CD40 signal rewires fatty acid and glutamine metabolism for stimulating macrophage anti-tumorigenic functions.

Exposure of lipopolysaccharide triggers macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization accompanied by metabolic reprogramming, characterized by elevated aerobic glycolysis and a broken tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, in contrast to lipopolysaccharide, CD40 signal is able to drive pro-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic polarization by some yet undefined metabolic programming. Here we show that CD40 activation triggers fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and glutamine metabolism to promote ATP citrate lyase-dependent epigenetic reprogramming of pro-inflammatory genes and anti-tumorigenic phenotypes in macrophages. Mechanistically, glutamine usage reinforces FAO-induced pro-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic activation by fine-tuning the NAD+/NADH ratio via glutamine-to-lactate conversion. Genetic ablation of important metabolic enzymes involved in CD40-mediated metabolic reprogramming abolishes agonistic anti-CD40-induced antitumor responses and reeducation of tumor-associated macrophages. Together these data show that metabolic reprogramming, which includes FAO and glutamine metabolism, controls the activation of pro-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic polarization, and highlight a therapeutic potential of metabolic preconditioning of tumor-associated macrophages before agonistic anti-CD40 treatments.

PERK is a critical metabolic hub for immunosuppressive function in macrophages.

Chronic inflammation triggers compensatory immunosuppression to stop inflammation and minimize tissue damage. Studies have demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress augments the suppressive phenotypes of immune cells; however, the molecular mechanisms underpinning this process and how it links to the metabolic reprogramming of immunosuppressive macrophages remain elusive. In the present study, we report that the helper T cell 2 cytokine interleukin-4 and the tumor microenvironment increase the activity of a protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-signaling cascade in macrophages and promote immunosuppressive M2 activation and proliferation. Loss of PERK signaling impeded mitochondrial respiration and lipid oxidation critical for M2 macrophages. PERK activation mediated the upregulation of phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) and serine biosynthesis via the downstream transcription factor ATF-4. Increased serine biosynthesis resulted in enhanced mitochondrial function and α-ketoglutarate production required for JMJD3-dependent epigenetic modification. Inhibition of PERK suppressed macrophage immunosuppressive activity and could enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 inhibition in melanoma. Our findings delineate a previously undescribed connection between PERK signaling and PSAT1-mediated serine metabolism critical for promoting immunosuppressive function in M2 macrophages.

Disturbed mitochondrial dynamics in CD8+ TILs reinforce T cell exhaustion.

The metabolic challenges present in tumors attenuate the metabolic fitness and antitumor activity of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs). However, it remains unclear whether persistent metabolic insufficiency can imprint permanent T cell dysfunction. We found that TILs accumulated depolarized mitochondria as a result of decreased mitophagy activity and displayed functional, transcriptomic and epigenetic characteristics of terminally exhausted T cells. Mechanistically, reduced mitochondrial fitness in TILs was induced by the coordination of T cell receptor stimulation, microenvironmental stressors and PD-1 signaling. Enforced accumulation of depolarized mitochondria with pharmacological inhibitors induced epigenetic reprogramming toward terminal exhaustion, indicating that mitochondrial deregulation caused T cell exhaustion. Furthermore, supplementation with nicotinamide riboside enhanced T cell mitochondrial fitness and improved responsiveness to anti-PD-1 treatment. Together, our results reveal insights into how mitochondrial dynamics and quality orchestrate T cell antitumor responses and commitment to the exhaustion program.

α-ketoglutarate orchestrates macrophage activation through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming.

Glutamine metabolism provides synergistic support for macrophage activation and elicitation of desirable immune responses; however, the underlying mechanisms regulated by glutamine metabolism to orchestrate macrophage activation remain unclear. Here we show that the production of α-ketoglutarate (αKG) via glutaminolysis is important for alternative (M2) activation of macrophages, including engagement of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and Jmjd3-dependent epigenetic reprogramming of M2 genes. This M2-promoting mechanism is further modulated by a high αKG/succinate ratio, whereas a low ratio strengthens the proinflammatory phenotype in classically activated (M1) macrophages. As such, αKG contributes to endotoxin tolerance after M1 activation. This study reveals new mechanistic regulations by which glutamine metabolism tailors the immune responses of macrophages through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming.

Laser direct overall water splitting for H2 and H2O2 production.

Hydrogen (H2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) play crucial roles as energy carriers and raw materials for industrial production. However, the current techniques for H2 and H2O2 production rely on complex catalysts and involve multiple intermediate steps. In this study, we present a straightforward, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient laser-induced conversion method for overall water splitting to simultaneously generate H2 and H2O2 at ambient conditions without any catalysts. The laser direct overall water splitting approach achieves an impressive light-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of 2.1%, with H2 production rates of 2.2 mmol/h and H2O2 production rates of 65 µM/h in a limited reaction area (1 mm2) within a short real reaction time (0.36 ms/h). Furthermore, we elucidate the underlying physics and chemistry behind the laser-induced water splitting to produce H2 and H2O2. The laser-induced cavitation bubbles create an optimal microenvironment for water-splitting reactions because of the transient high temperatures (104 K) surpassing the chemical barrier required. Additionally, their rapid cooling rate (1010 K/s) hinders reverse reactions and facilitates H2O2 retention. Finally, upon bubble collapse, H2 is released while H2O2 remains dissolved in the water. Moreover, a preliminary amplification experiment demonstrates the potential industrial applications of this laser chemistry. These findings highlight that laser-based production of H2 and H2O2 from water holds promise as a straightforward, environmentally friendly, and efficient approach on an industrial scale beyond conventional chemical catalysis.

Modeling global oceanic nitrogen deposition from food systems and its mitigation potential by reducing overuse of fertilizers.

Growing population and consumption pose unprecedented demands on food production. However, ammonia emissions mainly from food systems increase oceanic nitrogen deposition contributing to eutrophication. Here, we developed a long-term oceanic nitrogen deposition dataset (1970 to 2018) with updated ammonia emissions from food systems, evaluated the impact of ammonia emissions on oceanic nitrogen deposition patterns, and discussed the potential impact of nitrogen fertilizer overuse. Based on the chemical transport modeling approach, oceanic ammonia-related nitrogen deposition increased by 89% globally between 1970 and 2018, and now, it exceeds oxidized nitrogen deposition by over 20% in coastal regions including China Sea, India Coastal, and Northeastern Atlantic Shelves. Approximately 38% of agricultural nitrogen fertilizer was excessive, which corresponds to 15% of global oceanic ammonia-related nitrogen deposition. Policymakers and water quality managers need to pay increasingly more attention to ammonia associated with food production if the goal of reducing coastal nitrogen pollution is to be achieved for Sustainable Development Goals.

Complete genome sequence analysis of Pestalotiopsis microspora, a fungal pathogen causing kiwifruit postharvest rots.

BACKGROUND: The postharvest rot of kiwifruit is one of the most devastating diseases affecting kiwifruit quality worldwide. However, the genomic basis and pathogenicity mechanisms of kiwifruit rot pathogens are lacking. Here we report the first whole genome sequence of Pestalotiopsis microspora, one of the main pathogens causing postharvest kiwifruit rot in China. The genome of strain KFRD-2 was sequenced, de novo assembled, and analyzed. RESULTS: The genome of KFRD-2 was estimated to be approximately 50.31 Mb in size, with an overall GC content of 50.25%. Among 14,711 predicted genes, 14,423 (98.04%) exhibited significant matches to genes in the NCBI nr database. A phylogenetic analysis of 26 known pathogenic fungi, including P. microspora KFRD-2, based on conserved orthologous genes, revealed that KFRD-2's closest evolutionary relationships were to Neopestalotiopsis spp. Among KFRD-2's coding genes, 870 putative CAZy genes spanned six classes of CAZys, which play roles in degrading plant cell walls. Out of the 25 other plant pathogenic fungi, P. microspora possessed a greater number of CAZy genes than 22 and was especially enriched in GH and AA genes. A total of 845 transcription factors and 86 secondary metabolism gene clusters were predicted, representing various types. Furthermore, 28 effectors and 109 virulence-enhanced factors were identified using the PHI (pathogen host-interacting) database. CONCLUSION: This complete genome sequence analysis of the kiwifruit postharvest rot pathogen P. microspora enriches our understanding its disease pathogenesis and virulence. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for future investigations into the pathogenic mechanisms of P. microspora and the development of enhanced strategies for the efficient management of kiwifruit postharvest rots.

Efficient and Rapid Hydrogen Extraction from Ammonia-Water via Laser Under Ambient Conditions without Catalyst.

As a good carrier of hydrogen, ammonia-water has been employed to extract hydrogen in many ways. Here, we demonstrate a simple, green, ultrafast, and highly efficient method for hydrogen extraction from ammonia-water by laser bubbling in liquids (LBL) at room temperature and ambient pressure without catalyst. A maximum apparent yield of 33.7 mmol/h and a real yield of 93.6 mol/h were realized in a small operating space, which were far higher than the yields of most hydrogen evolution reactions from ammonia-water under ambient conditions. We also established that laser-induced cavitation bubbles generated a transient high temperature, which enabled a very suitable environment for hydrogen extraction from ammonia-water. The laser used here can serve as a demonstration of potentially solar-pumped catalyst-free hydrogen extraction and other chemical synthesis. We anticipate that the LBL technique will open unprecedented opportunities to produce chemicals.

Catalyst-Free Activation and Fixation of Nitrogen by Laser-Induced Conversion.

Ultrafast N2 fixation reactions are quite challenging. Currently used methods for N2 fixation are limited, and strong dinitrogen bonds usually need to be activated via extreme temperature or pressure or by the use of an energy-consuming process with sophisticated catalysts. Herein, we report a novel laser-based chemical method for N2 fixation under ambient conditions without catalysts, this method is called laser bubbling in liquids (LBL), and it directly activates N2 in water (H2O) and efficiently converts N2 into valuable NH3 (max: 4.2 mmol h-1) and NO3- (0.17 mmol h-1). Remarkably, the highest yields of NH3 and NO3- are 4 orders of magnitude greater than the best values for electrocatalysis reported to date. Notably, we further validate the experimental mechanism by using optical emission spectroscopy to detect the production of intermediate plasma and by employing isotope tracing. We also establish that an extremely high-temperature environment far from thermodynamic equilibrium inside a laser-induced bubble and the kinetic process of rapid quenching of bubbles is crucial for N2 activation and fixation to generate NH3 and NOx via LBL. Based on these results, it is shown that LBL is a simple, safe, efficient, green, and sustainable technology that enables the rapid conversion of the renewable feedstocks H2O and N2 to NH3 and NO3-, facilitating new prospects for chemical N2 fixation.

The interplay of miRNAs and ferroptosis in diseases related to iron overload.

Ferroptosis has been conceptualized as a novel cell death modality distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death. The sensitivity of cellular ferroptosis is regulated at multiple layers, including polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism, glutathione-GPX4 axis, iron homeostasis, mitochondria and other parallel pathways. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in modulating ferroptosis susceptibility through targeting different players involved in the execution or avoidance of ferroptosis. A growing body of evidence pinpoints the deregulation of miRNA-regulated ferroptosis as a critical factor in the development and progression of various pathophysiological conditions related to iron overload. The revelation of mechanisms of miRNA-dependent ferroptosis provides novel insights into the etiology of diseases and offers opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we discuss the interplay of emerging miRNA regulators and ferroptosis players under different pathological conditions, such as cancers, ischemia/reperfusion, neurodegenerative diseases, acute kidney injury and cardiomyopathy. We emphasize on the relevance of miRNA-regulated ferroptosis to disease progression and the targetability for therapeutic interventions.

Pd@CuInP2S6 Core-Shell Nanospheres with Exceptional Hydrogen Evolution Capability and Stability in Both Alkaline and Acidic Media under Large Current Density Exceeding 1000 mA cm-2.

By combining Pd with 2D layered crystal CuInP2S6 (CIPS) via laser irradiation in liquids, low-loading Pd@CIPS core-shell nanospheres are fabricated as an efficient and robust electrocatalysts for HER in both alkaline and acidic media under large current density (⩾1000 mA cm-2). Pd@CIPS core-shell nanosphere has two structural features, i) the out-shell is the nanocomposite of PdHx and PdInHx, and ii) there is a kind of dendritic structure on the surface of nanospheres, while the dendritic structure porvides good gas desorption pathway and cause the Pd@CIPS system to maintain higher HER activity and stability than that of commercial Pt/C under large current densities. Pd@CIPS exhibits very low overpotentials of -218 and -313 mV for the large current density of 1000 mA cm-2, and has a small Tafel slope of 29 and 63 mV dec-1 in 0.5 m H2SO4 and 1 m KOH condition, respectively. Meanwhile, Pd@CIPS has an excellent stability under -10 and -500 mA cm-2 current densities and 50 000 cycles cyclic voltammetry tests in 0.5 m H2SO4 and 1 m KOH, respectively, which being much superior to that of commercial Pt/C. Density functional theory (DFT) reveals that engineering electronic structure of PdHx and PdInHx nanostructure can strongly weaken the Pd─H bonding.

Gongronella sp. w5 hydrolyzes plant sucrose and releases fructose to recruit phosphate-solubilizing bacteria to provide plants with phosphorus.

The mechanisms of how plant-beneficial rhizospheric fungi interact with the soil microbial community to promote plant growth by facilitating their phosphorus acquisition are poorly understood. This work supported that a Mucoromycotina fungus, Gongronella sp. w5 (w5), could promote phosphorus uptake of Medicago truncatula by increasing the available phosphorus (P) in the soil. The abundance of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in alfalfa rhizosphere soil increased after w5 inoculation. Further analysis showed that w5 donated a portion of ALP activity and also stimulated the PSB to secrete ALP during plant-w5-PSB interaction to help release more available P in the rhizosphere of M. truncatula. Unlike most plant-beneficial rhizospheric fungi that mainly acquire hexoses from plants, w5 gained sucrose directly from the host plant and then recruited PSB to aid P acquisition by hydrolyzing sucrose and releasing mainly fructose to induce PSB to secrete ALP. IMPORTANCE: This work supported that after absorbing plant sucrose, Gongronella sp. w5 mainly releases sucrose hydrolysis product fructose into the environment. Fructose was used as a carbon source and signaling molecules to induce PSB to co-produce higher alkaline phosphatase activity, releasing soil-available phosphorus and promoting M. truncatula growth. This is the first report that plant-beneficial fungi could directly metabolize sucrose from plants and then recruit PSB to aid P acquisition by providing fructose. Our findings revealed the diversity in pathways of plant-fungi-PSB interactions on soil P acquisition and deepened our understanding of the cooperation of growth-promoting microorganisms in plant rhizosphere.

High-content image screening to identify chemical modulators for peroxisome and ferroptosis.

BACKGROUND: The peroxisome is a dynamic organelle with variety in number, size, shape, and activity in different cell types and physiological states. Recent studies have implicated peroxisomal homeostasis in ferroptosis susceptibility. Here, we developed a U-2OS cell line with a fluorescent peroxisomal tag and screened a target-selective chemical library through high-content imaging analysis. METHODS: U-2OS cells stably expressing the mOrange2-Peroxisomes2 tag were generated to screen a target-selective inhibitor library. The nuclear DNA was counterstained with Hoechst 33342 for cell cycle analysis. Cellular images were recorded and quantitatively analyzed through a high-content imaging platform. The effect of selected compounds on ferroptosis induction was analyzed in combination with ferroptosis inducers (RSL3 and erastin). Flow cytometry analysis was conducted to assess the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death events. RESULTS: Through the quantification of DNA content and peroxisomal signals in single cells, we demonstrated that peroxisomal abundance was closely linked with cell cycle progression and that peroxisomal biogenesis mainly occurred in the G1/S phase. We further identified compounds that positively and negatively regulated peroxisomal abundance without significantly affecting the cell cycle distribution. Some compounds promoted peroxisomal signals by inducing oxidative stress, while others regulated peroxisomal abundance independent of redox status. Importantly, compounds with peroxisome-enhancing activity potentiated ferroptosis induction. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings pinpoint novel cellular targets that might be involved in peroxisome homeostasis and indicate that compounds promoting peroxisomal abundance could be jointly applied with ferroptosis inducers to potentiate anticancer effect.

Triptolide-induced cuproptosis is a novel antitumor strategy for the treatment of cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cuproptosis is a unique copper-dependent form of cell death that is highly correlated with the metabolic state of cells. Triptolide exerts pharmacological activity by altering the regulation of metal ions. Cuproptosis is poorly understood in cancer, so in this study, we explored whether triptolide could induce cuproptosis in cervical cancer cells. METHODS: The human cervical cancer cell lines HeLa and SiHa, which primarily rely on oxidative phosphorylation, were treated with triptolide. Cell viability, proliferation and migration, copper levels and cuproptosis-related protein levels were evaluated in these cell lines. The copper ion chelator tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) was administered to determine whether it could reverse the cuproptosis induced by triptolide. In addition, a nude mouse cervical cancer xenograft model was established to determine the effects of triptolide on cuproptosis in isolated tumor tissues. RESULTS: The copper concentration increased with triptolide treatment. The levels of cuproptosis -related proteins, such as FDX1, LIAS, and DLAT, in the HeLa and SiHa cell lines decreased with triptolide treatment. XIAP, the target of triptolide, played a role in cuproptosis by regulating COMMD1. The level of copper exporters (ATP7A/B) decreased, but the level of the copper importer (CTR1) did not change with triptolide treatment. Furthermore, triptolide inhibited cervical cancer growth and induced cuproptosis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we report a new antitumor mechanism by which triptolide disrupted intracellular copper homeostasis and induced cuproptosis in cervical cancer by regulating the XIAP/COMMD1/ATP7A/B axis.

Targeting ferroptosis by natural products in pathophysiological conditions.

Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that is induced by iron-mediated accumulation of lipid peroxidation. The involvement of ferroptosis in different pathophysiological conditions has offered new perspectives on potential therapeutic interventions. Natural products, which are widely recognized for their significance in drug discovery and repurposing, have shown great promise in regulating ferroptosis by targeting various ferroptosis players. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and its implications in different pathological conditions. We dissect the interactions between natural products and ferroptosis in cancer, ischemia/reperfusion, neurodegenerative diseases, acute kidney injury, liver injury, and cardiomyopathy, with an emphasis on the relevance of ferroptosis players to disease targetability.

Establishment of a CD8+ T cells-related prognostic risk model for acral melanoma based on single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing.

BACKGROUND: CD8+ T cells have been recognized as crucial factors in the prognosis of melanoma. However, there is currently a lack of gene markers that accurately describe their characteristics and functions in acral melanoma (AM), which hinders the development of personalized medicine. METHODS: Firstly, we explored the composition differences of immune cells in AM using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data and comprehensively characterized the immune microenvironment of AM in terms of composition, developmental differentiation, function, and cell communication. Subsequently, we constructed and validated a prognostic risk scoring model based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of CD8+ T cells using the TCGA-SKCM cohort through Lasso-Cox method. Lastly, immunofluorescence staining was performed to validate the expression of four genes (ISG20, CCL4, LPAR6, DDIT3) in AM and healthy skin tissues as included in the prognostic model. RESULTS: The scRNA-seq data revealed that memory CD8+ T cells accounted for the highest proportion in the immune microenvironment of AM, reaching 70.5%. Cell-cell communication analysis showed extensive communication relationships among effector CD8+ T cells. Subsequently, we constructed a prognostic scoring model based on DEGs derived from CD8+ T cell sources. Four CD8+ T cell-related genes were included in the construction and validation of the prognostic model. Additionally, immunofluorescence results demonstrated that ISG20 and CCL4 were downregulated, while LPAR6 and DDIT3 were upregulated in AM tissues compared to normal skin tissues. CONCLUSION: Identifying biomarkers based on the expression levels of CD8+ T cell-related genes may be an effective approach for establishing prognostic models in AM patients. The independently prognostic risk evaluation model we constructed provides new insights and theoretical support for immunotherapy in AM.

An Evaluation of the Edible Value of Salvia miltiorrhiza Seeds: Proximate Composition, Phytochemical Components and Antioxidant Activity.

Salvia miltiorrhiza seeds (SMS) are the main by-product of the production processing of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. The main purposes of this work are to analyse the nutritional components in SMS, to explore the antioxidant activity of the chemical components in SMS and to evaluate the possibility of SMS as a raw material for functional foods. The contents of crude fibre, total protein, carbohydrates, total phenolics and flavonoids in SMS and the composition and relative content of fatty acids in SMS oil were determined. The results suggested that SMS has high contents of crude fibre (28.68 ± 4.66 g/100 g), total protein (26.65 ± 2.51 g/100 g), total phenolics (6.45 ± 0.55 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g) and total flavonoids (3.28 ± 0.34 mg of rutin equivalent/g), as well as a high level of α-linolenic acid (33.774 ± 4.68%) in their oil. Twenty-two secondary metabolites were identified in SMS residue, and nine compounds were isolated. The IC50 values of the total phenolic content in SMS on an ABTS radical, DPPH radical, superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical were 30.94 ± 3.68 µg/mL, 34.93 ± 4.12 µg/mL, 150.87 ± 17.64 µg/mL and 230.19 ± 24.47 µg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that SMS contain many nutrients and have high utilization value as a promising functional food.

An Evaluation of the Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Chitosan Modified by Quaternary Ammonium Salt for Carbon Steel in Stone Processing Wastewater.

Chitosan was used as the raw material. A quaternization reaction was carried out between 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride and water-soluble chitosan to prepare quaternary ammonium salt water-soluble chitosan (QWSC), and its corrosion inhibition performance against the corrosion of carbon steel in stone processing wastewater was evaluated. The corrosion inhibition efficiencies of QWSC on carbon steel in stone processing wastewater were investigated through weight loss, as well as electrochemical and surface morphology characterization techniques. The results show that QWSC has superior corrosion inhibition performance for A3 carbon steel. When an amount of 60 mL·L-1 is added, the corrosion inhibition efficiency can reach 59.51%. Electrochemical research has shown that a QWSC inhibitor is a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition mechanisms of the QWSC inhibitor revealed that the positive charge on the surface of carbon steel in stone wastewater was conducive to the adsorption of Cl- in the medium, which produced an excessive negative charge on the metal's surface. At the same time, the quaternary ammonium cation and amino cation formed in QWSC in stone processing wastewater can be physically absorbed on the surface of A3 carbon steel, forming a thin-film inhibitor to prevent metal corrosion.

The interplay of oncogenic signaling, oxidative stress and ferroptosis in cancer.

Oncogene-induced hyper-proliferation in cancer cells is accompanied by the onset of different stresses, including DNA-replication stress, metabolic stress and oxidative stress. Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a pivotal and contradictory role in tumor progression. ROS dictates a multitude of cell signaling pathways to facilitate the malignant transformation of tumor cells. In the meantime, oxidative burden in tumor cells mandates reinforcing antioxidant capacity to mitigate detrimental damages. The addiction to oxidative stress and increased iron demands in cancer cells also impinges on the sensitivity of ferroptosis. Targeting redox homeostasis and ferroptosis to overcome drug resistance in cancer treatment has become an attractive research topic. However, the roles of oncogenic signaling in redox regulation and ferroptosis have not been comprehensively discussed. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the interplay between redox regulation and ferroptosis in the context of cancer biology. We emphasize the implication of oncogenic signaling in redox homeostasis and ferroptosis regulation. We also provide an overview of strategies targeting oxidative stress and ferroptosis in cancer treatment.