Hypothalamic Supramammillary Nucleus Selectively Excites Hippocampal CA3 Interneurons to Suppress CA3 Pyramidal Neuron Activity.

A key mode of neuronal communication between distant brain regions is through excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by long-range glutamatergic projections emitted from principal neurons. The long-range glutamatergic projection normally forms numerous en passant excitatory synapses onto both principal neurons and interneurons along its path. Under physiological conditions, the monosynaptic excitatory drive onto postsynaptic principal neurons outweighs disynaptic feedforward inhibition, with the net effect of depolarizing principal neurons. In contrast with this conventional doctrine, here we report that a glutamatergic projection from the hypothalamic supramammillary nucleus (SuM) largely evades postsynaptic pyramidal neurons (PNs), but preferentially target interneurons in the hippocampal CA3 region to predominantly provide feedforward inhibition. Using viral-based retrograde and anterograde tracing and ChannelRhodopsin2 (ChR2)-assisted patch-clamp recording in mice of either sex, we show that SuM projects sparsely to CA3 and provides minimal excitation onto CA3 PNs. Surprisingly, despite its sparse innervation, the SuM input inhibits all CA3 PNs along the transverse axis. Further, we find that SuM provides strong monosynaptic excitation onto CA3 parvalbumin-expressing interneurons evenly along the transverse axis, which likely mediates the SuM-driven feedforward inhibition. Together, our results demonstrate that a novel long-range glutamatergic pathway largely evades principal neurons, but rather preferentially innervates interneurons in a distant brain region to suppress principal neuron activity. Moreover, our findings reveal a new means by which SuM regulates hippocampal activity through SuM-to-CA3 circuit, independent of the previously focused projections from SuM to CA2 or dentate gyrus.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dominant mode of neuronal communication between brain regions is the excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by long-range glutamatergic projections, which form en passant excitatory synapses onto both pyramidal neurons and interneurons along its path. Under normal conditions, the excitation onto postsynaptic neurons outweighs feedforward inhibition, with the net effect of depolarization. In contrast with this conventional doctrine, here we report that a glutamatergic input from hypothalamic supramammillary nucleus (SuM) largely evades PNs but selectively targets interneurons to almost exclusively provide disynaptic feedforward inhibition onto hippocampal CA3 PNs. Thus, our findings reveal a novel subcortical-hippocampal circuit that enables SuM to regulate hippocampal activity via SuM-CA3 circuit, independent of its projections to CA2 or dentate gyrus.

An investigational oral plasma kallikrein inhibitor for on-demand treatment of hereditary angioedema: a two-part, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend effective on-demand therapy for all individuals with hereditary angioedema. We aimed to assess the novel oral plasma kallikrein inhibitor, sebetralstat, which is in development, for on-demand treatment of hereditary angioedema attacks. METHODS: In this two-part phase 2 trial, individuals with type 1 or 2 hereditary angioedema aged 18 years or older were recruited from 25 sites, consisting of specialty outpatient centres, across nine countries in Europe and the USA. Individuals were eligible if they had experienced at least three hereditary angioedema attacks in the past 93 days, were not on prophylactic therapy, and had access to and the ability to self-administer conventional attack treatment. In part 1 of the trial, participants were given a single 600 mg open-label oral dose of sebetralstat to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the dose. Part 2 was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-sequence, two-period (2 × 2) crossover trial; participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either sequence 1, in which they were given a single dose of 600 mg of sebetralstat to treat the first eligible attack and a second dose of placebo to treat the second eligible attack, or sequence 2, in which they were given placebo to treat the first eligible attack and then 600 mg of sebetralstat to treat the second eligible attack. Participants and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was time to use of conventional attack treatment within 12 h of study drug administration, which was assessed in all participants who were randomly assigned to treatment and who received study drug for two attacks during part 2 of the study. Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of study drug, starting in part 1. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04208412, and is completed. FINDINGS: Between July 2, 2019, and Dec 8, 2020, 84 individuals were screened and 68 were enrolled in part 1 and received sebetralstat (mean age 38·3 years [SD 13·2], 37 [54%] were female, 31 [46%] were male, 68 [100%] were White). 42 (62%) of 68 participants completed pharmacokinetic assessments. Sebetralstat was rapidly absorbed, with a geometric mean plasma concentration of 501 ng/mL at 15 min. In a subset of participants (n=6), plasma samples obtained from 15 min to 4 h after study drug administration had near-complete protection from ex vivo stimulated generation of plasma kallikrein and cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen. In part 2, all 68 participants were randomly assigned to sequence 1 (n=34) or sequence 2 (n=34). 53 (78%) of 68 participants treated two attacks (25 [74%] in the sequence 1 group and 28 [82%] in the sequence 2 group). Time to use of conventional treatment within 12 h of study drug administration was significantly longer with sebetralstat versus placebo (at quartile 1: >12 h [95% CI 9·6 to >12] vs 8·0 h [3·8 to >12]; p=0·0010). There were no serious adverse events or adverse event-related discontinuations. INTERPRETATION: Oral administration of sebetralstat was well tolerated and led to rapid suppression of plasma kallikrein activity, resulting in increased time to use of conventional attack treatment and faster symptom relief versus placebo. Based on these results, a phase 3 trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two dose levels of sebetralstat in adolescent and adult participants with hereditary angioedema has been initiated (NCT05259917). FUNDING: KalVista Pharmaceuticals.

Comparative Clinical Effects and Risk Factors Associated With Vitamin D in Foot and Ankle Fracture and Arthrodesis Healing.

Vitamin D deficiency in relation to bone metabolism and healing has been controversial and not well studied. However, hypovitaminosis has been widely identified within the orthopedic patient population. The current best evidence suggests a lack of data on this important topic. The ability to assess patients for optimum bone healing and metabolism is still in question due to lack of a suitable reliable biomarker and multiple other unknown variables affecting bone metabolism. To compound this effect, popular dermatological precautions in the last 20 to 30 years of avoiding sunlight also have the effect of further reducing serum vitamin D production in the skin. As a proof of concept, we performed a preliminary comparative observational retrospective review of orthopedic patients undergoing fracture and arthrodesis osseous healing to determine how serum vitamin D levels are associated with bone healing along with their confounding comorbidities. Based on our review, the current accepted vitamin D levels (≥20 ng/mL) are low and insufficient for fractures and for arthrodesis osseous healing due to observed high rates (>35%) of delayed unions, and an increased (>90%) in the number of multiple confounding comorbidities affecting bone healing process that are often not mentioned or captured in this type of study in previous literature. Obesity and diabetes are significant contributory risks factors, and the preliminary findings suggest that the current accepted adequate levels may not be enough for osseous healing. These low vitamin D levels appear to affect bone healing and prolong treatment, with worsening trends with diabetes and obesity comorbidities.

Qualitative use of ICG angiography and lymphography in periorbital surgery.

PURPOSE: Open imaging fluorescence devices have been utilized in surgical oncology, vascular and plastic surgery; however, the role of indocyanine green (ICG) in periorbital surgery and lymphatics has not been explored. METHODS: A prospective, single-center diagnostic study was conducted from 2021 to 2022 utilizing ICG to assess both the periorbital vasculature and lymphatics. Fluorescence was captured with open-imaging fluorescent devices. For ICG angiography, a total of 5-10 mg of ICG was given intravenously at various time points to visualize intraoperative blood flow to eyelid flaps, vascular tumors, or extraocular muscles. For ICG lymphography, 0.03-0.06 mg of ICG was injected subcutaneously to visualize the periorbital and facial lymphatic drainage. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients underwent ICG angiography. Periorbital vascular supply was seen in eyelid reconstructions (n = 8), anophthalmic reconstructions (n = 2), lacrimal gland tumors (n = 2), orbital venous malformations (n = 2), tumor metastasis (n = 1) and benign tumors (n = 1). The anterior ciliary arteries were visualized to the extraocular muscles in fracture repairs (n = 3) and muscle biopsies (n = 2). Ten patients underwent ICG lymphangiography highlighting the global periorbital lymphatic system. CONCLUSION: ICG allows for visualization of the vasculature of extraocular muscles and tumors, assessing perfusion of flaps during reconstruction and the global periorbital lymphatic drainage pathways.

Pharmacological suppression of the kallikrein kinin system with KVD900: An orally available plasma kallikrein inhibitor for the on-demand treatment of hereditary angioedema.

BACKGROUND: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease that leads to recurrent episodes of swelling and pain caused by uncontrolled plasma kallikrein (PKa) activity. Current guidelines recommend ready availability of on-demand HAE treatments that can be administered early upon attack onset. This report describes the pharmacological and pharmacodynamic properties of the novel oral small-molecule PKa inhibitor KVD900 as a potential on-demand treatment for HAE. METHODS: Pharmacological properties of KVD900 on PKa and closely related serine proteases were characterized using kinetic fluorogenic substrate activity assays. Effects of KVD900 on PKa activity and kallikrein kinin system activation in whole plasma were measured in the presence of dextran sulphate (DXS)-stimulation using a fluorogenic substrate and capillary immunoassays to quantify high molecular weight kininogen (HK), plasma prekallikrein and Factor XII cleavage. Pharmacodynamic effects of orally administered KVD900 were characterized in plasma samples from six healthy controls in a first in human phase 1 clinical trial and from 12 participants with HAE in a phase 2 clinical trial. RESULTS: KVD900 is a selective, competitive and reversible inhibitor of human PKa enzyme with a Ki of 3.02 nM. The association constant (Kon ) of KVD900 for PKa is >10 × 106  M-1  s-1 . Oral administration of KVD900 in a first-in-human clinical trial achieved rapid and near complete inhibition of DXS-stimulated PKa enzyme activity and HK cleavage and reduced plasma prekallikrein and Factor XII activation in plasma. In individuals with HAE, orally administered KVD900 inhibited DXS-stimulated PKa activity in plasma by ≥95% from 45 min to at least 4 h post-dose and provided rapid protection of HK from cleavage. CONCLUSION: KVD900 is a fast-acting oral PKa inhibitor that rapidly inhibits PKa activity, kallikrein kinin system activation and HK cleavage in plasma. On-demand administration of KVD900 may provide an opportunity to halt the generation of bradykinin and reverse HAE attacks.

Readability of Online Patient Information Relating to Cleft Palate Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: It is important for health care education materials to be easily understood by caretakers of children requiring craniofacial surgery. This study aimed to analyze the readability of Google search results as they pertain to "Cleft Palate Surgery" and "Palatoplasty." Additionally, the study included a search from several locations globally to identify possible geographic differences. DESIGN: Google searches of the terms "Cleft Palate Surgery" and "Palatoplasty" were performed. Additionally, searches of only "Cleft Palate Surgery" were run from several internet protocol addresses globally. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Readability Ease, Gunning Fog Index, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) index, and Coleman-Liau Index. RESULTS: Search results for "Cleft Palate Surgery" were easier to read and comprehend compared to search results for "Palatoplasty." Mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level scores were 7.0 and 10.11, respectively (P = .0018). Mean Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease scores were 61.29 and 40.71, respectively (P = .0003). Mean Gunning Fog Index scores were 8.370 and 10.34, respectively (P = .0458). Mean SMOG Index scores were 6.84 and 8.47, respectively (P = .0260). Mean Coleman-Liau Index scores were 12.95 and 15.33, respectively (P = .0281). No significant differences were found in any of the readability measures based on global location. CONCLUSIONS: Although some improvement can be made, craniofacial surgeons can be confident in the online information pertaining to cleft palate repair, regardless of where the search is performed from. The average readability of the top search results for "Cleft Palate Surgery" is around the seventh-grade reading level (US educational system) and compares favorably to other health care readability analyses.

A comparative analysis of deferoxamine treatment modalities for dermal radiation-induced fibrosis.

The iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO), has been shown to potentially improve dermal radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) in mice through increased angiogenesis and reduced oxidative damage. This preclinical study evaluated the efficacy of two DFO administration modalities, transdermal delivery and direct injection, as well as temporal treatment strategies in relation to radiation therapy to address collateral soft tissue fibrosis. The dorsum of CD-1 nude mice received 30 Gy radiation, and DFO (3 mg) was administered daily via patch or injection. Treatment regimens were prophylactic, during acute recovery, post-recovery, or continuously throughout the experiment (n = 5 per condition). Measures included ROS-detection, histology, biomechanics and vascularity changes. Compared with irradiated control skin, DFO treatment decreased oxidative damage, dermal thickness and collagen content, and increased skin elasticity and vascularity. Metrics of improvement in irradiated skin were most pronounced with continuous transdermal delivery of DFO. In summary, DFO administration reduces dermal fibrosis induced by radiation. Although both treatment modalities were efficacious, the transdermal delivery showed greater effect than injection for each temporal treatment strategy. Interestingly, the continuous patch group was more similar to normal skin than to irradiated control skin by most measures, highlighting a promising approach to address detrimental collateral soft tissue injury following radiation therapy.

Acute Traumatic Compartment Syndrome in Pediatric Foot: A Systematic Review and Case Report.

Acute compartment syndrome of the lower leg and foot is a not widely reported, but serious, potential complication that can develop after fractures, crush injuries, or high-velocity trauma of the lower extremity. Early recognition and treatment are critical in preventing morbidity and permanent complications. Although compartment syndrome of the lower leg and foot has been well-studied and documented in adults, its occurrence in the pediatric population is rare. We performed a systematic review of the published data and present the case of the youngest patient with isolated ACS of the foot. A high index of suspicion is warranted in pediatric patients with a traumatic injury to the lower extremity for compartment syndrome. Inconclusive radiographic findings owing to skeletal immaturity and the inability to verbalize symptoms place young children at high risk of undiagnosed compartment syndrome. Clinicians should have a very low threshold for fasciotomy to prevent long-term sequelae associated with undiagnosed compartment syndrome.

Exploring the mechanism of general anesthesia: kinetic analysis of GABAA receptor electrophysiology.

A kinetic model of the effect of agonist and anesthetics on ligand-gated ion channels, developed in earlier work, is further refined and used to predict traces observed in fast-perfusion electrophysiological studies on recombinant GABAA receptors under a wide range of agonist and/or anesthetic concentrations. The model incorporates only three conformational states (resting, open, and desensitized) but allows for the modulation of the conformational free energy landscape connecting these states resulting from adsorption of agonist and/or anesthetic to the bilayer in which the protein is embedded. The model is shown to reproduce the diverse and complex features of experimental traces remarkably well, including both anesthetic-induced and agonist-induced traces, as well as the modulation of agonist-induced traces by anesthetic, either coapplied or continuously present. The solutions to the kinetic equations, which give the time-dependence of each of the nine protein states (three ligation states for each of the three conformations), describe the flow of probability among these states and thus reveal the kinetic underpinnings of the traces. Many of the parameters in the model, such as the desorption rate constants of anesthetic and agonist, are directly related to model-independent experimental measurements and thus can serve as a definitive test of its validity.

Video-based educational tool improves patient comprehension of common prostate health terminology.

BACKGROUND: Health care providers often counsel prostate cancer patients about treatment options with medical terminology. However, studies have demonstrated a severe lack of comprehension of these terms, particularly in underserved populations. It was hypothesized that a video-based educational tool would significantly improve the understanding of key terms related to prostate health in a predominantly lower literacy population. METHODS: A software application was developed by various experts, including urologists and human-computer interaction specialists, to serve as a video-based educational tool emphasizing narrated animations to promote understanding of terms related to urinary, bowel, and sexual function. This application was viewed by patients recruited from 2 low-income safety net clinics, where a previously developed survey was administered to assess pre- and postintervention levels of comprehension. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients with a mean literacy level of 7th to 8th grade completed the study. Patients achieved statistically significant improvements in comprehension for the majority of the terms after the video intervention, with notable improvements including the terms incontinence (from 14% to 50%), bowels (from 14% to 46%), and impotence (from 58% to 84%). Patients demonstrated significant gains in their understanding of the function of the prostate (from 11% to 30%) and in their ability to locate the prostate on anatomic drawings (from 50% to 82%). CONCLUSIONS: This video-based educational tool is an effective method for overcoming the severe lack of comprehension of prostate health terminology among patients. The improvements achieved have the potential to enhance patient participation in shared and informed decision making and to support combined visual-audio multimedia as a promising tool for prostate cancer education.

Evidence-Based Rationale for Ankle Cartilage Allograft Replacement: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes.

The treatment of ankle arthritis remains controversial. Ankle cartilage allograft replacement is a novel and complex procedure. Many clinical studies have shown some level of promise, as well complications. We performed a systematic review of the clinical outcomes to describe and assess the different techniques and clinical outcomes for ankle cartilage allograft replacement. We performed a review of the published studies using MEDLINE(®) by way of PubMed(®) and Google Scholar(®) from January 2000 through October 2014, ranging from case reports to clinical studies. The inclusion criteria consisted of ankle cartilage allograft procedures with objective findings and clinical outcome scoring and complication and fusion rates and excluded nonallograft synthetic graft techniques, bone substitutes or expanders, review reports, and technique instructional manuals. Evidence with the combination of objective findings and clinical outcomes for all 3 type of allograft replacement (osteochondral, unipolar, and bipolar) is lacking. Several techniques for cartilage fixation have been described, including absorbable and metallic fixation. Most of the studies reported many occurrences and a variety of complications. A myriad of techniques for ankle cartilage allograft replacement exists. The results from the present systematic review of the published studies appear promising; however, the lack of statistical power and inconsistent documentation made it difficult to determine the superiority of any one intervention compared with another for the treatment of ankle arthritis.

Routine pathology evaluation of hydrocele and spermatocele specimens is associated with significant costs and no identifiable benefit.

PURPOSE: Hydrocelectomy and spermatocelectomy are routine scrotal surgeries. A significant number of the surgical specimens are sent for pathology analysis. However, to our knowledge no study has been done to examine outcomes and necessity, which results in significant potentially unnecessary costs to the patient and the health care system. We evaluated outcomes and surgical pathology analysis of hydroceles and spermatoceles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective, single institution chart review of all patients who underwent initial surgery for hydrocele or spermatocele between January 2000 and August 2013. We determined the number of cases in which a surgical specimen was sent for pathology examination. The cost for each specimen was estimated at the department of pathology. RESULTS: A total of 264 routine scrotal cases were performed during the 14-year period. Surgical specimens were sent for pathology analysis in 102 hydrocelectomy cases (51%) and in 57 spermatocelectomy cases (90%). No pathology specimen showed any indication of malignancy. The estimated direct total cost of pathology analysis was $49,449 in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: No malignancy was detected in 159 hydrocele and spermatocele specimens during the 14 study years, suggesting that the pathology analysis is of little clinical benefit. Forgoing surgical pathology analysis of these specimens would result in significant cost savings to the patient and the health care system.

Urinalysis: case presentations for the primary care physician.

Urinalysis is useful in diagnosing systemic and genitourinary conditions. In patients with suspected microscopic hematuria, urine dipstick testing may suggest the presence of blood, but results should be confirmed with a microscopic examination. In the absence of obvious causes, the evaluation of microscopic hematuria should include renal function testing, urinary tract imaging, and cystoscopy. In a patient with a ureteral stent, urinalysis alone cannot establish the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Plain radiography of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder can identify a stent and is preferred over computed tomography. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the isolation of bacteria in an appropriately collected urine specimen obtained from a person without symptoms of a urinary tract infection. Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is not recommended in nonpregnant adults, including those with prolonged urinary catheter use.

Evidence-based rationale for percutaneous fixation technique of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: a systematic review of clinical outcomes.

Displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus are complex and have a high degree of morbidity. Percutaneous fixation techniques have been advocated in an effort to minimize postoperative complications. We performed a systematic review of the clinical outcomes to describe and ascertain the different techniques and clinical outcomes for percutaneous treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. A review was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar, from January 2000 to December 2012, with studies ranging from case reports to prospective studies. The inclusion criteria consisted of percutaneous fixation techniques with objective findings (Sander's classification and Bohler's angle measurements) and clinical outcome scoring and complication and subtalar fusion rates. The exclusion criteria included studies with open or limited open procedures, the use of external fixation, the use of bone substitutes alone, and pathologic or open fractures. Data and evidence with a combination of objective findings and clinical outcomes are lacking. Several techniques for percutaneous fixation have been described, including Schanz pins and Kirschner wires, cannulated screws, arthroscopically guided percutaneous fixation, and application of bone substitute. A myriad of techniques are available for percutaneous intra-articular calcaneal fixation. The results from the current data appear to be promising; however, the lack of statistical power and inconsistent documentation have made it difficult to determine any superiority. The complication rates were much lower than those with open procedures, regardless of the technique. The percutaneous fixation technique appears to be a favorable option for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures.

Severe lack of comprehension of common prostate health terms among low-income inner-city men.

BACKGROUND: Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer are often counseled about treatment options with the use of terms that are part of the "core vocabulary" of prostate cancer. It is hypothesized that predominantly lower literacy patients would demonstrate a severe lack of comprehension of prostate cancer terms, thus validating the findings of a previous single-institution study. METHODS: A previously developed survey was used to evaluate understanding of terms related to urinary, bowel, and sexual function. The survey was administered by trained evaluators at 2 safety net clinics that provide care for low-income, predominantly African American patients. Comprehension was assessed using semiqualitative methods coded by 2 independent investigators. Literacy and numeracy were also evaluated. RESULTS: Among 109 patients who completed the study, only 5% understood the function of the prostate, and 15%, 29%, and 32% understood the terms "incontinence," "urinary function," and "bowel habits," respectively. Lower levels of comprehension were observed for compound words, such as "vaginal intercourse" (58%), versus single words such as "intercourse" (95%), validating previous work. Median school level was 13 years, yet median literacy level was only ninth grade, and reading level was significantly correlated with comprehension. Only 30% of patients correctly calculated both a fraction and a percent. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of comprehension of prostate health terminology is pronounced in this patient population and may be widespread. This lack of comprehension potentially limits the ability of patients to participate in informed decision-making. These results validate the findings of previous studies and supports a continued need for refined methods of prostate cancer education.

Oral FXIIa inhibitor KV998086 suppresses FXIIa and single chain FXII mediated kallikrein kinin system activation.

Background: The kallikrein kinin system (KKS) is an established pharmacological target for the treatment and prevention of attacks in hereditary angioedema (HAE). Proteolytic activities of FXIIa and single-chain Factor XII (FXII) zymogen contribute to KKS activation and thereby may play roles in both initiating and propagating HAE attacks. In this report, we investigated the effects of potent small molecule FXIIa inhibitors on FXIIa and single chain FXII enzymatic activities, KKS activation, and angioedema in mice. Methods: We examined the effects of 29 structurally distinct FXIIa inhibitors on enzymatic activities of FXIIa and a mutant single chain FXII with R334A, R343A and R353A substitutions (rFXII-T), that does not undergo zymogen conversion to FXIIa, using kinetic fluorogenic substrate assays. We examined the effects of a representative FXIIa inhibitor, KV998086, on KKS activation and both carrageenan- and captopril-induced angioedema in mice. Results: FXIIa inhibitors designed to target its catalytic domain also potently inhibited the enzymatic activity of rFXII-T and the pIC50s of these compounds linearly correlated for rFXIIa and rFXII-T (R 2 = 0.93). KV998086, a potent oral FXIIa inhibitor (IC50 = 7.2 nM) inhibited dextran sulfate (DXS)-stimulated generation of plasma kallikrein and FXIIa, and the cleavage of high molecular weight kininogen (HK) in human plasma. KV998086 also inhibited rFXII-T mediated HK cleavage (p < 0.005) in plasma from FXII knockout mice supplemented with rFXII-T and stimulated with polyphosphate or DXS. Orally administered KV998086 protected mice from 1) captopril-induced Evans blue leakage in colon and laryngotracheal tissues and 2) blocked carrageenan-induced plasma HK consumption and paw edema. Conclusion: These findings show that small molecule FXIIa inhibitors, designed to target its active site, also inhibit the enzymatic activity of FXII zymogen. Combined inhibition of FXII zymogen and FXIIa may thereby suppress both the initiation and amplification of KKS activation that contribute to hereditary angioedema attacks and other FXII-mediated diseases.

Comprehensive review of the clinical application of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of chronic wounds and diabetic bone healing.

Chronic ulcerations are a physical and financial burden to the health and economic establishment in the United States and Worldwide. Improvements in biotechnology and knowledge in stem cell applications have progressed and basic science results are making their way slowly into the clinical arena. Chronic wounds and diabetic bone healing are the key components in the limb salvage of the common diabetic foot. We have examined the current available literature and present the latest on stem cells applications as a novel clinical technique in the treatment of chronic wound and diabetic bone healing and their impact in the treatment paradigm of patients.

Reduced sociability and social agency encoding in adult Shank3-mutant mice are restored through gene re-expression in real time.

Despite a growing understanding of the molecular and developmental basis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), how the neuronal encoding of social information is disrupted in ASD and whether it contributes to abnormal social behavior remains unclear. Here, we disrupted and then restored expression of the ASD-associated gene Shank3 in adult male mice while tracking the encoding dynamics of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) over weeks. We find that Shank3 disruption led to a reduction of neurons encoding the experience of other mice and an increase in neurons encoding the animal's own experience. This shift was associated with a loss of ability by neurons to distinguish other from self and, therefore, the inability to encode social agency. Restoration of Shank3 expression in the mPFC reversed this encoding imbalance and increased sociability over 5-8 weeks. These findings reveal a neuronal-encoding process that is necessary for social behavior and that may be disrupted in ASD.