Coupling Relationships between the Brain and the Central Pattern Generator Based on a Fractional-Order Extended Hindmarsh-Rose Model.

BACKGROUND: The states of the central nervous system (CNS) can be classified into subcritical, critical, and supercritical states that endow the system with information capacity, transmission capabilities, and dynamic range. A further investigation of the relationship between the CNS and the central pattern generators (CPG) is warranted to provide insight into the mechanisms that govern the locomotion system. METHODS: In this study, we established a fractional-order CPG model based on an extended Hindmarsh-Rose model with time delay. A CNS model was further established using a recurrent excitation-inhibition neuronal network. Coupling between these CNS and CPG models was then explored, demonstrating a potential means by which oscillations generated by a neural network respond to periodic stimuli. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: These simulations yielded two key sets of findings. First, frequency sliding was observed when the CPG was sent to the CNS in the subcritical, critical, and supercritical states with different external stimulus and fractional-order index values, indicating that frequency sliding regulates brain function on multiple spatiotemporal scales when the CPG and CNS are coupled together. The main frequency range for these simulations was observed in the gamma band. Second, with increasing external inputs the coherence index for the CNS decreases, demonstrating that strong external inputs introduce neuronal stochasticity. Neural network synchronization is then reduced, triggering irregular neuronal firing. Together these results provide novel insight into the potential mechanisms that may underlie the locomotion system.

Nomogram incorporating Epstein-Barr virus DNA and a novel immune-nutritional marker for survival prediction in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Since Immune response, nutritional status and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA status have been confirmed to be relevant to the prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), we believe that the combination of these factors is of great value for improving the predictive ability. LA (lymphocytes × albumin), a novel indicator, had not been studied yet in NPC. We combined it with EBV DNA and used nomograms to increase the accuracy of prognosis. METHODS: A total of 688 NPC patients were retrospectively reviewed and further divided into training and validation cohort randomly. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to to distinguish the different survival outcomes. Multivariate Cox analyses were used to identify the independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Calibration curves, concordance indexes (C-indexes) and decision curve analyses (DCA) were used to evaluate the nomograms' predictive value. RESULTS: Patients with low LA and positive EBV DNA correlated with poorer 5-year PFS and OS (all P < 0.005). In multivariate Cox analyses, LA and EBV DNA were both confirmed to be independent prognostic factors for PFS and OS (all P < 0.05). Prognostic nomograms incorporating LA and EBV DNA achieved ideal C-indexes of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.65-0.73) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.71-0.82) in the prediction of PFS and OS. Otherwise, the calibration curves and DCA curves also revealed that our nomograms had pleasant predictive power. CONCLUSIONS: LA is a novel and powerful biomarker for predicting clinical outcomes in NPC. Our nomograms based on LA and EBV DNA can predict individual prognosis more accurately and effectively.

Impact of sex on treatment-related adverse effects and prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: In nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), women have a lower incidence and mortality rate than men. Whether sex influences the prognosis of NPC patients remains debatable. We retrospectively examined the influence of sex on treatment-related side effects and prognosis in NPC. METHODS: Clinical data of 1,462 patients with NPC treated at the Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University from January 2004 to December 2015 were retrospectively examined. Statistical analysis was performed to assess differences in overall survival (OS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), local recurrence-free survival(LRFS), and progression-free survival(PFS), as well as treatment-related adverse effects, including myelosuppression, gastrointestinal responses, and radiation pharyngitis and dermatitis, between men and women. RESULTS: Women had better 5-year OS (81.5% vs. 87.1%, P = 0.032) and DMFS (76.2% vs. 83.9%, P = 0.004) than men. Analysis by age showed that the prognoses of premenopausal and menopausal women were better than those of men, whereas prognoses of postmenopausal women and men were not significantly different. Additionally, women had a better prognosis when stratified by treatment regimen. Furthermore, chemotherapy-related adverse effects were more severe in women than in men; however, the incidences of radiation laryngitis and dermatitis were not significantly different between the sexes. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the female sex was an independent risk factor for severe myelosuppression and gastrointestinal reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy-related side effects are more severe but the overall prognosis is better in women with NPC than in men with NPC. Patients may benefit from a personalized treatment approach for NPC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Nanfang Hospital of the Southern Medical University (NFEC-201,710-K3).

Cellulose-mediated floc formation by the activated sludge bacterium Shinella zoogloeoides ATCC 19623.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial floc formation plays a central role in the activated sludge (AS) process. The formation of AS flocs has long been known to require exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. We had demonstrated that both expolysaccharides and PEP-CTERM (a short C-terminal domain includes a near-invariant motif Pro-Glu-Pro (PEP)) proteins were required for floc-forming in Zoogloea resiniphila MMB, a dominant AS bacterium. However, the PEP-CTERM proteins are not encoded in the genome of AS bacterium Shinella zoogloeoides ATCC 19623 (formerly known as Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M) and other sequenced AS bacteria strains. The mechanism underlying floc formation of Shinella and related AS bacteria remained largely unclear. RESULTS: In this study, we have sequenced and annotated the complete genome of S. zoogloeoides ATCC 19623 (aka I-16-M), previously isolated in USA and treated as the neotype for the AS floc-forming bacterium Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M, and another AS strain XJ20 isolated in China. Mariner transposon mutagenesis had been conducted to isolate floc-forming-deficient mutants in the strain ATCC 19623 as previously performed by using Tn5 transposon three decades ago. The transposon insertional sites of multiple mutants were mapped to the gene cluster for bacterial cellulose synthesis (bcs) and secretion, and the role played by these genes in floc-formation had been further confirmed by genetic complementation. Interestingly, the restriction map of this bcs locus-flanking region was highly similar to that of the previously identified DNA fragment required for floc-formation in 1980s. Cellulase treatment abolished the floc-forming phenotype of S. zoogloeoides ATCC 19623 but not that of Z. resiniphila MMB strain. The FTIR spectral analyses revealed that the samples extracted from S. zoogloeoides ATCC 19623 were cellulose polymer. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that we have largely reproduced and completed the unfinished pioneering work on AS floc-formation mechanism, demonstrating that the floc-formation and flocculating capability of Shinella were mediated by extracellular cellulose polymers.

Knockdown of USP9X reverses cisplatin resistance by decreasing ß-catenin expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.

In various cancers, abnormal USP9X expression is involved in tumorigenesis, progression, apoptosis, and metastasis. However, the relationship between USP9X abnormal expression and cisplatin resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells remains unclear. Using qRT-PCR and western blot, we detected the expressions of USP9X and ß-catenin in NPC cells. The effects of USP9X on cisplatin resistance, proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis were examined by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, wound-healing assay, and Transwell chamber assay. Co-IP assay, qRT-PCR, and western blot were performed to explore the detailed molecular mechanism of USP9X-ß-catenin and its effect on the protein levels of MDR1, MRP2, Bcl-2, Bax, MMP2, and MMP9. We found that USP9X and ß-catenin expressions in cisplatin-resistant cell lines (HNE1/DDP) were much higher than cisplatin-sensitive cell lines (HNE1) at both mRNA and protein levels. Co-IP assay demonstrated that USP9X was immunoprecipitated with ß-catenin in NPC cells. Knockdown of USP9X was able to partially reverse cisplatin resistance, increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis, and decreased the capacities of proliferation, migration, and invasion. Overexpression of USP9X can increase cisplatin resistance in NPC cells. Moreover, knockdown of USP9X expression can significantly reduce the expressions of MDR1, MRP2, Bcl-2, MMP2, and MMP9, but significantly increased the expression of Bax. These findings indicate that USP9X high expression plays a significant part in cisplatin resistance of NPC. This study elucidated the possible mechanism of cisplatin resistance in NPC cells and may have implications for the therapeutic reversal of cisplatin resistance.

Microplastic contamination assessment in water and economic fishes in different trophic guilds from an urban water supply reservoir after flooding.

Rain and floods events are responsible for the transport of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems, yet to date, rare study has examined microplastics pollution in urban water supply reservoirs during such events. In this study, we investigated the concentrations and characteristics of microplastic in water and economic fish species with different feeding guilds in the Dafangying Reservoir, an important source of drinking water for Hefei city. Microplastic concentrations in water were relatively higher than that in natural lakes, indicating abundant microplastic contaminants input through overland runoff triggered by flooding. Our results detected five types (fiber, debris, film, microbead and particle) and six colors (black, transparent, blue, yellow, red and green) of microplastics in water samples. Fiber accounted for the dominant shape, which may result from the household sewage from washing clothes and desquamated fiber transported by wind and overland runoff. Meanwhile, transparent was the predominant microplastic color, which can be ascribe to the widely use of intentionally manufactured transparent disposable plastic commodities in cities. Then in fish samples, the microplastic concentrations ranged from 8.75 to 51.3 items/individual in fish guts, and 9.5-52.6 items/individual in fish gills. Our results demonstrated significant higher microplastic concentrations in planktivorous and herbivorous species. The filter feeding capture mode, i.e., engulfing floating prey through frequently drawing in large volume of water confused with microplastics, may result in the higher microplastic concentrations of planktivorous fishes. Due to the dense microplastics adhering on plant surface, herbivorous fishes can concentrate higher microplastics abundance through the ingestion of macrophytes. According to the biological concentration factor (BCF), all the determined microplastics gave BCF far below 1, suggesting the low bioaccumulation capacity of microplastics in fish species.

Biomonitoring of heavy metal contamination with roadside trees from metropolitan area of Hefei, China.

Air and dust borne heavy metals can be deposited and bioaccumulated by plants; therefore, biomonitoring employing plants is an effective tool for environmental impact assessment in urban environments. In this study, in addition to road dust, leaves and bark were collected from four common tree species at roadside and urban park sampling sites within the metropolitan area of Hefei, China. A range of heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-MS and AFS. The metal accumulation index (MAI) was adopted to compare the bioaccumulation capacity. Results showed that Cd was highly enriched in road dust although its abundance was low in comparison with that of other elements. The MAI values presented a narrow range (1.8-2.7); however, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for Al, Cu, Zn, and As among the tree species. Moreover, deciduous Platanus orientalis bioaccumulated more nonessential As than the other species and deserved further risk management. In addition, bark samples from Cinnamomum camphora bioaccumulated more heavy metals than the other species as a result of its morphological and anatomical characteristics. The distribution patterns of heavy metals in tree tissues showed obvious spatial heterogeneity, as impacted by anthropogenic activities to varying degrees. This study examined the biomonitoring potential of roadside trees and the distribution pattern of heavy metals in an urban area under rapid development. Results from the present study could provide baseline data for urban environmental impact assessment and the design of green belts.

Long-term agricultural contamination shaped diversity response of sediment microbiome.

The pollution caused by agricultural production poses a threat to the ecological integrity of river ecosystems, altering the structure and function of river ecosystems. Differences in microbial community structure provide useful information about the impact of agricultural pollution on the biological integrity of ecosystems, but generally convey little information regarding ecosystem functions. In this study, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology based on the 16S rRNA gene, river sediment samples associated with four different types of agricultural pollution were comprehensively analyzed. The results show that the total organic carbon (TOC) content was highest at the YZS site (animal husbandry sewage) among the assayed sites, but the species richness and uniformity were lowest at this site, which may have been caused by the high nutrient source of the sewage. Furthermore, in the three YZS samples affected by the long-term discharge of aquaculture tail-water, the unique genus Dechloromonas and the genus Candidatus-Competitor were observed, which are strongly correlated with phosphorus conversion. The formation of network modules may correspond to the coexistence of functional bacteria accustomed to multiple niche combinations under different agricultural pollution conditions in river sediments. According to the PICRUSt functional prediction, the bacterial community in the agricultural polluted river sediment primarily harbored 46 subfunctions, exhibiting richness of functions. Overall, our results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the structure and ecological processes associated with the aggregation of bacterial communities, which is beneficial for the management of river environments.

Impact of long-term industrial contamination on the bacterial communities in urban river sediments.

BACKGROUND: The contamination of the aquatic environment of urban rivers with industrial wastewater has affected the abiotic conditions and biological activities of the trophic levels of the ecosystem, particularly sediments. However, most current research about microorganism in urban aquatic environments has focused on indicator bacteria related to feces and organic pollution. Meanwhile, they ignored the interactions among microorganisms. To deeply understand the impact of industrial contamination on microbial community, we study the bacterial community structure and diversity in river sediments under the influence of different types of industrial pollution by Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology and conduct a more detailed analysis of microbial community structure through co-occurrence networks. RESULTS: The overall community composition and abundance of individual bacterial groups differed between samples. In addition, redundancy analysis indicated that the structure of the bacterial community in river sediments was influenced by a variety of environmental factors. TN, TP, TOC and metals (Cu, Zn and Cd) were the most important driving factors that determined the bacterial community in urban river sediments (P < 0.01). According to PICRUSt analysis, the bacterial communities in different locations had similar overall functional profiles. It is worth noting that the 15 functional genes related to xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were the most abundant in the same location. The non-random assembly patterns of bacterial composition in different types of industrially polluted sediments were determined by a co-occurrence network. Environmental conditions resulting from different industrial pollutants may play an important role in determining their co-occurrence patterns of these bacterial taxa. Among them, the bacterial taxa involved in carbon and nitrogen cycles in module I were relatively abundant, and the bacterial taxa in module II were involved in the repair of metal pollution. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that long-term potential interactions between different types of industrial pollution and taxa collectively affect the structure of the bacterial community in urban river sediments.

Bacterial community evolution along full-scale municipal wastewater treatment processes.

Sewage pollution is a major threat to public health because sewage is always accompanied by pathogens. Generally, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) receive and treat sewage to control pathogenic risks and improve environmental health. This study investigated the changes in the bacterial community over the course of treatment by a WWTP. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was performed to characterize the bacterial communities in the WWTP. This study found that potential pathogens in the WWTP, especially the genera Arcobacter and Acinetobacter, were greatly reduced. In addition, high chemical oxygen demand levels provided excessive growth substrates for the genera Hyphomicrobium and Rhodoplanes, the abundance of which could exceed autotrophic bacteria, increasing the ammonium removal. According to the network analysis, the bacterial assemblage was not randomly arranged in the WWTP, and various defined processes led to higher intra-phylum (such as Proteobacteria) coexistence than expected. Moreover, the metabolic functions of bacterial communities significantly improved in the WWTP compared with the influent. Together, the data in this study emphasize the need to understand the bacterial community of WWTPs better. When analyzing the risks of WWTP drainage systems to the environment and human health, these data should be considered.

Contribution of influent rivers affected by different types of pollution to the changes of benthic microbial community structure in a large lake.

As a microbial group in watershed ecosystems, the bacterial community is a sensitive indicator of external environmental fluctuations. However, the effects of different sources of exogenous pollution on the diversity and structure of bacterial communities in inflow rivers and lakes have not been studied in depth. In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology to study the diversity and composition of bacterial communities in rivers affected by different types of pollution. The results showed that the composition of the bacterial communities in rivers with different exogenous pollution sources was different. For example, the genus Arenimonas, which belongs to the Gamma-proteobacteria, is extensively enriched in IDPR (industrially and domestically polluted rivers) and ADPR (agriculturally and domestically polluted rivers) (KW, p < 0.05), while the genus Micromonospora is a more unique genus found in APR (agriculturally polluted rivers). When exploring the topology and classification characteristics of river microbial symbiosis models, it was found that the bacterial community symbiosis network is divided into six modules under different exogenous pollution regimes, and the nodes in the different modules perform different functions, such as the IDPR-dominated module I. In the network, the relatively abundant the genus Flavobacterium and the genus Nitrospira are the key factors driving the nitrogen cycle in the watershed where the samples were collected. In addition, our research indicates that communities in lake environments may be more susceptible to disturbances of various physiological or functional redundancies, thus retaining their original community structure. Overall, this study emphasizes that adaptive changes in the bacterial community structure of the sediments in the catchment and the occurrence of interactions are responses to different exogenous pollution sources.

River bacterial community structure and co-occurrence patterns under the influence of different domestic sewage types.

Bacterial communities play a critical role in food webs and the biogeochemical cycles of fundamental elements. However, there remains a substantial gap in our knowledge of the anthropogenic impacts on bacterial co-occurrence patterns and ecosystem functions. In this study, we used Illumina high-throughput sequencing to characterize and compare the diversity, composition, co-occurrence patterns, and functional changes in bacterial communities in the Qingliu River under the influence of different types of domestic sewage. Twelve samples had similar dominant phyla, mainly Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, differing only in the proportions of the microorganisms. However, there was a large difference at the genus level, for example, the relative abundance of the genus Dechloromonas in the school sewage water samples (XXW) was much higher than that in the other samples, the genus Chryseobacterium was the dominant bacteria in the residential sewage water samples (JMW), and there were significant differences between the different samples (P < 0.01). This may indicate that external pollution and environmental induction deeply affect the bacterial community assembly in rivers. Network analysis showed that the river bacterial co-occurrence network has a modular structure (divided into 6 modules), and that the microbial taxonomic units from the same module were involved in the carbon and nitrogen cycle (e.g., the CL500-29 marine group and the genus Pseudomonas) and degradation of organic pollutants and toxic compounds (e.g., the genera Massilia and Exiguobacterium). Functional predictions indicate that the function of ABC transporter was highest in the hospital sewage water samples (YYW), while two-component system was more abundant in the XXW samples. In summary, our research provides a new perspective of community assembly in rivers under the influence of human activity.

Ambient plasma treatment of pectin in aqueous solution to produce a polymer used in packaging.

Water resistance, mechanical behavior and coloration of pectin needs to be tuned for packing utilization. Plasma was used for the treatment of natural products, but there is no research on its effect on the biomass in the presence of ammonia. Though the reaction of pectin (PE) and ammonia was known to impart the ammonolysis and de-esterification, the plasma treatment on PE solution containing ammonia was explored to exemplify the amination and polymerization of the carbohydrate at the ambient condition. The plasma treatment increased the coloration of the solution due to the deprotonation of PE for the production of more sp2 carbon. The film from the amination of PE showed higher hydrophobicity and water stability than the bare PE. The plasma treatment alone decreased the Young's modulus (4.3 MPa versus 22 MPa), while the nitrogen addition enhanced the Young's modulus to 160 MPa and increased the tensile strength (28.7 MPa versus 25.8 MPa of PE). The hydrogen bonds from the amine group induced a glass-to-rubber transition at 77.9 °C by the increasing the crosslinking. This work provided a facile way of aminating and conjugating the biomass in solution to produce polymer with improved mechanical properties using plasma and ammonia incorporation.

Variations and Interseasonal Changes in the Gut Microbial Communities of Seven Wild Fish Species in a Natural Lake with Limited Water Exchange during the Closed Fishing Season.

The gut microbiota of fish is crucial for their growth, development, nutrient uptake, physiological balance, and disease resistance. Yet our knowledge of these microbial communities in wild fish populations in their natural ecosystems is insufficient. This study systematically examined the gut microbial communities of seven wild fish species in Chaohu Lake, a fishing-restricted area with minimal water turnover, across four seasons. We found significant variations in gut microbial community structures among species. Additionally, we observed significant seasonal and regional variations in the gut microbial communities. The Chaohu Lake fish gut microbial communities were predominantly composed of the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria(Gamma), Proteobacteria(Alpha), Actinobacteriota, and Cyanobacteria. At the genus level, Aeromonas, Cetobacterium, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Romboutsia, and Pseudomonas emerged as the most prevalent. A co-occurrence network analysis revealed that C. auratus, C. carpio, and C. brachygnathus possessed more complex and robust gut microbial networks than H. molitrix, C. alburnus, C. ectenes taihuensis, and A. nobilis. Certain microbial groups, such as Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Romboutsia, and Pseudomonas, were both dominant and keystone in the fish gut microbial network. Our study offers a new approach for studying the wild fish gut microbiota in natural, controlled environments. It offers an in-depth understanding of gut microbial communities in wild fish living in stable, limited water exchange natural environments.

Nacre-Inspired MXene Nanocomposite-based Strain Sensor with Ultrahigh Sensitivity in a Small Strain Range for Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis.

Nowadays, chronic diseases are the primary threat to public health and are getting younger. By taking the advantages of continuousness, convenience, and real-time response, wearable strain sensors have been given great attention to diagnose chronic diseases via analyzing the patient's health state. However, most physiological signals, such as limb tremor of Parkinson's disease, microexpression, and slight joint movement, are tiny and difficult to be detected. Therefore, the development of strain sensors characterized with ultrahigh sensitivity in a small strain range (ε < 10%) is urgent. Inspired by nacre's hierarchical structure, we have fabricated nacre-mimetic nanocomposites with "brick-and-mortar" architecture by employing polyacrylamide (PAM) and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets through a layer-by-layer (LBL) spin-coating technique. The resultant nanocomposite-based strain sensor exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity in a small strain range (GF = 296.8, ε < 10%), attributed to the bioinspired hierarchical structure and hydrogen bond-enhanced interfacial interactions. In addition, a high reliability, broad working sensing range (453%), short response time (183 ms), skin-like tensile stress (7.2 MPa), and excellent durability (2000 cycles) are also achieved. Due to the ultrahigh sensitivity within a small strain, the reported strain sensor can accurately diagnose and distinguish Parkinson's disease symptoms, including thumb pill-rolling tremor, masked face (microexpression), intermittent shaking of the head, and limb cogwheel motion. This work provides new insights to design strain sensors with high sensitivity for monitoring tiny signals and for disease diagnosis.

Systemic immune-inflammation index during treatment predicts prognosis and guides clinical treatment in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) has been demonstrated to be closely associated with the poor prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the role of SII during treatment of NPC has not been reported. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of SII during treatment for NPC patients. METHODS: A total of 759 patients diagnosed with NPC were included in this retrospective study (393 in training cohort and 366 in validation cohort). The correlation between variables was analyzed by the chi-squared test, the Fisher's exact test or the likelihood test. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to analyze progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The independent prognostic factors were determined by multivariate analysis of Cox proportional hazards regression model. The uncontrolled risk was analyzed by Logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess prognostic value. RESULTS: The optimal cut-off point for the SII during treatment was 937.32. High SII during treatment group had higher uncontrolled risk than low SII during treatment group (p = 0.008). In multivariate Cox proportional hazard models analysis, SII during treatment was an independent prognostic factor for 5-year PFS (p < 0.001) and 5-year OS (p < 0.001). All results were found in the training cohort and confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The SII during treatment is a promising indicator of predicting the survival in NPC patients, especially the risk of uncontrolled occurrence. By monitoring the SII during treatment, it is possible to better evaluate the treatment effect and formulate personalized treatment.

A new method for multiancestry polygenic prediction improves performance across diverse populations.

Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) increasingly predict complex traits; however, suboptimal performance in non-European populations raise concerns about clinical applications and health inequities. We developed CT-SLEB, a powerful and scalable method to calculate PRSs, using ancestry-specific genome-wide association study summary statistics from multiancestry training samples, integrating clumping and thresholding, empirical Bayes and superlearning. We evaluated CT-SLEB and nine alternative methods with large-scale simulated genome-wide association studies (~19 million common variants) and datasets from 23andMe, Inc., the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, All of Us and UK Biobank, involving 5.1 million individuals of diverse ancestry, with 1.18 million individuals from four non-European populations across 13 complex traits. Results demonstrated that CT-SLEB significantly improves PRS performance in non-European populations compared with simple alternatives, with comparable or superior performance to a recent, computationally intensive method. Moreover, our simulation studies offered insights into sample size requirements and SNP density effects on multiancestry risk prediction.

Functionally similar species of ciliates have similar dynamics: A biennial survey study in a large eutrophic lake.

The spatial and temporal planktonic ciliate community structure of a large shallow eutrophic lake was described in detail based on a monthly monitoring campaign over 2 years using the quantitative protargol stain approach. We found that there was a large variety and low constancy of ciliate plankton and a clear advantage of several small species. Balanion planctonicum, Rimostrombidium brachykinetum, and Urotricha farcta contributed 19.7%, 13.4%, and 10.7% to the total abundance, respectively. The ciliate community was significantly varied in different lake regions of different eutrophication levels, and the distribution of some of the main species, especially prostomatids and scuticociliatids, might be closely related to the nutrient level of the lake regions. The seasonal dynamics of ciliate taxa with similar functional feeding habits across regions at different trophic levels are more convergent than those of species with very different functions, and the top-down effect (cladocerans, rotifers), nutrition, and water temperature were the key factors shaping ciliate community structure. The results of this study accentuate the important effects of species functional diversity on community differences and may improve our knowledge of ciliate diversity and functional ecology in shallow eutrophic lakes.

Bacterial community composition and indicators of water quality in Caizi Lake, a typical Yangtze-connected freshwater lake.

Caizi Lake is an important lake connected to the Yangtze River in Anhui Province and a crucial connection for the Yangtze-to-Huaihe Water Diversion Project. There were marked differences in trophic status of the six sampling sites based on the physicochemical characterization. The Bacterial Eutrophic Index (BEI), used to quantify water quality, was well related to Carlson's trophic state index (TSI) (Spearman's ρ = 0.829, P < 0.05). Mean TSI and BEI were 54 and 0.58, respectively, indicating that Caizi Lake was slightly eutrophic. Actinobacteriota were the predominant bacterial phylum in the water and Acidobacteriota in sediments. The diversity and composition of the bacterial community was markedly different between sites for water but not sediment samples. Unlike other Yangtze-connected freshwater lakes, the distance-based redundancy analysis revealed that dissolved oxygen affected the composition of the planktonic bacterial community (P < 0.001), while total phosphorus was the major factor in the sediments (P < 0.05). The water quality of Caizi Lake has significantly improved since a few years ago. These results contribute to the long-term monitoring of the ecological quality of the water environment along the Yangtze River to the Huaihe River.

Trace metals in sediment from Chaohu Lake in China: Bioavailability and probabilistic risk assessment.

Bioavailability-based probabilistic risk assessment is an effective approach for risk characterization of trace metals towards aquatic species. However, it has not been routinely applied in lake management due to limited research. In this study, Chaohu Lake (Anhui Province, China) was selected as a case study, and total and bioavailable concentrations of trace metals in surface sediment were investigated using chemical extraction and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) was performed using Monte Carlo simulation. In addition, the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) was constructed using acute toxicity data to model the sensitivity of aquatic species towards metals. Three evaluation methods, namely, toxic units based on total content, modified potential ecological risk index (RI) based on chemical fractionation and DGT-SSD coupled PRA, were implemented and compared. Results showed that trace metals, especially Cd, were significantly affected by anthropogenic activities. Chemical fractionation analysis revealed that the majority of Cd was readily available to aquatic organisms, while Cr was stable under normal conditions. Toxic units based on the total content demonstrated that metals in sediment were at 91.6 % low and 8.4 % medium toxicity levels, while the modified RI based on chemical fractionation found toxicity levels of 84.1 % low and 15.9 % medium. Furthermore, the combined toxicity calculated from DGT-SSD coupled PRA showed that trace metals in sediment had a 24.8 % probability of toxic effects towards aquatic organisms, with Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni being the main contributors. Comparative analysis suggested that the DGT-SSD coupled PRA could provide a more objective and scientific evidence for lake management with regard to metal contamination.