Single-cell spatial transcriptome reveals cell-type organization in the macaque cortex.

Elucidating the cellular organization of the cerebral cortex is critical for understanding brain structure and function. Using large-scale single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic analysis of 143 macaque cortical regions, we obtained a comprehensive atlas of 264 transcriptome-defined cortical cell types and mapped their spatial distribution across the entire cortex. We characterized the cortical layer and region preferences of glutamatergic, GABAergic, and non-neuronal cell types, as well as regional differences in cell-type composition and neighborhood complexity. Notably, we discovered a relationship between the regional distribution of various cell types and the region's hierarchical level in the visual and somatosensory systems. Cross-species comparison of transcriptomic data from human, macaque, and mouse cortices further revealed primate-specific cell types that are enriched in layer 4, with their marker genes expressed in a region-dependent manner. Our data provide a cellular and molecular basis for understanding the evolution, development, aging, and pathogenesis of the primate brain.

Transplacental SARS-CoV-2 protein ORF8 binds to complement C1q to trigger fetal inflammation.

Prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with higher rates of pregnancy and birth complications, despite that vertical transmission rates are thought to be low. Here, multi-omics analyses of human placental tissues, cord tissues/plasma, and amniotic fluid from 23 COVID-19 mother-infant pairs revealed robust inflammatory responses in both maternal and fetal compartments. Pronounced expression of complement proteins (C1q, C3, C3b, C4, C5) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1α, and IL-17A/E) was detected in the fetal compartment of COVID-19-affected pregnancies. While ~26% of fetal tissues were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, more than 60% of fetal tissues contained SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 proteins, suggesting transplacental transfer of this viral accessory protein. ORF8-positive fetal compartments exhibited increased inflammation and complement activation compared to ORF8-negative COVID-19 pregnancies. In human placental trophoblasts in vitro, exogenous ORF8 exposure resulted in complement activation and inflammatory responses. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that ORF8 binds to C1q specifically by interacting with a 15-peptide region on ORF8 (C37-A51) and the globular domain of C1q subunit A. In conclusion, an ORF8-C1q-dependent complement activation pathway was identified in COVID-19-affected pregnancies, likely contributing to fetal inflammation independently of fetal virus exposure.

Self-terminating, heterogeneous solid-electrolyte interphase enables reversible Li-ether cointercalation in graphite anodes.

Ether solvents are suitable for formulating solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI)-less ion-solvent cointercalation electrolytes in graphite for Na-ion and K-ion batteries. However, ether-based electrolytes have been historically perceived to cause exfoliation of graphite and cell failure in Li-ion batteries. In this study, we develop strategies to achieve reversible Li-solvent cointercalation in graphite through combining appropriate Li salts and ether solvents. Specifically, we design 1M LiBF4 1,2-dimethoxyethane (G1), which enables natural graphite to deliver ~91% initial Coulombic efficiency and >88% capacity retention after 400 cycles. We captured the spatial distribution of LiF at various length scales and quantified its heterogeneity. The electrolyte shows self-terminated reactivity on graphite edge planes and results in a grainy, fluorinated pseudo-SEI. The molecular origin of the pseudo-SEI is elucidated by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The operando synchrotron analyses further demonstrate the reversible and monotonous phase transformation of cointercalated graphite. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of Li cointercalation chemistry in graphite for extreme-condition batteries. The work also paves the foundation for understanding and modulating the interphase generated by ether electrolytes in a broad range of electrodes and batteries.

WSB1/2 target chromatin-bound lysine-methylated RelA for proteasomal degradation and NF-κB termination.

Proteasome-mediated degradation of chromatin-bound NF-κB is critical in terminating the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes and can be triggered by Set9-mediated lysine methylation of the RelA subunit. However, the E3 ligase targeting methylated RelA remains unknown. Here, we find that two structurally similar substrate-recognizing components of Cullin-RING E3 ligases, WSB1 and WSB2, can recognize chromatin-bound methylated RelA for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. We showed that WSB1/2 negatively regulated a subset of NF-κB target genes via associating with chromatin where they targeted methylated RelA for ubiquitination, facilitating the termination of NF-κB-dependent transcription. WSB1/2 specifically interacted with methylated lysines (K) 314 and 315 of RelA via their N-terminal WD-40 repeat (WDR) domains, thereby promoting ubiquitination of RelA. Computational modeling further revealed that a conserved aspartic acid (D) at position 158 within the WDR domain of WSB2 coordinates K314/K315 of RelA, with a higher affinity when either of the lysines is methylated. Mutation of D158 abolished WSB2's ability to bind to and promote ubiquitination of methylated RelA. Together, our study identifies a novel function and the underlying mechanism for WSB1/2 in degrading chromatin-bound methylated RelA and preventing sustained NF-κB activation, providing potential new targets for therapeutic intervention of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory diseases.

Integration of Prior Expectations and Suppression of Prediction Errors During Expectancy-Induced Pain Modulation: The Influence of Anxiety and Pleasantness.

Pain perception arises from the integration of prior expectations with sensory information. Although recent work has demonstrated that treatment expectancy effects (e.g., placebo hypoalgesia) can be explained by a Bayesian integration framework incorporating the precision level of expectations and sensory inputs, the key factor modulating this integration in stimulus expectancy-induced pain modulation remains unclear. In a stimulus expectancy paradigm combining emotion regulation in healthy male and female adults, we found that participants' voluntary reduction in anticipatory anxiety and pleasantness monotonically reduced the magnitude of pain modulation by negative and positive expectations, respectively, indicating a role of emotion. For both types of expectations, Bayesian model comparisons confirmed that an integration model using the respective emotion of expectations and sensory inputs explained stimulus expectancy effects on pain better than using their respective precision. For negative expectations, the role of anxiety is further supported by our fMRI findings that (1) functional coupling within anxiety-processing brain regions (amygdala and anterior cingulate) reflected the integration of expectations with sensory inputs and (2) anxiety appeared to impair the updating of expectations via suppressed prediction error signals in the anterior cingulate, thus perpetuating negative expectancy effects. Regarding positive expectations, their integration with sensory inputs relied on the functional coupling within brain structures processing positive emotion and inhibiting threat responding (medial orbitofrontal cortex and hippocampus). In summary, different from treatment expectancy, pain modulation by stimulus expectancy emanates from emotion-modulated integration of beliefs with sensory evidence and inadequate belief updating.

Comparative and functional analysis unveils the contribution of photoperiod to DNA methylation, sRNA accumulation, and gene expression variations in short-day and long-day grasses.

Photoperiod employs complicated networks to regulate various developmental processes in plants, including flowering transition. However, the specific mechanisms by which photoperiod affects epigenetic modifications and gene expression variations in plants remain elusive. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of DNA methylation, small RNA (sRNA) accumulation, and gene expressions under different daylengths in facultative long-day (LD) grass Brachypodium distachyon and short-day (SD) grass rice. Our results showed that while overall DNA methylation levels were minimally affected by different photoperiods, CHH methylation levels were repressed under their favorable light conditions, particularly in rice. We identified numerous differentially methylated regions (DMRs) that were influenced by photoperiod in both plant species. Apart from differential sRNA clusters, we observed alterations in the expression of key components of the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway, DNA methyltransferases, and demethylases, which may contribute to the identified photoperiod-influenced CHH DMRs. Furthermore, we identified many differentially expressed genes in response to different daylengths, some of which were associated with the DMRs. Notably, we discovered a photoperiod-responsive gene MYB11 in the transcriptome of B. distachyon, and further demonstrated its role as a flowering inhibitor by repressing FT1 transcription. Together, our comparative and functional analysis sheds light on the effects of daylength on DNA methylation, sRNA accumulation, and gene expression variations in LD and SD plants, thereby facilitating better designing breeding programs aimed at developing high-yield crops that can adapt to local growing seasons.

Two chromosome-level genome assemblies of Rhodiola shed new light on genome evolution in rapid radiation and evolution of the biosynthetic pathway of salidroside.

Rhodiola L. is a genus that has undergone rapid radiation in the mid-Miocene and may represent a typic case of adaptive radiation. Many species of Rhodiola have also been widely used as an important adaptogen in traditional medicines for centuries. However, a lack of high-quality chromosome-level genomes hinders in-depth study of its evolution and biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites. Here, we assembled two chromosome-level genomes for two Rhodiola species with different chromosome number and sexual system. The assembled genome size of R. chrysanthemifolia (2n = 14; hermaphrodite) and R. kirilowii (2n = 22; dioecious) were of 402.67 and 653.62 Mb, respectively, with approximately 57.60% and 69.22% of transposable elements (TEs). The size difference between the two genomes was mostly due to proliferation of long terminal repeat-retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) in the R. kirilowii genome. Comparative genomic analysis revealed possible gene families responsible for high-altitude adaptation of Rhodiola, including a homolog of plant cysteine oxidase 2 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPCO2), which is part of the core molecular reaction to hypoxia and contributes to the stability of Group VII ethylene response factors (ERF-VII). We found extensive chromosome fusion/fission events and structural variations between the two genomes, which might have facilitated the initial rapid radiation of Rhodiola. We also identified candidate genes in the biosynthetic pathway of salidroside. Overall, our results provide important insights into genome evolution in plant rapid radiations, and possible roles of chromosome fusion/fission and structure variation played in rapid speciation.

The clinical features and TCAP mutation spectrum in a Chinese cohort of patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R7.

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R7 (LGMDR7) is an autosomal recessive hereditary muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in titin-cap (TCAP). Here, we summarized the clinical characteristics and TCAP mutations in a Chinese cohort of 30 patients with LGMDR7. The onset age of Chinese patients was 19.89 ± 6.70 years old, which is later than European and South Asian patients (P < 0.05). Clinically speaking, 20.0% of patients presented with predominant distal weakness, and 73.3% of patients presented with predominant pelvic girdle weakness. Radiological study revealed semitendinosus and magnus adductor were severely involved in Chinese LGMDR7 patients. Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, soleus and tibialis anterior were moderately to severely involved. The most prevalent mutation in this cohort is c.26_33dupAGGTGTCG, while c.165dupG and c.110 + 5G > A are unique in Chinese population as two of the common mutations. Besides, variant c.26_33dupAGGGTGTCG might be a founder mutation in Asian patients. Internal nuclei, lobulated fibers, and scattered rimmed vacuoles were typical morphological changes in Chinese LGMDR7 patients. This is the largest LGMDR7 cohort in the Chinese population and in the world. This article also expands the clinical, pathological, mutational and radiological spectrum of patients with LGMDR7 in China and in the world.

Absence of signaling into CD4⁺ cells via C3aR and C5aR enables autoinductive TGF-ß1 signaling and induction of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells.

Signaling through the G protein-coupled receptors for the complement fragments C3a and C5a (C3aR and C5aR, respectively) by dendritic cells and CD4(+) cells provides costimulatory and survival signals to effector T cells. Here we found that when signals from C3aR and C5aR were not transduced into CD4(+) cells, signaling via the kinases PI(3)Kγ, Akt and mTOR ceased, activation of the kinase PKA increased, autoinductive signaling by transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) initiated and CD4(+) T cells became Foxp3(+) induced regulatory T cells (iT(reg) cells). Endogenous TGF-ß1 suppressed signaling through C3aR and C5aR by preventing the production of C3a and C5a and upregulating C5L2, an alternative receptor for C5a. The absence of signaling via C3aR and C5aR resulted in lower expression of costimulatory molecules and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and more production of IL-10. The resulting iT(reg) cells exerted robust suppression, had enhanced stability and suppressed ongoing autoimmune disease. Antagonism of C3aR and C5aR can also induce functional human iT(reg) cells.

Complement Receptor C3aR1 Contributes to Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathic Pain in Mice and Rats.

Cancer chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain is a devastating pain syndrome without effective therapies. We previously reported that rats deficient in complement C3, the central component of complement activation cascade, showed a reduced degree of paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia (PIMA), suggesting that complement is integrally involved in the pathogenesis of this model. However, the underlying mechanism was unclear. Complement activation leads to the production of C3a, which mediates inflammation through its receptor C3aR1. In this article, we report that the administration of paclitaxel induced a significantly higher expression level of C3aR1 on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) macrophages and expansion of these macrophages in DRGs in wild-type (WT) compared with in C3aR1 knockout (KO) mice. We also found that paclitaxel induced less severe PIMA, along with a reduced DRG expression of transient receptor potential channels of the vanilloid subtype 4 (TRPV4), an essential mediator for PIMA, in C3aR1 KO than in WT mice. Treating WT mice or rats with a C3aR1 antagonist markedly attenuated PIMA in association with downregulated DRG TRPV4 expression, reduced DRG macrophages expansion, suppressed DRG neuron hyperexcitability, and alleviated peripheral intraepidermal nerve fiber loss. Administration of C3aR1 antagonist to TRPV4 KO mice further protected them from PIMA. These results suggest that complement regulates PIMA development through C3aR1 to upregulate TRPV4 on DRG neurons and promote DRG macrophage expansion. Targeting C3aR1 could be a novel therapeutic approach to alleviate this debilitating pain syndrome.

Mitochondrial GPAT-derived LPA controls auxin-dependent embryonic and postembryonic development.

Membrane properties are emerging as important cues for the spatiotemporal regulation of hormone signaling. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) evokes multiple biological responses by activating G protein-coupled receptors in mammals. In this study, we demonstrated that LPA derived from the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases GPAT1 and GPAT2 is a critical lipid-based cue for auxin-controlled embryogenesis and plant growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. LPA levels decreased, and the polarity of the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) at the plasma membrane (PM) was defective in the gpat1 gpat2 mutant. As a consequence of distribution defects, instructive auxin gradients and embryonic and postembryonic development are severely compromised. Further cellular and genetic analyses revealed that LPA binds directly to PIN1, facilitating the vesicular trafficking of PIN1 and polar auxin transport. Our data support a model in which LPA provides a lipid landmark that specifies membrane identity and cell polarity, revealing an unrecognized aspect of phospholipid patterns connecting hormone signaling with development.

Surface coating by mechanofusion modulates bulk charging pathways and battery performance of Ni-rich layered cathodes.

Ni-rich layered oxides as high-capacity battery cathodes suffer from degradation at high voltages. We utilize a dry surface modification method, mechanofusion (MF), to achieve enhanced battery stability. The simplicity, high yield, and flexibility make it cost-effective and highly attractive for processing at the industrial scale. The underlying mechanisms responsible for performance improvement are unveiled by a systematic study combining multiple probes, e.g., 3D nano-tomography, spectroscopic imaging, in situ synchrotron diffraction, and finite element analysis (FEA). MF affects the bulk crystallography by introducing partially disordered structure, microstrain, and local lattice variation. Furthermore, the crack initiation and propagation pattern during delithiation are regulated and the overall mechanical fracture is reduced after such surface coating. We validate that MF can alter the bulk charging pathways. Such a synergic effect between surface modification and bulk charge distribution is fundamentally important for designing next-generation battery cathode materials.

Microheterogeneity of Transmission Shapes Submicroscopic Malaria Carriage in Coastal Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic carriage of malaria parasites persists even as malaria transmission declines. Low-density infections are often submicroscopic, not detected with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) or microscopy but detectable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS: To characterize submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum carriage in an area of declining malaria transmission, asymptomatic persons >5 years of age in rural Bagamoyo District, Tanzania, were screened using RDT, microscopy, and PCR. We investigated the size of the submicroscopic reservoir of infection across villages, determined factors associated with submicroscopic carriage, and assessed the natural history of submicroscopic malaria over 4 weeks. RESULTS: Among 6076 participants, P. falciparum prevalences by RDT, microscopy, and PCR were 9%, 9%, and 28%, respectively, with roughly two-thirds of PCR-positive individuals harboring submicroscopic infection. Adult status, female sex, dry season months, screened windows, and bed net use were associated with submicroscopic carriage. Among 15 villages encompassing 80% of participants, the proportion of submicroscopic carriers increased with decreasing village-level malaria prevalence. Over 4 weeks, 23% of submicroscopic carriers (61 of 266) became RDT positive, with half exhibiting symptoms, while half (133 of 266) were no longer parasitemic at the end of 4 weeks. Progression to RDT-positive patent malaria occurred more frequently in villages with higher malaria prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Microheterogeneity in transmission observed at the village level appears to affect both the size of the submicroscopic reservoir and the likelihood of submicroscopic carriers developing patent malaria in coastal Tanzania.

Post-hybridization introgression and natural selection promoted genomic divergence of Aegilops speltoides and the four S*-genome diploid species.

Understanding how different driving forces have promoted biological divergence and speciation is one of the central issues in evolutionary biology. The Triticum/Aegilops species complex contains 13 diploid species belonging to the A-, B- and D-lineages and offers an ideal system to address the evolutionary dynamics of lineage fusion and splitting. Here, we sequenced the whole genomes of one S-genome species (Aegilops speltoides) of the B-lineage and four S*-genome diploid species (Aegilops bicornis, Aegilops longissima, Aegilops sharonensis and Aegilops searsii) of the D-lineage at the population level. We performed detailed comparisons of the five species and with the other four representative A-, B- and D-lineage species. Our estimates identified frequent genetic introgressions from A- and B-lineages to the D-lineage species. A remarkable observation is the contrasting distributions of putative introgressed loci by the A- and B-lineages along all the seven chromosomes to the extant D-lineage species. These genetic introgressions resulted in high levels of genetic divergence at centromeric regions between Ae. speltoides (B-lineage) and the other four S*-genome diploid species (D-lineage), while natural selection is a potential contributor to divergence among the four S*-genome species at telomeric regions. Our study provides a genome-wide view on how genetic introgression and natural selection acted together yet chromosome-regionally divided to promote genomic divergence among the five S- and S*-genome diploid species, which provides new and nuanced insights into the evolutionary history of the Triticum/Aegilops species complex.

The Important Role of the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Conflict Adaptation: A Combined Voxel-Based Morphometry and Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Study.

Humans can flexibly adjust their executive control to resolve conflicts. Conflict adaptation and conflict resolution are crucial aspects of conflict processing. Functional neuroimaging studies have associated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with conflict processing, but its causal role remains somewhat controversial. Moreover, the neuroanatomical basis of conflict processing has not been thoroughly examined. In this study, the Stroop task, a well-established measure of conflict, was employed to investigate (1) the neuroanatomical basis of conflict resolution and conflict adaptation with the voxel-based morphometry analysis, (2) the causal role of DLPFC in conflict processing with the application of the continuous theta burst stimulation to DLPFC. The results revealed that the Stroop effect was correlated to the gray matter volume of the precuneus, postcentral gyrus, and cerebellum, and the congruency sequence effect was correlated to the gray matter volume of superior frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and lobule paracentral gyrus. These findings indicate the neuroanatomical basis of conflict resolution and adaptation. In addition, the continuous theta burst stimulation over the right DLPFC resulted in a significant reduction in the Stroop effect of RT after congruent trials compared with vertex stimulation and a significant increase in the Stroop effect of accuracy rate after incongruent trials than congruent trials, demonstrating the causal role of right DLPFC in conflict adaptation. Moreover, the DLPFC stimulation did not affect the Stroop effect of RT and accuracy rate. Overall, our study offers further insights into the neural mechanisms underlying conflict resolution and adaptation.

Identifying individual's distractor suppression using functional connectivity between anatomical large-scale brain regions.

Distractor suppression (DS) is crucial in goal-oriented behaviors, referring to the ability to suppress irrelevant information. Current evidence points to the prefrontal cortex as an origin region of DS, while subcortical, occipital, and temporal regions are also implicated. The present study aimed to examine the contribution of communications between these brain regions to visual DS. To do it, we recruited two independent cohorts of participants for the study. One cohort participated in a visual search experiment where a salient distractor triggering distractor suppression to measure their DS and the other cohort filled out a Cognitive Failure Questionnaire to assess distractibility in daily life. Both cohorts collected resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data to investigate function connectivity (FC) underlying DS. First, we generated predictive models of the DS measured in visual search task using resting-state functional connectivity between large anatomical regions. It turned out that the models could successfully predict individual's DS, indicated by a significant correlation between the actual and predicted DS (r = 0.32, p < 0.01). Importantly, Prefrontal-Temporal, Insula-Limbic and Parietal-Occipital connections contributed to the prediction model. Furthermore, the model could also predict individual's daily distractibility in the other independent cohort (r = -0.34, p < 0.05). Our findings showed the efficiency of the predictive models of distractor suppression encompassing connections between large anatomical regions and highlighted the importance of the communications between attention-related and visual information processing regions in distractor suppression. Current findings may potentially provide neurobiological markers of visual distractor suppression.

Epitaxial Growth of Two-Dimensional MWW Zeolite.

Two-dimensional (2D) zeolite, with a high aspect ratio, has more open skeletons and accessible active sites than its three-dimensional (3D) counterpart. However, traditional methods of obtaining 2D zeolites often cause structural damage and widespread skeleton defects, hindering efficient selectivity in molecular separation. In this study, we present, for the first time, a direct epitaxial synthesis of 2D zeolite (Epi-MWW) guided by hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with a coincidence matching of site lattices to MWW zeolite. The as-grown Epi-MWW zeolite possesses a high crystallinity and intact hexagonal 2D morphology, with an average thickness of 10 nm and an aspect ratio of over 50. Thanks to its excellent molecular accessibility, the diffusion time constants of o-xylene (OX) and p-xylene (PX) are as 12 and 133 times higher than those of conventional MCM-22, respectively; the PX/OX selectivity of Epi-MWW is 7.4 times better than MCM-22 as calculated by the ideal adsorbed solution theory.

Solvent-Mediated, Reversible Ternary Graphite Intercalation Compounds for Extreme-Condition Li-Ion Batteries.

Traditional Li-ion intercalation chemistry into graphite anodes exclusively utilizes the cointercalation-free or cointercalation mechanism. The latter mechanism is based on ternary graphite intercalation compounds (t-GICs), where glyme solvents were explored and proved to deliver unsatisfactory cyclability in LIBs. Herein, we report a novel intercalation mechanism, that is, in situ synthesis of t-GIC in the tetrahydrofuran (THF) electrolyte via a spontaneous, controllable reaction between binary-GIC (b-GIC) and free THF molecules during initial graphite lithiation. The spontaneous transformation from b-GIC to t-GIC, which is different from conventional cointercalation chemistry, is characterized and quantified via operando synchrotron X-ray and electrochemical analyses. The resulting t-GIC chemistry obviates the necessity for complete Li-ion desolvation, facilitating rapid kinetics and synchronous charge/discharge of graphite particles, even under high current densities. Consequently, the graphite anode demonstrates unprecedented fast charging (1 min), dendrite-free low-temperature performance, and ultralong lifetimes exceeding 10 000 cycles. Full cells coupled with a layered cathode display remarkable cycling stability upon a 15 min charging and excellent rate capability even at -40 °C. Furthermore, our chemical strategies are shown to extend beyond Li-ion batteries to encompass Na-ion and K-ion batteries, underscoring their broad applicability. Our work contributes to the advancement of graphite intercalation chemistry and presents a low-cost, adaptable approach for achieving fast-charging and low-temperature batteries.

Revealing the Chemical and Structural Complexity of Electrochemical Ion Exchange in Layered Oxide Materials.

Soft chemistry techniques, such as ion exchange, hold great potential for the development of battery electrode materials that cannot be stabilized via conventional equilibrium synthesis methods. Nevertheless, the intricate mechanisms governing ion exchange remain elusive. Herein, we investigate the evolution of the long-range and local structure, as well as the ion (de)intercalation mechanism during electrochemical Li-to-Na ion exchange initiated from an O3-type lithium-layered oxide cathode. The in situ-formed mixed-cation electrolyte leads to competitive intercalation of Li and Na ions. While Li ion intercalation predominates at the beginning of initial discharge, Na ion cointercalation into a different layer results in ion redistribution and phase separation, with the emergence of a P3-Na phase alongside an O3-Li phase. Further, this study spatially resolves the heterogeneous nature of electrochemical ion exchange reactions within individual particles and provides insights into the correlations between local Ni redox processes and phase separation. Overall, electrochemical ion exchange leads to a mixed-phase cathode and alters its reaction kinetics. Those findings have important implications for the development of new metastable materials for renewable energy devices and ion separation applications.

Cell surface CD55 traffics to the nucleus leading to cisplatin resistance and stemness by inducing PRC2 and H3K27 trimethylation on chromatin in ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Platinum resistance is the primary cause of poor survival in ovarian cancer (OC) patients. Targeted therapies and biomarkers of chemoresistance are critical for the treatment of OC patients. Our previous studies identified cell surface CD55, a member of the complement regulatory proteins, drives chemoresistance and maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are implicated in tumor recurrence and metastasis in multiple cancers. METHODS: Protein localization assays including immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation were used to identify CD55 at the cell surface and nucleus of cancer cells. Protein half-life determinations were used to compare cell surface and nuclear CD55 stability. CD55 deletion mutants were generated and introduced into cancer cells to identify the nuclear trafficking code, cisplatin sensitivity, and stem cell frequency that were assayed using in vitro and in vivo models. Detection of CD55 binding proteins was analyzed by immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry. Target pathways activated by CD55 were identified by RNA sequencing. RESULTS: CD55 localizes to the nucleus of a subset of OC specimens, ascites from chemoresistant patients, and enriched in chemoresistant OC cells. We determined that nuclear CD55 is glycosylated and derived from the cell surface pool of CD55. Nuclear localization is driven by a trafficking code containing the serine/threonine (S/T) domain of CD55. Nuclear CD55 is necessary for cisplatin resistance, stemness, and cell proliferation in OC cells. CD55 S/T domain is necessary for nuclear entry and inducing chemoresistance to cisplatin in both in vitro and in vivo models. Deletion of the CD55 S/T domain is sufficient to sensitize chemoresistant OC cells to cisplatin. In the nucleus, CD55 binds and attenuates the epigenetic regulator and tumor suppressor ZMYND8 with a parallel increase in H3K27 trimethylation and members of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, we show CD55 localizes to the nucleus in OC and promotes CSC and chemoresistance. Our studies identify a therapeutic mechanism for treating platinum resistant ovarian cancer by blocking CD55 nuclear entry.