Saringosterol Acetate Isolated from Sargassum fusiformis Induces Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Sargassum fusiformis is among the most important edible brown seaweeds in Eastern Asia that contains various bioactive compounds and strong activities. Saringosterol acetate (SA) was successfully isolated from S. fusiformis in our previous research. In this study, SA was investigated for its anticancer effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. SA attenuated the survival rate of MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 63.16±3.6 µg/mL. Staining with Hoechst 33342 demonstrated that SA treatment mediated apoptotic body generation. SA significantly downregulated Bcl-xL and upregulated Bax, and cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase 3 in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, these results suggest that SA induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, making it a plausible candidate for drug development against breast cancer.

Treatment of Obese Zebrafish with Saringosterol Acetate through AMP Activated Protein Kinase Pathway.

OBJECT: Edible Brown Seaweed Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell, 1931 abbreviated as Sargassum fusiforme was used for folk medical therapy in East Asia countries over five hundred years. Saringosterol acetate (SA) was isolated from S. fusiforme in our previous study and indicated various effects. However, anti-obesity activity of SA and its mechanism still unknown. METHOD: The inhibitory effect of SA, isolated from S. fusiforme, on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was investigated in vitro and in zebrafish model. Cell toxicity, differentiation, signaling pathway, and lipid accumulation of SA treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were determined. The body weight and triglyceride content of diet-induced obese (DIO) adult male zebrafish were measured from 12 to 17 weeks after fertilization. RESULT: SA attenuated the differentiation of cells and reduced lipid accumulation, and triglyceride content in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. During the differentiation of adipocytes, SA suppressed fat accumulation and decreased the expression of signal factors responsible for adipogenesis. In SA-treated adipocytes, while fatty acid synthetase was downregulated, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was upregulated. Furthermore, SA suppressed body weight and triglyceride content in DIO zebrafish. CONCLUSION: SA is a potential therapeutic agent in the management of metabolic disorders, such as obesity.

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb1 , Rb2 , Rb3 , Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora.

Ginsenosides, including Rb1 , Rb2 , Rb3 and Rc, belong to protopanaxadiol-type saponins in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Their contents are high in P. ginseng. They could inhibit oxidant stress, enhance immunity, lower blood sugar, resist tumor cells and facilitate other physiological activities. This study aimed to explore the interaction between ginsenosides Rb1 , Rb2 , Rb3 and Rc and the intestinal flora of healthy people. It also sought to analyse the biotransformation products and pathways of these ginsenosides in in-vitro human intestinal bacteria and their effects on the diversity of human intestinal flora. Human intestinal bacteria were incubated with ginsenosides Rb1 , Rb2 , Rb3 and Rc at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions. Samples were taken at different timepoints. The transformed products were identified by rapid high-resolution liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After 48 h of transformation, the transformed product of ginsenosides Rb1 , Rb2 , Rb3 and Rc was ginsenoside compound K. The transformation rates were 83.5 %, 88.7 %, 85.6 %, and 84.2 %. 16S rRNA sequencing technology was applied to the bioinformatic analysis of faecal samples incubated for 48 h. Relative to the blank control, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria significantly increased at the phylum level. Moreover, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes significantly decreased in ginsenosides Rb1 , Rb2 , Rb3 and Rc. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Escherichia significantly increased, whereas that of Dorea, Prevotella and Megasphaera significantly decreased in all groups. These results showed that Rb1 , Rb2 , Rb3 and Rc could improve the structure and diversity of human intestinal flora and balance the metabolic process.

In Vitro Effects of Ginseng and the Seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa on Gut Microbiota of Rats with Spleen Deficiency.

Ginseng and the seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa, which are traditional Chinese medicinal materials, were often used in ancient Chinese recipes as a pair of medicines. They can replenish the primordial qi and tonify the spleen. This study investigated the effects of ginseng and the seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa (GS) extract on gut microbiota diversity in rats with spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS). A total of 52 compounds (including 16 flavonoids, 35 saponins, and 1 alkaloid) were identified and analyzed from the GS extract by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS. The GS extract significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in rats with SDS but decreased that of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, the GS extract significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in rats with SDS but decreased that of Streptococcus, Escherichia-Shigella, Veillonella, and Enterococcus. In addition, the GS extract influenced glucose and amino acid metabolism. In summary, the results showed that the GS extract changed the structure and diversity of gut microbiota in rats with SDS and balanced the metabolic process.

Immunomodulatory effect of Liangyi paste on the gut microbiota of mice.

Liangyi paste (LY) is a traditional Chinese medicine made from a mixture of Ginseng and Rehmanniae radix praeparata. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of LY on gut microbiota diversity in immunocompromised mice. The chemical composition of LY extract was analyzed using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS, and the differences in the structure and diversity of the intestinal microbiota of LY extract were examined using 16S rRNA. In this study, identified and analyzed 66 compounds from the LY. These compounds included 11 iridoids, 6 oligosaccharides, 21 protopanaxtriols, 23 protopanaxadiols, 2 OLE, 1 Ionone and 2 phenylethanoside, using advanced UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS technology. Through the use of 16S rRNA analysis, the study found that LY significantly increased the relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum in immunocompromised mice, while decreasing the abundance of the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla. At the genus level, LY significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Clostridium_sensu_stricto_l, Lactobacillus, and Limosilactobacillus in immunocompromised mice. Conversely, the paste extract decreased the relative abundance of harmful bacteria such as Enterococcus and Escherichia Shigella in immunocompromised mice. These findings highlight the potential of LY to serve as a natural dietary supplement for enhancing gut microbiota diversity and promoting gut health. The identification of numerous compounds within the paste extract demonstrates its complexity and potential as a source for further research and development. Additionally, the LY extract exerted a significant influence on both nucleotide and amino acid metabolism. To sum up, the findings suggest that the LY extract has the potential to modulate the structure and diversity of gut microbiota, as well as promote metabolic balance in immunocompromised mice.

Effect of stabilization malvids anthocyanins on the gut microbiota in mice with oxidative stress.

Malvids anthocyanins have been proven to have a significant antioxidant activity. However, natural anthocyanins are unstable as they are easily affected by temperature, light, and pH. They can produce copigmentation with caffeic acids, leading to the improvement of color stability. The objective of this research was to survey the anti-oxidative stress functional role of stabilization malvids anthocyanins (SMA) in vivo. Changes on the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum and liver of oxidatively damaged mice of SMA were investigated. The effects of SMA on the diversity of gut microbiota in mice with oxidatively damage were also evaluated. Compared to oxidative damaged mice, SMA increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT and T-AOC but decreased the levels of MDA in the serum and liver. SMA significantly changed the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota. Specifically, SMA increased the relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and decreased the relative abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, SMA significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, but decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides. In addition, SMA also reversed carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism to normal levels. It indicates that SMA could protect the body from oxidative damage and be used as a potential functional food to prevent diseases related to oxidative stress. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Anthocyanins provide protective effects against harmful effect of oxidative stress. Natural anthocyanins are safer and nutritious as compared to synthetic pigments. However, their stability is poor. The previous research done by this group showed that the anthocyanins content of variety of Vitis amurensis Rupr was as high as 180 mg/(100 g·FW), and the content of malvids anthocyanidin in its ingredients was the highest of all. Malvids anthocyanin and caffeic acid are bonded to produce stabilized malvids anthocyanins (SMA) high hydrostatic pressure technology, which has better stability. Our results indicate that SMA could increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and altered the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in mice with oxidative damage. The study will help to deepen the understanding of antioxidative stress mechanism of SMA and lay a foundation for the application of natural anthocyanidin in health aspect.