Phonon Directionality Impacts Electron-Phonon Coupling and Polarization of the Band-Edge Emission in Two-Dimensional Metal Halide Perovskites.

Two-dimensional metal halide perovskites are highly versatile for light-driven applications due to their exceptional variety in material composition, which can be exploited for the tunability of mechanical and optoelectronic properties. The band-edge emission is defined by the structure and composition of both organic and inorganic layers, and electron-phonon coupling plays a crucial role in the recombination dynamics. However, the nature of the electron-phonon coupling and what kind of phonons are involved are still under debate. Here we investigate the emission, reflectance, and phonon response from single two-dimensional lead iodide microcrystals with angle-resolved polarized spectroscopy. We find an intricate dependence of the emission polarization with the vibrational directionality in the materials, which reveals that several bands of low-frequency phonons with nonorthogonal directionality contribute to the band-edge emission. Such complex electron-phonon coupling requires adequate models to predict the thermal broadening of the emission and provides opportunities to design polarization properties.

Calculation and Analysis of Key Parameters of Underwater Optical Imaging System.

When photographing objects underwater, it is important to utilize an optical window to isolate the imaging device from the water. The properties of the entire imaging system will change, and the imaging quality will decrease due to the refraction impact of the water and the window. The theoretical calculation method for air imaging is no longer relevant in this context. To analyze the unique rule, this research derives the formulas for key parameters of underwater imaging systems under paraxial circumstances. First, the optical window is modeled, then the formula for the optical window's focal length in the underwater environment is derived, and the change rule for the focal length of various window forms underwater is condensed. For the ideal imaging system using a domed optical window, the equivalent two-optical group model of the imaging system is established, and the formula for calculating the focal length, working distance, and depth of field of the underwater imaging system is derived through paraxial ray tracing. The accuracy of the formula is verified through the comparative analysis of the formula calculation results and the Zemax modeling simulation results. It provides an important theoretical basis for the in-depth study of underwater imaging technology.

Histone acetyltransferase 1 is a succinyltransferase for histones and non-histones and promotes tumorigenesis.

Lysine succinylation (Ksucc) is an evolutionarily conserved and widespread post-translational modification. Histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) is a type B histone acetyltransferase, regulating the acetylation of both histone and non-histone proteins. However, the role of HAT1 in succinylation modulation remains unclear. Here, we employ a quantitative proteomics approach to study succinylation in HepG2 cancer cells and find that HAT1 modulates lysine succinylation on various proteins including histones and non-histones. HAT1 succinylates histone H3 on K122, contributing to epigenetic regulation and gene expression in cancer cells. Moreover, HAT1 catalyzes the succinylation of PGAM1 on K99, resulting in its increased enzymatic activity and the stimulation of glycolytic flux in cancer cells. Clinically, HAT1 is significantly elevated in liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma tissues. Functionally, HAT1 succinyltransferase activity and the succinylation of PGAM1 by HAT1 play critical roles in promoting tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we conclude that HAT1 is a succinyltransferase for histones and non-histones in tumorigenesis.

Acquiring Social Support in an Online HPV Support Group: Exploring the Roles of Threat and Efficacy.

Social media have become crucial communication channels for human papilloma virus (HPV) patients to seek and receive social support that can benefit their physical and psychological health. To promote supportive communication on online social platforms, we analyzed 96,543 messages, including 7,407 posts and 89,136 comments, concerning social support on Baidu HPV Forum, one of China's largest online HPV support groups. We examined factors (i.e., threat and efficacy) in posts requesting social support associated with the amount of social support received in comments. Results revealed that the majority of social support messages received in comments represented informational support, whereas relatively few comments featured instrumental social support. Beyond that, high-threat, non-efficacy posts requesting social support received a greater amount of informational and emotional support in the comments than other types of posts requesting social support. Theoretical and practical implications of our study are discussed as well.

Prevalence of H6Y mutation in ß-tubulin causing thiophanate-methyl resistant in Monilinia fructicola from Fujian, China.

Brown rot disease broke out in stone fruit orchards of Fujian, China in 2019, despite pre-harvest application of methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC). To determine the reason, a total of 44 Monilinia fructicola strains were collected from nectarine, plum and peach fruits in this study, among which 79.5% strains were resistant to thiophanate-methyl, indicated by discriminatory dose of 5 µg/mL. The resistance of these strains was confirmed by treating detached peach fruit with label rates of formulated thiophanate-methyl which only completely inhibit infection of the sensitive strains, but not the resistant strains. Further analysis of the mechanism of MBC resistance revealed that all resistant strains carry a H6Y mutation in ß-tubulin protein Tub2, which was only reported previously in the M. fructicola strains from California, USA, and do not display obvious fitness penalties, as no significant defects in mycelial growth rate, sporulation, conidia germination, aggressiveness on detached peach fruit and temperature sensitivity was detected. In addition, we found that diethofencarb, the agent for managing MBC-resistance strains, was unable to inhibit growth of the H6Y strains. Taken together, our study, for the first time, identified a mutation form of H6Y in the ß-tubulin protein of M. fructicola in China, rendering the strains wide resistance to thiophanate-methyl. This mechanism of M. fructicola gaining resistance to MBC fungicides needs to be fully considered, when designing management strategies to control brown rot disease in stone fruit orchards.

First Report of Black Dot Caused by Colletotrichum coccodes on Potato in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.

Potato black dot causing by Colletotrichum coccodes is a common disease in potato throughout the world, infecting underground stems, tubers, roots and foliage. Potato is becoming the third main food crop produced on ~16,000 ha annually in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, situated on the world's highest plateau. However, the disease causing by C. coccodes has not been reported in this region. During the disease survey in the Bailang County of Tibet in August, 2020, some potato plants cv. "JiZhang 12" with chlorosis and wilting of foliage were observed. The incidence of affected plants was 20%. Necrotic lesions were also observed on the basal stems of the affected plants. Three affected plants were collected for pathogen isolation and three isolates were obtained for further investigation. The colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were initially white, turning gradually black with age and producing abundant black sclerotia. Conidia were cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate, guttulate, with average size of 13.80 to 18.55×4.94 to 5.35 µm for the three isolates in which 30 conidia each were measured. Such characteristics are similar to C. coccodes (Lees and Hilton, 2003). Mycelial growth rate was 0.69 to 0.74 cm/day at 25 oC over the three isolates. The three isolates were confirmed to be C. coccodes by species-specific PCR using primer set of Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1 producing 350 bp amplicons in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region according to Cullen et al. (2002). The Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1 sequences were identical for three isolates, therefore one sequence from isolate BL_JZ_J1 was submitted to the GenBank with accession number OM368349. Additional genes were also sequencing including the actin (ACT), chitin synthase l (CHS1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and another larger ITS region were also amplified from genomic DNA using primers sets ACT512F/ACT783R, CHS-79F/CHS-354R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), GDF1/GDR1 (Templeton et al. 1992) and ITS1/ITS4 (Glass and Donaldson 1995), respectively. Sequences obtained for those four regions were 216 bp, 218bp, 235bp and 576 bp, respectively. Each region in the three isolates were also identical, therefore one sequence for each region was submitted to the GenBank with accession number of OM417059, OM417060, OM417061, and OM349570, respectively, which had 100% similarity with C. coccodes of MN336525 (ACT), KU821274 (CHS1), KU821397 (GAPDH) and KU821175 (ITS), respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated sequences of those four loci showed that the BL_JZ_J1 was close to C. coccodes, a reference isolate of CPOS1 with the accession numbers of GQ856787 (ACT), GQ856723 (CHS1), GQ856744 (GAPDH) and GQ485588 (ITS) (Yang et al. 2009). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating a conidia suspension (100 µl of 105 conidia/ml) on three stems of 6-week-old potato plant cv. 'Favorita' with an artificial wound generated by sterile toothpick for each isolate. An equal volume of sterile water was injected on the wound of three stems as a noninoculated control. Brownish necrotic lesions were observed on all inoculated stems 3 days post-inoculation under natural conditions, whereas control stems remained symptomless. Reisolation of the fungus from all inoculated symptomatic plants confirmed Koch's Postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. coccodes in potato in Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The finding of black dot in this region has important management implications for the growers since the pathogen can survive for long periods in the field both on potato debris and in soil.

Bioremediation of quinclorac injury on tobacco by a rhizosphere bacterium.

The presence of herbicides residues in soil represents a serious problem for agriculture. Quinclorac is a common herbicide applied in rice field, but its residue can cause abnormal growth in successive crop of tobacco in Southern China. Remediation by microorganisms is considered to be an environmentally friendly method to remove such pollutants injury. The aims of this study were to obtain quinclorac remediation isolates and to investigate the possible mechanism(s) of remediation. Six bacterial isolates were obtained from rhizosphere of rice-tobacco rotation fields, and were found to be capable of degrading quinclorac on a mineral salt medium (MSM), with degradation efficiency ranging from 2.1 to 23.7%. Among these isolates, J5 had the highest degradation efficiency, and was identified as Klebsiella variicola based on phylogenetic analyses and a metabolic profile generating by Biolog GEN III system. Bioremediation of quinclorac injury was confirmed using pot assays with tobacco, in which J5 reversed the detrimental effect of quinclorac on leaf area, leaf number, and plant height. The J5 isolate also seemed to promote plant growth, in terms of tobacco seedling growth and seed germination, which were 2.2 times and 1.6 times higher compared to untreated control, respectively. The mechanisms of plant growth promoting (PGP) traits were found to involve nitrogen-fixing, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, and phosphate solubilization ability. In addition, proteomic analysis and relative quantitative PCR revealed an elevated level of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase (HPMO) in quinclorac-treated J5, suggesting that this enzyme may play an important role in quinclorac remediation. This study showed that the J5 isolate could be exploited to not only assist in soil remediation due to quinclorac residue issues but also promote tobacco growth.

Impact of maternal HIV-HBV coinfection on pregnancy outcomes in an underdeveloped rural area of southwest China.

OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to determine the impact of maternal HIV-hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection on pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: The current study was conducted in a county of Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southwest China. Data were abstracted from hospitalisation records, including maternal and infant information. The seroprevalences of HIV and HBV infections and HIV-HBV coinfection were determined and the impact of maternal HIV-HBV coinfection on adverse pregnancy outcomes was assessed using logistic regression analysis. A treatment effects linear regression model was also applied to examine the effect of HBV, HIV or coinfection to quantify the absolute difference in birth weight from a reference of HBV-HIV negative participants. RESULTS: A total of 13 198 pregnant women were included in our study, and among them, 99.1% were Yi people and 90.8% lived in rural area. The seroprevalences of HIV and HBV infections and HIV-HBV coinfection were 3.6% (95% CI: 3.2% to 3.9%), 3.2% (95% CI: 2.9% to 3.5%) and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1% to 0.2%) among the pregnant women, respectively. Maternal HIV-HBV coinfection was a risk factor for low birth weight (adjusted OR (aOR)=5.52, 95% CI: 1.97 to 15.40). Compared with the HIV mono-infection group, the risk of low birth weight was significantly higher in the HIV-HBV coinfection group (aOR=3.62, 95% CI: 1.24 to 10.56). Maternal HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of low birth weight (aOR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.38 to 2.60) and preterm delivery (aOR=2.84, 95% CI: 1.81 to 4.47). Perinatal death was more common when mothers were infected with HBV (aOR=2.85, 95% CI: 1.54 to 5.26). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HIV infection was high among pregnant women of the Yi region. Both HIV and HBV infections might have adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes. Maternal HIV-HBV coinfection might be a risk factor for low birth weight in the Yi region, which needs to be confirmed.

[Hemocyte morphology and classification in Oncomelania hupensis].

Hemocytes were collected from Oncomelania hupensis in Junshan, Hunan Province and Puge, Sichuan Province, respectively, and stained with Giemsa solution for light microscopic examination. The cells were classified morphologically. Five types of hemocytes were identified, viz., large acidophilic hyalinocytes, small acidophilic hyalinocytes, basophilic hyalinocytes, basophilic small granulocytes and basophilic large granulocytes. The proportion of small acidophilic hyalinocytes was the most abundant hemocyte [36.7% (229/624) in snails from Junshan and 31.7% (257/810) in snails from Puge], followed by basophilic hyalinocyte [23.1% (144/624) in Junshan and 24.4% (198/810) in Puge]. Basophilic large granulocyte was about 9.3% (58/624) in Junshan and 11.6% (94/810) in Puge. The length of large acidophilic hyalinocytes was the maximum and its nucleocytoplasmic ratio was minimum, followed by small acidophilic hyalinocytes. The length of basophilic cells was shorter and its nucleocytoplasmic ratio was smaller than those of acidophilic cells. There was no significant difference in cellular constituents of hemocytes and the morphological features of hyalinocytes between the snails from Junshan and Puge, while the length and nucleocytoplasmic ratio of granulocytes in Junshan snails were smaller than those of Puge ones.

Green functions and smooth distances.

In the present paper, we show that for an optimal class of elliptic operators with non-smooth coefficients on a 1-sided Chord-Arc domain, the boundary of the domain is uniformly rectifiable if and only if the Green function G behaves like a distance function to the boundary, in the sense that ∇G(X)G(X)-∇D(X)D(X)2D(X)dX is the density of a Carleson measure, where D is a regularized distance adapted to the boundary of the domain. The main ingredient in our proof is a corona decomposition that is compatible with Tolsa's α-number of uniformly rectifiable sets. We believe that the method can be applied to many other problems at the intersection of PDE and geometric measure theory, and in particular, we are able to derive a generalization of the classical F. and M. Riesz theorem to the same class of elliptic operators as above.

Research on key technology of cooled infrared bionic compound eye camera based on small lens array.

Traditional 2D imaging technologies are limited by the need for a large field of view and their sensitivity to small target motion. Inspired by the characteristics of insect compound eye structure, we propose an infrared bionic compound eye camera based on a small lens array. The camera is composed of 61 small lens arrays mounted on a curved spherical shell and a relay optical system. The imaging device is a high-performance cooled mid-wave infrared detector. This is an innovative design for an infrared biomimetic compound eye camera system that provides a wide field of view and all-day detection capability. Aimed to meet the specified requirements. The optical system achieves a 100% cold-membrane match between the infrared optical system and the cooled detector, and the relay optical system optimizes the large-field aberration by introducing a higher-order aspheric surface and modifying the geometric surface of the lenses. Our entire system enables an observation field angle of 108 ∘ × 108 ∘ . The experiments showed that the image quality of the system is high, each ommatidium was effective within the imaging range of the compound eye camera, resulting in an improved signal-to-noise ratio in various scenes.

Limitations and Innovative Application Methods of Surfactants for Solubilization of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs.

Poor solubility of drugs leads to poor bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency. A large proportion of drugs that are not developed and marketed for use by patients are due to their extremely low solubility. Therefore, improving the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs is one of the most important aspects of the field of drug research. With the continuous development of more and more formulation techniques and excipient applications, the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs can be improved to a certain extent to obtain better pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including pH microenvironment regulation technology, inclusion complex, solid dispersion, nanotechnology, and application of surfactants. However, the most widely used among them is the application of surfactants. This technique can reduce the surface tension, improve wettability, and have a remarkable solubilizing ability after forming micelles. However, surfactants have also been found to possess certain limitations in solubilization. In this review, the factors affecting the solubilization of surfactants and limiting their application have been summarized from several aspects. These factors include drugs, additives, and media. Some ideas to solve these application limitations have also been put forward, which can lay a foundation for the wider application of surfactants in the future.

A nanobody-mediated drug system against largemouth bass virus delivered by bacterial nanocellulose in Micropterus salmoides.

Diseases caused by pathogens severely hampered the development of aquaculture, especially largemouth bass virus (LMBV) has caused massive mortality and severe economic losses to the culture of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Considering the environmental hazards and human health, effective and environmentally friendly therapy strategy against LMBV is of vital importance and in pressing need. In the present study, a novel nanobody (NbE4) specific for LMBV was selected from a phage display nanobody library. Immunofluorescence and indirect ELISA showed that NbE4 could recognize LMBV virions and had strong binding capacity, but RT-qPCR evidenced that NBE4 did not render the virus uninfectious. Besides, antiviral drug ribavirin was used to construct a targeted drug system delivered by bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). RT-qPCR revealed that NbE4 could significantly enhance the antiviral activity of ribavirin in vitro and in vivo. The targeted drug delivery system (BNC-Ribavirin-NbE4, BRN) reduced the inflammatory response caused by LMBV infection and improved survival rate (BRN-L, 33.3 %; BRN-M, 46.7 %; BRN-H, 56.7 %)compared with control group (13.3 %), ribavirin group (RBV, 26.7 %) and BNC-ribavirin (BNC-R, 40.0 %), respectively. This research provided an effective antiviral strategy that improved the drug therapeutic effect and thus reduced the dosage.

TP53 Exon 5 Mutation Indicates Poor Progression-Free Survival for Patients with Stage IV NSCLC.

BACKGROUND: Genetic mutations are quite common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, their prognostic value remains controversial. METHODS: This study explored the mutational landscape of tumor samples from patients with advanced NSCLC by next-generation sequencing (NGS). A total of 101 NSCLC patients in stage III or IV receiving first-line treatment were included. RESULTS: TP53 mutation was the most frequent genetic alteration in NSCLC tumors (68%), followed by EGFR (49%), CDKN2A (12%), LRP1B (9%), and FAT3 (9%) mutations. Among 85 patients with stage IV NSCLC, first-line targeted therapy remarkably prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) of patients compared with first-line chemotherapy (p = 0.0028). Among 65 patients with stage IV NSCLC whose tumors harbored EGFR, ALK, ROS, or BRAF mutations, first-line targeted therapy substantially prolonged the PFS of patients (p = 0.0027). In patients with TP53 mutations who received first-line targeted therapy or chemotherapy, missense mutation was the most common mutation type (36/78), and exon 5 represented the most common mutated site (16/78). CONCLUSIONS: TP53 mutation in exon 5 could independently predict poor PFS of patients with stage IV NSCLC after the first- line treatment. Moreover, mutations in TP53 exon 5 and LRP1B were associated with shorter PFS of such patients whether after first-line chemotherapy or targeted therapy, respectively. Thus, these patients should be given immunotherapy or immunochemotherapy.

Boronic acid-modified bacterial cellulose microspheres as packing materials for enveloped virus removal.

Viruses are the most abundant microorganisms on the earth, their existence in contaminated waters possesses a significant threat to humans. Waterborne viral infections could be fatal to sensitive population including young child, the elderly, and the immune-compromised. It is imperative to remove viruses during water treatment to better protect public health, especially in the light of evidence of detection of coronaviruses genetic fragments in raw sewage. We reported bench-scale experiments evaluating the extent and mechanisms of removal of a model virus (spring viremia of carp virus, SVCV) in water by adsorption. Microspheres made by boronic acid-modified bacterial cellulose with excellent mechanical strength were successfully fabricated as packing materials for the column to remove glycoproteins and enveloped viruses from water. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) measurement. The adsorption efficiency of glycoproteins was investigated by SDS-PAGE and the Broadford protein assay, while the binding capacity with the virus (spring viremia of carp virus) was monitored by cell culture to calculate the viral cytopathic effect and viral titer caused by the virus. The data obtained from the above experiments showed that ∼3-log removal of SVCV in 3 h, which significantly reduced the virus concentration from microspheres packed column. The present study provides substantial evidence to prove beyond doubt that material based on bacterial cellulose seems to have the potential for virus removal from water which can be extended to systems of significant importance.

High-Performance Thin-Film Transistors with ZnO:H/ZnO Double Active Layers Fabricated at Room Temperature.

H doping can enhance the performance of ZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) to a certain extent, and the design of double active layers is an effective way to further improve a device's performance. However, there are few studies on the combination of these two strategies. We fabricated TFTs with ZnO:H (4 nm)/ZnO (20 nm) double active layers by magnetron sputtering at room temperature, and studied the effect of the hydrogen flow ratio on the devices' performance. ZnO:H/ZnO-TFT has the best overall performance when H2/(Ar + H2) = 0.13% with a mobility of 12.10 cm2/Vs, an on/off current ratio of 2.32 × 107, a subthreshold swing of 0.67 V/Dec, and a threshold voltage of 1.68 V, which is significantly better than the performance of single active layer ZnO:H-TFTs. This exhibits that the transport mechanism of carriers in double active layer devices is more complicated. On one hand, increasing the hydrogen flow ratio can more effectively suppress the oxygen-related defect states, thus reducing the carrier scattering and increasing the carrier concentration. On the other hand, the energy band analysis shows that electrons accumulate at the interface of the ZnO layer close to the ZnO:H layer, providing an additional path for carrier transport. Our research exhibits that the combination of a simple hydrogen doping process and double active layer construction can achieve the fabrication of high-performance ZnO-based TFTs, and that the whole room temperature process also provides important reference value for the subsequent development of flexible devices.

Recyclable aminophenylboronic acid modified bacterial cellulose microspheres for tetracycline removal: Kinetic, equilibrium and adsorption performance studies for hoggery sewer.

Significant concerns have been raised regarding to the pollution of antibiotics in recent years due to the abuse of antibiotics and their high detection rate in water. Herein, a novel super adsorbent, boronic acid-modified bacterial cellulose microspheres with a size of 415 µm in diameter was prepared through a facile water-in-oil emulsion method. The adsorbent was characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses to confirm its properties. The microspheres were applied as packing materials for the adsorption of tetracycline (TC) from an aqueous solution and hoggery sewer via the reversible covalent interaction between cis-diol groups in TC molecules and the boronic acid ligand. TC adsorption performance had been systemically investigated under various conditions, including the pH, temperature, TC concentration, contact time, and ionic strength. Results showed that the adsorption met pseudo-second-order, Elovich kinetic model and Sips, Redlich-Peterson isothermal models. And the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, with the maximum TC adsorption capacity of 614.2 mg/g. After 18 adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity remained as high as 84.5% compared with their original adsorption capacity. Compared with other reported adsorption materials, the microspheres had high adsorption capacity, a simple preparation process, and excellent recovery performance, demonstrating great potential in application on TC removal for water purification and providing new insights into the antibiotic's adsorption behavior of bacterial cellulose-based microspheres.

Extra-pseudocapsular Transnasal Transsphenoidal Resection of Pituitary Macroadenoma: Technique Note and Evaluation of Endocrine Function.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the surgical technique and endocrine assessment of pituitary function of patients with macroadenoma treated by extra-pseudocapsular transnasal transsphenoidal surgery (ETTS). METHODS: Clinical data of 144 patients with pituitary macroadenomas in the same surgical group at the Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology were retrospectively analyzed from January 2019 to June 2021. Based on the results of the endocrinological evaluation and MRI examinations before and after surgery, the fluctuation of pituitary function and the extent of resection were analyzed. Multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors affecting postoperative tumor residual. RESULTS: Among the 144 patients with pituitary macroadenomas, 72 (50.0%) were female and 72 (50.0%) were male, the median age was 50 years, 26 (18.1%) had invasiveness grade 0, 46 (31.9%) had grade I, 57 (39.6%) had grade II, and 15 (10.4%) had grade III according to Lu's classification method. Based on observation during surgery, 37 cases (25.7%) had no pseudocapsule, 54 cases (37.5%) had incomplete pseudocapsule, and 53 cases (36.8%) had intact pseudocapsule. In addition, 91 (63.2%) patients had total resection, 39 (27.1%) had subtotal resection, and 14 (9.7%) had partial resection. As for anterior pituitary function, 13 of 19 hypothyroid patients had recovery after surgery, with a remission rate of 68.4%. Eighteen of the 26 decreased cortisol patients got back to normal, with a remission rate of 69.2%. A total of 27 of 51 patients with hypogonadism improved, with a remission rate of 52.9%. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that gender, tumor size, and invasiveness were predictors of postoperative residual in patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results showed that ETTS is an effective treatment modality for restoring the function of pituitary gland of the patients with macroadenomas. Tumor size and invasiveness are predictors of the extent of surgical resection and postoperative residual of macroadenomas.