Uncoupling transcription and translation through miRNA-dependent poly(A) length control in haploid male germ cells.

As one of the post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, uncoupling of transcription and translation plays an essential role in development and adulthood physiology. However, it remains elusive how thousands of mRNAs get translationally silenced while stability is maintained for hours or even days before translation. In addition to oocytes and neurons, developing spermatids display significant uncoupling of transcription and translation for delayed translation. Therefore, spermiogenesis represents an excellent in vivo model for investigating the mechanism underlying uncoupled transcription and translation. Through full-length poly(A) deep sequencing, we discovered dynamic changes in poly(A) length through deadenylation and re-polyadenylation. Deadenylation appeared to be mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs), and transcripts with shorter poly(A) tails tend to be sequestered into ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules for translational repression and stabilization. In contrast, re-polyadenylation might allow for translocation of the translationally repressed transcripts from RNP granules to polysomes. Overall, our data suggest that miRNA-dependent poly(A) length control represents a previously unreported mechanism underlying uncoupled translation and transcription in haploid male mouse germ cells.

Acute Pancreatitis in Pregnancy: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis and Dynamic Nomogram for Risk Assessment.

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is easily confused with abdominal pain symptoms, and it could lead to serious complications for pregnant women and fetus, the mortality was as high as 3.3% and 11.6-18.7%, respectively. However, there is still lack of sensitive laboratory markers for early diagnosis of APIP and authoritative guidelines to guide treatment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the risk factors of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy, establish, and evaluate the dynamic prediction model of risk factors in acute pancreatitis in pregnancy patients. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical data of APIP patients and non-pregnant acute pancreases patients who underwent regular antenatal check-ups during the same period were collected. The dataset after propensity matching was randomly divided into training set and verification set at a ratio of 7:3. The model was constructed using Logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, R language and other methods. The training set model was used to construct the diagnostic nomogram model and the validation set was used to validate the model. Finally, the accuracy and clinical practicability of the model were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 111 APIP were included. In all APIP patients, hyperlipidemic pancreatitis was the most important reason. The levels of serum amylase, creatinine, albumin, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A1 were significantly different between the two groups. The propensity matching method was used to match pregnant pancreatitis patients and pregnant non-pancreatic patients 1:1 according to age and gestational age, and the matching tolerance was 0.02. The multivariate logistic regression analysis of training set showed that diabetes, triglyceride, Body Mass Index, white blood cell, and C-reactive protein were identified and entered the dynamic nomogram. The area under the ROC curve of the training set was 0.942 and in validation set was 0.842. The calibration curve showed good predictive in training set, and the calibration performance in the validation set was acceptable. The calibration curve showed the consistency between the nomogram model and the actual probability. CONCLUSION: The dynamic nomogram model we constructed to predict the risk factors of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy has high accuracy, discrimination, and clinical practicability.

Sustainable, efficient, and synergistic photocatalytic degradation toward organic dyes and formaldehyde gas via Cu2O NPs@wood.

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles (NPs) was anchored on wood by simple spraying method, then both soft and hard wood has been endowed efficient function photocatalytic degradation toward organic dyes and formaldehyde gas synergistically. The best recycle ability of wood based photocatalyst toward organic pollutants was achieved, which was characterized by photocatalytic degradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) more than 95% after 100 cycles, and formaldehyde gas over 85% after 60 cycles. Cu2O NPs@wood performed much lower forbidden bandwidth (Eg), which accelerated to generate much more radical of e- and finally promoted the capacity of photocatalytic degradation. The proposed Cu2O NPs@wood catalysts has potential to be applied both in the field of wastewater and air pollution remediation.

Gender differences of authors of major Hepatology society guidelines during the past 15 years.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have shown that women are underrepresented as authors of medical research and clinical practice guidelines. This study aimed to evaluate gender disparities of authors of major hepatology guidelines. METHODS: We reviewed the hepatology guidelines published by the following major gastroenterology societies from January 2008 to September 2022: the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), Asian-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL), British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and Korean Association for the Study of the Liver (KASL). We determined the topic and the gender of all authors of each guideline. The numbers of men authors, women authors and total authors were collected. The trends of women first authors, women senior authors and total women authors were assessed. A logistic regression analysis was performed to analyse the relationship between the gender of the first or senior author and related factors. RESULTS: We identified 103 hepatology guidelines published between January 2008 and September 2022 published by the AGA, ACG, AASLD, APASL, BSG, EASL, and KASL. The gender of 1096 of 1100 (99.6%) authors was determined. Therefore, a total of 1096 authors were included: 223 (20.3%) authors were women and 873 (79.7%) authors were men. Women comprised 14.6% of all first authors, and 20.4% of all senior authors were women. Only the AASLD had writing committees comprising more than 30% total women authors. The proportions of women senior authors and total women authors increased significantly during the study period (p < .05). Women first authors and women senior authors were more likely to publish guidelines with more women authors. Women first authors were less likely to be co-authors with men authors. CONCLUSIONS: Over the course of the past decade, the proportion of women authors of major hepatology guidelines has been low; however, this gender gap appears to be closing.

Radiogenomics to characterize the immune-related prognostic signature associated with biological functions in glioblastoma.

OBJECTIVES: The tumor microenvironment and immune cell infiltration (ICI) associated with glioblastoma (GBM) play a vital role in cancer development, progression, and prognosis. This study aimed to establish an ICI-related prognostic biomarker and explore the associations between ICI signatures and radiomic features in patients with GBM. METHODS: The gene expression and survival data of patients with GBM were obtained from three databases. Based on the ICI pattern, an individualized ICI score for each GBM patient was developed in the discovery set (n = 400) and independently verified in the validation set (n = 374). A total of 5915 radiomic features were extracted from the intratumoral and peritumoral regions. Recursive feature elimination and support vector machine methods were performed to select the key features and generate a model predictive of low- or high- ICI scores. The prognostic value of the identified radio genomic model was examined in an independent dataset (n = 149) using imaging and survival data. RESULTS: We found that higher ICI scores often indicated worse patient prognosis (multivariable hazard ratio: 0.48 and 0.63 in discovery and validation set, respectively) and higher expression levels of immune checkpoint-related genes. A model that combined 11 radiomic features could well distinguish tumors with different ICI scores (AUC = 0.96, accuracy = 94%). This model was proven to be helpful for noninvasive prognostic stratification in an independent validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: ICI scores may serve as an effective prognostic biomarker to characterize potential biological processes in patients with GBM. This ICI signature can be evaluated noninvasively through radiogenomic analysis. KEY POINTS: • Immune cell infiltration (ICI) scores can serve as an effective prognostic biomarker in patients with glioblastoma. • The ICI signature can be evaluated noninvasively through radiomic features derived from the intratumoral and peritumoral regions. • The prognostic value of the radiogenomic model can be verified by independent survival and MRI data.

Structural plasticity of the contralesional hippocampus and its subfields in patients with glioma.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the structural plasticity of the contralesional hippocampus and its subfields in patients with unilateral glioma. METHODS: 3D T1-weighted MRI images were collected from 55 patients with tumors infiltrating the left (HipL, n = 27) or right (HipR, n = 28) hippocampus, along with 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Gray matter volume differences of the contralesional hippocampal regions and three control regions (superior frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, and superior occipital gyrus) were evaluated using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses. Volumetric differences in the hippocampus and its subregional volume were measured using the FreeSurfer software. RESULTS: Compared with HC, patients with unilateral hippocampal glioma exhibited significantly larger gray matter volume in the contralesional hippocampus and parahippocampal regions (cluster = 571 voxels for HipL; cluster 1 = 538 voxels and cluster 2 = 88 voxels for HipR; family-wise error corrected p < 0.05). No significant alterations were found in control regions. Volumetric analyses showed the same trend in the contralesional hippocampal subregions for both patient groups, including the CA1 head, CA3 head, hippocampus amygdala transition area (HATA), fimbria, and the granule cell molecular layer of the dentate gyrus head (GC-ML-DG head). Notably, the differences of the contralesional HATA (HipL: η2 = 0.418, corrected p = 0.002; HipR: η2 = 0.313, corrected p = 0.052) and fimbria (HipL: η2 = 0.450, corrected p < 0.001; HipR: η2 = 0.358, corrected p = 0.012) still held after the Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence for macrostructural plasticity of the contralateral hippocampus in patients with unilateral hippocampal glioma. Specifically, HATA and fimbria exhibit great potential in this process. KEY POINTS: • Glioma infiltration of the hippocampal regions induces a significant increase in gray matter volume on the contralateral side. • Specifically, the HATA and fimbria regions exhibit favorable plastic potential in the process of lesion-induced structural remolding.

Application of a Machine Learning Predictive Model for Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Acute pancreatitis is the main cause of hospitalization for pancreatic disease. Some patients tend to have recurrent episodes after experiencing an episode of acute pancreatitis. This study aimed to construct predictive models for recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP). METHODS: A total of 531 patients who were hospitalized for the first episode of acute pancreatitis at the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from January 2018 to December 2019 were enrolled in the study. We confirmed whether the patients had a second episode until December 31, 2021, through an electronic medical record system and telephone or WeChat follow-up. Clinical and follow-up data of patients were collected and randomly allocated to the training and test sets at a ratio of 7:3. The training set was used to select the best model, and the selected model was tested with the test set. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, decision curve, and calibration plots were used to assess the efficacy of the models. Shapley additive explanation values were used to explain the model. RESULTS: Considering multiple indices, XGBoost was the best model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the XGBoost model in the test set were 0.779, 0.763, 0.883, 0.647, 0.341, and 0.922, respectively. According to the Shapley additive explanation values, drinking, smoking, higher levels of triglyceride, and the occurrence of ANC are associated with RAP. CONCLUSION: The XGBoost model shows good performance in predicting RAP, which may help identify high-risk patients.

Smartphone video games improve cognitive function in patients with chronic schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial.

This study aimed to examine the efficacy of video games in improving cognitive function in chronic patients with schizophrenia and to evaluate the biomarker of video games for cognitive function. The patients in the game group were requested to play single-player video games on their smartphones for 1 h per day, five times a week for 6 weeks. Those in the control group watched television for 1 h per day, five times a week for 6 weeks. Cognitive function was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT). Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Problematic Mobile Gaming Questionnaire (PMGQ), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The game group demonstrated improved RBANS total score during the trial. There were no significant group effects among all SCWT scores. The game group demonstrated greater improvement on the PANSS Negative Scale, and global function (GAF score). The PMGQ scores were lower than the cutoff score at all time points in both groups. There were no significant group differences in the PHQ-9 and GSE scores. The serum BDNF levels were significantly higher in the game group following 6 weeks of video game intervention. The BDNF serum levels of all participants were positively associated with the RBANS total scores. This preliminary study suggested that video games can improve cognitive function in schizophrenia patients. Serum BDNF levels may be a suitable biomarker for predicting an improvement in cognitive function in schizophrenia patients.Trial registration: This study was registered on March 11, 2021 (ChiCTR2100044113).Clinical trials: Smartphone video games improve cognitive function in patients with chronic schizophrenia; https://www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.aspx?id=95623 ; ChiCTR2100044113.

Association of bone turnover markers and cognitive function in Chinese chronic schizophrenia patients with or without vitamin D insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence shows that bone turnover markers (BTMs) and vitamin D can affect human cognitive function. However, there are few studies that have investigated the association between BTMs and cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between BTMs and cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia patients with or without vitamin D insufficiency (VDI). METHODS: In all, 118 chronic schizophrenia patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was applied to evaluate the cognitive function of the subjects. Blood analysis included bone turnover markers, vitamin D levels, and glycolipid levels. RESULTS: Relative to 72 vitamin D-sufficient (VDS) patients, 46 VDI patients had higher bone resorption markers levels and lower bone formation markers levels. Regression analysis showed that, in the total sample, CTX and language function exhibited independent positive correlation (p = 0.027, R2 change = 0.042), and in the VDS group, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) was independently negatively correlated with language function (p = 0.031, R2 change = 0.065), while the positive correlation between osteopontin (OPN) and delayed memory remained in the VDI group (p = 0.036, R2 change = 0.083). CONCLUSION: Our study showed an association between the levels of BTMs and cognitive function among chronic schizophrenia patients. This correlation may have different mechanisms of action at different vitamin D levels.

Gender differences in the authorship of Global Major Gastroenterology Society Guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Gender differences remain a serious issue in the gastroenterology field, which negatively affect the career success and academic advancement of female gastroenterologists. In this study, we aim to identify gender differences in the authors of global major Gastroenterology Society guidelines. METHODS: We included six associations and collected guidelines published between 2003 and 2022. The genders of authors were determined and recorded for each guideline. Linear by linear association test was used to assess trends every 5 years. RESULTS: We included 210 guidelines and 461 authors. The proportion of female first and senior authors was 11.3% and 9.8%, respectively. The number of female first and senior authors in most societies has improved over the past 20 years, with the largest increase in the AGA. CONCLUSIONS: Women are still underrepresented among the authors of guidelines. Although gender differences have gained more attention in recent years, there are many obstacles to achieving gender equality.

Gender-specified mediation of depression between sleep quality and short-term memory in older adults: Study in a semi-closed Island of Xiamen, China.

BACKGROUND: Both the quality of sleep and depression impact short-term memory (STM) while they influence each other. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. Herein, we aimed to explore the mediating effect of depression between sleep quality and STM in older adults and further test the gender differences in this relationship. METHODS: A cluster sampling survey was carried out among 903 residents that were aged 60+ years in a semi-closed island of Xiamen, China, in 2019. The subjects' sleep quality and depression were measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), respectively. The three-item recall test was utilized to measure STM function. Mediation analyses were performed using the structural equation model and bias-corrected bootstrap method. Next, the Wald-test was utilized to determine gender differences in the pathway. RESULTS: Overall, 355 men and 508 women, with a mean age of 69.55 and 70.97, respectively, had valid data on the main variables. Depression was found to mediate the effect of sleep quality on STM (a*b = -0.076, p < 0.05). Interestingly, while this indirect effect existed in the female group (af *bf  = -0.126, p < 0.05), it did not in the male group (am *bm  = 0.017, p = 0.677). The Wald-test indicated no gender differences in the pathway from sleep quality to depression (p = 0.303). However, the pathway from depression to STM function was found to be significantly stronger for females than males (p = 0.0198). CONCLUSION: Higher sleep quality was found to be associated with improved STM function. Furthermore, the association was found to be regulate indirectly by lower depressive symptoms for females, but directly for males. Therefore, appropriate psychological interventions may be beneficial to the maintenance of STM for older adults, particularly for women.

[Organoids derived from the digestive system and their perspective applications in exercise physiology].

Organoid, formed from organ-specific cells, is a group of self-renewal and self-organizing cells growing in a 3-dimensional structure. With the recent progress on microenvironment regulation, stem cell differentiation and organ development, organoids have been constructed and used as promising tools for a wide range of multidisciplinary biomedical applications. Exercise disrupts the internal environment homeostasis, which brings a series of physiological alterations to the digestive system. The current animal or human models are necessary, but not sufficient to monitor the fluctuating microenvironment of gastrointestinal epithelial cells or hepatocytes during exercise. This review described the construction and application of digestive system organoids, as well as the effect of exercise on the microenvironment of intestinal epithelial cells and hepatocytes. The perspective applications of digestive system organoids in exercise physiology were also stated. Using organoid technologies, the possible mechanisms of the exercise-induced dynamic physiological changes would be explored in a new dimension.

Retraction Note: Resveratrol rescues hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction via activation of Akt.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Implications of Classification of Os Trigonum: A Study Based on Computed Tomography Three-Dimensional Imaging.

BACKGROUND The os trigonum is an accessory bone that is not fully fused with the talus during secondary ossification, and is one of the risk factors of posterior malleolus impact syndrome. The purpose of this study was to classify the os trigonum and to guide the diagnosis and treatment of related clinical diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ankle computed tomography (CT) scans of 586 Chinese patients between October 2014 and October 2018 were reviewed. CT images of 1011 ankle joints were reconstructed to evaluate the classification of the os trigonum and the measurement of anatomical parameters. RESULTS The incidences of os trigonum in 3 groups were determined as type I (1.9%), type II (10.5%), and type III (14.7%). The macro-axis of type II (0.89±0.31) cm was significantly larger than with type I (0.65±0.24 cm) and type III (0.74±0.23 cm) (p<0.05).The minor axis of similar of type I (0.41±0.23 cm) was significantly shorter than that of type II (0.58±0.32 cm) and type III (0.55±0.16 cm) (p<0.05).The distance from os trigonum to calcaneal tubercle was significantly different than that of type I (1.33±0.52 cm), type II (1.67±0.55 cm), and type III (1.84±0.45 cm) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that os trigonum has a high incidence. Type I was the least common, the volume of type II was larger, and type III was more common. The anatomical parameters of each type may improve treatment of related diseases and the further development of ankle arthroscopic surgery.

Pooled analysis of nuclear acid sequence-based amplification for rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M pneumoniae) is a common human etiology of respiratory infections. Nuclear acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) shows good value for the detection of M pneumoniae that surpasses PCR. However, the optimal detection technology still remains to be identified. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to systematically evaluate the overall accuracy of NASBA for diagnosing M pneumoniae infections. METHODS: The databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, CNKI, Wang Fang, and Baidu Scholar were comprehensively searched from their initiation date to December 2017 for NASBA in the diagnosis of M pneumoniae infection. Meta-DiSc 1.4 statistical software was used to evaluate the sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), negative likelihood ratio (-LR), positive likelihood ratio (+LR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC). RevMan 5.2 statistical software was used for quality evaluation of the included articles. Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plot. RESULTS: Six articles with high quality, including 10 studies, were finally included in this meta-analysis. The combined statistics results for the diagnosis of M pneumoniae infection by NASBA were 0.77 (SEN, 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.82); 0.98 (SPE, 95% CI: 0.98 to 0.99); 0.22 (-LR, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.39); 50.38 (+ LR, 95% CI: 21.85 to 116.17); 292.72 (DOR, 95% CI: 95.02 to 901.75); and 0.9875 (the area under the curve of SROC). CONCLUSION: Nuclear acid sequence-based amplification is a reliable technique to diagnose M pneumoniae infection. However, whether it can replace PCR and serology need to be further studied.

[A single-center study of the incidence of neonatal birth trauma and its risk factors].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of neonatal birth trauma in the department of obstetrics in a single-center medical institution and the risk factors for neonatal birth trauma. METHODS: The maternal and infant medical records of all full-term singleton neonates delivered in the Department of Obstetrics, Peking University International Hospital, from October 2015 to September 2018 were collected. The neonates with birth trauma were assigned to case group, and those without birth trauma were assigned to control group. The risk factors for neonatal birth trauma were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 4 682 full-term singleton neonates delivered during the study period, 201 (4.29%) were diagnosed with birth trauma. The most frequent type of birth trauma was cephalohematoma (81.7%), followed by facial nerve palsy (9.1%). The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified vaginal delivery, forceps-assisted delivery, induction of labor by oxytocin, premature rupture of membranes and a large neonatal head circumference as the risk factors for birth trauma (OR=5.020, 23.294, 1.409, 1.928 and 2.295 respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent type of neonatal birth trauma is cephalohematoma. Vaginal delivery, forceps-assisted delivery, induction of labor by oxytocin, premature rupture of membranes and a large neonatal head circumference may increase the risk of neonatal birth trauma, and forceps-assisted delivery is the strongest independent risk factor for birth trauma.

Resveratrol rescues hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction via activation of Akt.

Resveratrol (RSV), a phytoalexin, has shown to prevent endothelial dysfunction and reduce diabetic vascular complications and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the signaling mechanisms underlying the protecting effects of RSV against endothelial dysfunction during hyperglycemia in vitro and in vivo. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with RSV, and then exposed to high glucose (HG, 30 mmol/L). Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation, eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation, and PTEN protein levels in the cells were detected using Western blot. For in vivo studies, WT and Akt-/- mice were fed a normal diet containing RSV (400 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 2 weeks, then followed by injection of STZ to induce hyperglycemia (300 mg/dL). Endothelial function was evaluated using aortic rings by assessing ACh-induced vasorelaxation. RSV (5-20 µmol/L) dose-dependently increased Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation, accompanied by increased eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation in HUVECs; these effects were more prominent under HG stimulation. Transfection with Akt siRNA abolished RSV-enhanced eNOS phosphorylation and NO release. Furthermore, RSV (5-20 µmol/L) dose-dependently decreased the levels of PTEN, which was significantly increased under HG stimulation, and PTEN overexpression abolished RSV-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in HG-treated HUVECs. Moreover, RSV dramatically increased 26S proteasome activity, which induced degradation of PTEN. In in vivo studies, pretreatment with RSV significantly increased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation in aortic tissues and ACh-induced vasorelaxation, and improved diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction in wild-type mice but not in Akt-/- mice. RSV attenuates endothelial function during hyperglycemia via activating proteasome-dependent degradation of PTEN, which increases Akt phosphorylation, and consequentially upregulation of eNOS-derived NO production.

Retrieving the translational diffusion coefficient of water from experiments on single levitated aerosol droplets.

The time-dependent growth and shrinkage of aqueous aerosol particles trapped in an electrodynamic balance exposed to changes in relative humidity (RH) depend on the translational diffusion coefficient of water (DH2O). Resonances in the Mie scattering patterns of the illuminated micrometre-sized droplets are used to follow the compositional evolution through stepwise changes in RH. Under conditions where the diffusion of water molecules becomes sufficiently slow, e.g. in the highly viscous or even glassy regime, the concentration and temperature dependent values of DH2O can be determined iteratively by comparing the observed shifts in the Mie resonant wavelengths with predicted shifts from a diffusion model of a multi-layered sphere. It is shown that condensation and evaporation of water vapour from or to highly viscous or glassy droplets follow different kinetic regimes, a result that is consistent with previous studies of adsorption and desorption on glassy surfaces.

[Current developments in exercise immunology].

The aim of this review is to highlight the research and review papers that reflect the current developments in Exercise Immunology, including the interventions on immunosuppression after extreme performance, the effect of exercise on immunosenescence, and the immunomodulating role of exercise in stress and disease. We discuss the papers in accordance with these themes, summarizing their important contributions, and providing directions for future research.

Facile preparation of high-performance plywood adhesive from gelatinized corn starch crosslinked with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.

A flame retardant high-performance gelatinized starch (GS)-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) wood adhesive, named GS-ADP adhesive was prepared by condensation of GS and ADP under acidic condition. The preparation process of GS-ADP adhesive is very simple by mixing and stirring GS and ADP evenly at room temperature. The results revealed that the GS-ADP adhesive has good storage stability and water resistance, and its wet shear strength is much higher than that of phenolic resin (PF) adhesive. Markedly, the cone calorimeter test results show that G-ADP adhesive has good flame retardancy, and the plywood based on GS-ADP adhesive has good flame retardancy. Meanwhile, it can be seen from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) that GS-ADP has excellent modulus of elasticity (MOE), high glass transition temperature (Tg) and good thermal stability. The findings suggest that GS-ADP could be a viable substitute for PF resin in structural wood fabrication.