 484 (60%) GI fellows responded to the survey. Only 40% of subjects had access to theoretical training and/or virtual simulators. Only 49% and 35% of fourth year fellows had reached the threshold numbers of EGD and colonoscopies recommended by the European section and Board of gastroenterology and hepatology. Sixty-two percent and 57% of trainees reported having insufficient knowledge in interpreting gastric and colic lesions. Access to dedicated endoscopy activity for at least 8 weeks during the year was the only independent factor associated with the achievement of the recommended annual threshold number of procedures. CONCLUSION: The access of fellows to theoretical training and to preclinical virtual simulators is still insufficient. Personalized support and regular assessment of cognitive and technical acquisition over the 4 years of training seems to be necessary.

Long-term course of precancerous lesions arising in patients with gastric MALT lymphoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence and the long-term course of gastric precancerous lesions in patients with GML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective single-centre study, we included 179 patients with GML, 70 with gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (GDLBCL) and 152 with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis (HpG), from January 1995 to January 2014. The presence of atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and neoplastic lesion has been assessed at baseline and during follow-up. RESULTS: Atrophic gastritis was more frequent in the GML group whereas there was also a trend for intestinal metaplasia and gastric dysplasia. In patients with GML, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and gastric dysplasia were more frequent in the GML area than in other part of the stomach. During follow-up, the prevalence of atrophic gastritis remained stable overtime whereas intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia tend to increase overtime. In multivariate analysis, the occurrence of dysplasia or carcinoma was associated with the presence of intestinal metaplasia at baseline and male gender. CONCLUSION: GML is associated with gastric precancerous lesion to a higher extent than GDLBCL and HpG. Those precancerous lesions do not regress despite achievement of complete remission of GML and tend to increase overtime.

2017 WSES guidelines for the management of iatrogenic colonoscopy perforation.

Iatrogenic colonoscopy perforation (ICP) is a severe complication that can occur during both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Although 45-60% of ICPs are diagnosed by the endoscopist while performing the colonoscopy, many ICPs are not immediately recognized but are instead suspected on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms that occur after the endoscopic procedure. There are three main therapeutic options for ICPs: endoscopic repair, conservative therapy, and surgery. The therapeutic approach must vary based on the setting of the diagnosis (intra- or post-colonoscopy), the type of ICP, the characteristics and general status of the patient, the operator's level of experience, and surgical device availability. Although ICPs have been the focus of numerous publications, no guidelines have been created to standardize the management of ICPs. The aim of this article is to present the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for the management of ICP, which are intended to be used as a tool to promote global standards of care in case of ICP. These guidelines are not meant to substitute providers' clinical judgment for individual patients, and they may need to be modified based on the medical team's level of experience and the availability of local resources.

[Duodenal duplication revealed by acute pancreatitis: endoscopic treatment]. / Duplication duodénale révélée par une pancréatite aiguë: traitement endoscopique.

We report the case of a 17 year old man who presented with several episodes of acute pancreatitis due to a duodenal duplication. This was successfully treated by an incision by sphincterotome during interventional duodenoscopy. The patient is symptom free without recurrence 20 months after endoscopic treatment.

Second primary malignancies in patients treated for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.

To assess the risk of second primary malignancy (SPM) in patients with gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) Lymphoma (GML), we included 175 patients with GML in the present study. The incidence of SPM in the general population, used for reference, was determined from the French network of cancer registries. During the 1442.9 patient-years of follow-up, 29 patients were diagnosed with incident SPM, including five patients diagnosed with gastric cancer (20.1/1000 patient-years). An increased incidence of SPM was observed in patients with GML (standardized incidence ratios [SIR]: 1.71 [1.14-2.45]) compared to the general French population especially for gastric cancer (SIR: 16.1 [5.19-37.56]). This elevated risk of SPM was significantly increased only in patients treated with immuno/chemotherapy but not in patients treated with Helicobacter pylori eradication alone. Long-term follow-up of patients with GML is mandatory even in patients who have achieved complete remission.

Comparative evaluation of two porcine ex vivo models for training in endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections.

INTRODUCTION: EUS-guided cystoenterostomy (EUCE), a technique used for the drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and peri-enteric collections, requires specific skills for which dedicated models are needed. Based on a compact EASIE model (Erlangen Active Simulator for Interventional Endoscopy), we developed two ex vivo porcine models of retrogastric cysts and evaluated learning performance within the frame of a structured training program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The first model was made of porcine colon (i. e. "natural cyst"), the second one with an ostomy bag (i. e. "artificial cyst"). All procedures were achieved with an EUS scope under fluoroscopy. Both models were evaluated prospectively over a 2-day session involving 14 students and five experts. The primary end point was overall satisfaction with each model. RESULTS: The "natural cyst" and "artificial cyst" were prepared within 10 and 16.5 minutes ( P  = 0.78), respectively. Model grading showed a non-significant trend for overall satisfaction in favor of the artificial model ( P  = 0.06). As secondary end points, difference was not significant for impression of realism ( P  = 0.75) whereas the "artificial cyst" was graded significantly better by experts and students in terms of ability to teach procedural steps ( P  = 0.01) and ease of puncture ( P  = 0.03). Moreover, experts considered the ability to improve students' proficiency to be superior with the "artificial cyst" ( P  = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Both "artificial" and "natural cysts" are efficient for EUCE training in terms of overall satisfaction. However, the "artificial cyst" model appears to make the procedure easier with a higher ability to teach procedural steps and improve the students' proficiency. Larger applications of this model are needed to validate as a standard of training.

Laparoscopic vs. open surgery for the treatment of iatrogenic colonoscopic perforations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: Iatrogenic colonoscopy perforations (ICP) are a rare but severe complication of diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopies. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the operative and post-operative outcomes of laparoscopy vs. open surgery performed for the management of ICP. METHODS: A literature search was carried out on Medline, EMBASE, and Scopus databases from January 1990 to June 2016. Clinical studies comparing the outcomes of laparoscopic and open surgical procedures for the treatment for ICP were retrieved and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 6 retrospective studies were selected, including 161 patients with ICP who underwent surgery. Laparoscopy was used in 55% of the patients, with a conversion rate of 10%. The meta-analysis shows that the laparoscopic approach was associated with significantly fewer post-operative complications compared to open surgery (18.2% vs. 53.5% respectively; Relative risk, RR: 0.32 [95%CI: 0.19-0.54; p < 0.0001; I2 = 0%]) and shorter hospital stay (mean difference -5.35 days [95%CI: -6.94 to -3.76; p < 0.00001; I2 = 0%]). No differences between the two surgical approaches were observed for postoperative mortality, need of re-intervention, and operative time. CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the outcomes of the surgical management of an endoscopic complication that is not yet considered in clinical guidelines. Based on the current available literature, the laparoscopic approach appears to provide better outcomes in terms of postoperative complications and length of hospital stay than open surgery in the case of ICP surgical repair. However, the creation of large prospective registries of patients with ICP would be a step forward in addressing the lack of evidence concerning the surgical treatment of this endoscopic complication.

Therapeutic drug monitoring is predictive of loss of response after de-escalation of infliximab therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission.

BACKGROUND: There is no evidence that therapeutic drug monitoring is helpful in patients with inflammatory bowel disease patients in clinical remission with infliximab therapy. METHODS: Eighty consecutive inflammatory bowel disease patients in clinical remission on infliximab maintenance therapy were included and followed-up for at least one year. Infliximab trough level and antibody to infliximab concentration were measured prior to enrollment. At the time of enrollment, physicians in charge were free to alleviate infliximab therapy. Discrepancies between blind and therapeutic drug monitoring-based adjustments were assessed at the end of the follow-up period. Relapse-free survival was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The mean infliximab trough level was 3.1 µg/mL. Antibody to infliximab was found in 15 (19%) patients. At the end of the follow-up period, 18 (22.5%) patients experienced a relapse. The 3, 6, 9 and 12-month relapse-free rates were 98%, 87%, 86% and 80%, respectively. In our multivariate analysis, relapse-free survival was negatively associated with discrepancies between therapeutic drug monitoring-based and blind adjustments of infliximab therapy, absence of concomitant immunomodulator, the absence of mucosal healing, prior use of infliximab, infliximab therapy duration>2 years and C-reactive protein levels>5mg/L at the time of enrollment. CONCLUSION: In patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission on infliximab therapy, de-escalation of infliximab therapy should be considered based on therapeutic drug monitoring rather than according to symptoms and CRP.

Endoscopic transgastric versus surgical necrosectomy in infected pancreatic necrosis.

Surgical necrosectomy, but is still associated with a high morbidity. Indications of the endoscopic route, a new less invasive technique are not defined yet. To compare characteristics and clinical outcome of patients treated by the two techniques, a bi-centric retrospective comparison of 21 patients treated by surgical necrosectomy in one center (group S) with 11 patients treated in another center by endoscopic transgastric necrosectomy (group E) was performed. Clinical severity scores were significantly higher in group S although CT severity score did not differ between groups. Acute postoperative complications including pancreatic fistula occurred more frequently in group S (86% vs. 27%, P=0.002). ICU and hospital length of stay were higher in group S (84 vs. 4 days; P=0.008 and 58 vs. 15 days; P=0.005 respectively). Long-term complication did not differ between groups. Compared to surgery, endoscopic necrosectomy exhibited lower rate of complications and reduced hospital length of stays. Endoscopic transgastric necrosectomy appears as a safe and effective procedure and has to be included in the therapeutic algorithm of infected pancreatic necrosis.

Infliximab as a bridge to remission maintained by antimetabolite therapy in Crohn's disease: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Infliximab withdrawal in patients with Crohn's disease on concomitant antimetabolite therapy is considered to be superior if obtained after a maintenance therapy period compared to induction alone. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of Crohn's disease patients treated with infliximab and an antimetabolite after infliximab was withdrawn using induction alone or induction plus at least 1-year of maintenance therapy. The time to relapse was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. The model was adjusted according to the period of infliximab withdrawal. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients were included, 54 in the induction alone group. The patient characteristics were identical in the two groups except for the period of infliximab withdrawal. After a median follow-up period of 47.1 (interquartile range=4.4-110.2) months, 66 patients (72%) experienced a relapse. After a year-adjustment, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Based on year-adjusted multivariate analysis, the risk factors for relapse were active smoking, previous antimetabolite failure, and perianal disease. After relapse, 53 patients (80%) were retreated with infliximab. After infliximab retreatment, clinical remission was observed in 47 patients (89%) at weeks 8-10. CONCLUSION: In Crohn's disease patients, the probability of relapse on antimetabolite therapy after infliximab withdrawal was not superior after a 1-year scheduled maintenance therapy as compared with an induction alone.