[Equol and its enantiomers inhibited urethane-induced lung cancer in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of equol and its enantiomers on urethane-induced lung cancer in mice. METHODS: A total of 120 5-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 8 groups: lung cancer tumor control group (CG), genistein control group (GCG), low dose racemic equol group (LEG), high dose racemic equol group (HEG), low dose R-equol group (LRE), high dose R-equol group (HRE), low dose S-equol group (LSE) and high dose S-equol group (HSE). Urethane was injected subcutaneously twice a week for 4 weeks to induce lung cancer and then the mice were fed for 4 months. The body weight and food intake of each group were measured and recorded weekly. After the mice were sacrificed, the blood, livers and lungs of the mice were collected. The incidence of lung cancer in each group was recorded. The concentration of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydeoxygunosine (8-OHdG) were detected by the corresponding kits. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) in the livers. Between-group differences in body weight and food intake of the mice were compared using repeated measures ANOVA, and ANOVA for the differences between non-repeated measurements, with post hoc analysis using Tukey's method if there were between-group differences. Comparisons of categorical data were performed by chi-square test, and if there were differences between the groups, the Bonferroni method was used for pairwise comparison. RESULTS: A total of 49 in the 120 mice developed lung cancer. The overall incidence of lung cancer was 40.8%. Compared with the control group, the incidence of lung cancers in each experimental group was lower, and the difference was statistically significant. The incidence of lung cancer in the high-dose experimental group was significantly lower than that in the low-dose experimental group. However, the incidence of lung cancer was similar in the three equol groups and the genistein group at the same dose. Compared with the control group, the high-dose experimental group had higher serum SOD concentration, lower MDA and 8-OHdG concentrations, and the differences were statistically significant. Western blotting analysis showed that the expression levels of Nrf2 protein in the experimental groups were higher than those in the control group except the low-dose racemic equol group, and the Nrf2 protein expression level in the high-dose equol groups was higher than that in the low-dose equol groups. CONCLUSION: Racemic equol and its enantiomers mayinhibit lung carcinogenesis through antioxidant effects.

[Levels of human milk oligosaccharides in breast milk of mothers delivering preterm infants of different gestational ages and their effects on early growth and development].

Objective: To investigate the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) levels in breast milk of mothers delivering preterm infants and their effects on the early growth and development of infants. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, full-term and preterm newborns whose parents decided to breastfeed were recruited from Peking University Third Hospital between December 1, 2017 and November 30, 2018. The preterm infants were divided based on their gestational ages into extremely preterm (<28 weeks), very preterm (28-31+6 weeks) and moderate to late preterm (32-36+6 weeks) groups. Breast milk was collected from mothers at 7, 14, 28 and 120d postpartum. 368 breast milk samples were collected from 125 mothers in this study, including 54 mothers of full-term infants, 23 mothers of moderate to late preterm infants, 39 mothers of very preterm infants, and 9 mothers of extremely preterm infants. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to determine the concentration of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL), A-tetrasaccharide (P1), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), lacto-N-fucopentaose Ⅱ (LNFP-Ⅱ) and lacto-N-fucopentaose Ⅴ (LNFP-Ⅴ). Secretor status of mothers was defined as 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) concentration in colostrum and transitional milk greater than 200 µg/mL. Weight gain and the occurrence of allergic diseases of infants were collected at 120 d(4 months) postpartum. The chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison of categorical data between groups; Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used for comparison of continuous data between groups. Nemenyi test was used for multiple comparison. Results: 79.2% (99/125) of the mothers were secretor. There were no statistical differences between groups in the secretor status of mothers (χ²=1.31,P>0.05). The total concentration of HMOs peaked at 1-2 weeks postpartum. Compared to the preterm milk, the HMOs from the term milk was trending downwards at an earlier time. In the breast milk of secretor mothers on 28 d, total concentration of HMOs significant differed among the three groups of preterm milk and the term milk, with the median value of 4 587.09,4 615.25,5 277.44,5 476.03 µg/mL, respectively (Kruskal-Wallis χ²=8.1234,P=0.044). When analyzed by the median weight gain of the infants (low vs high weight gain) at 4 months postpartum, 2'FL was significantly lower in the high weight gain group at 7 d (1 818.04 µg/mL vs 2 181.67 µg/mL, W=1 386,P=0.018), while LNT & LNnT were significantly higher (1 182.36 µg/mL vs 1 053.62 µg/mL, W=816,P=0.044). The level of 3FL at 120 d was significantly affected by presence of allergic disease in infants, breast milk from mothers of infants with allergic disease had lower 3FL than those from mothers of infants without allergic disease (256.17 µg/mL vs 286.18 µg/mL, W=564,P=0.026). Conclusions: The overall profiles of HMOs in breast milk of mothers delivering preterm infants was basically the same as that of mothers delivering term infants; individual HMOs play a role in weight gain and the development of allergic diseases in preterm infants, but the mechanism is unclear and needs further study.

[Effects of equol on colon cancer cell proliferation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of equol on the proliferation of colom cancer cells and to explore the mechanisms. METHODS: Colon cancer cells (DLD1,HCT15,COLO205,LOVO,SW480) were incubated, the cell proliferation was identified by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assay. Reverse transcription PCR and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA and the protein expression of estrogen receptor and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)in the colon cancer cells, respectively. Moreover, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assay was used to investigate the effect of estrogen receptor(ER) inhibitor,ERα agonist, and estrogen receptor ERßagonist on the cell proliferation. RESULTS: ERα was faintly expressed in the DLD-1 and HCT-15 cells. However, ERß expression in DLD1, HCT15, COLO205, LOVO, and SW480 colon cancer cells. Different concentrations of equol (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 µmol/L) significantly inhibited the growth of HCT-15 cell with the expression of ERα and ERß.More-over, different concentrations of equol (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 µmol/L) significantly inhibited the growth of LOVO, and SW480 cells with the ERß expression in a dose-dependent manner as demonstrated with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assay. mRNA expressions of ERα and ERß in HCT-15 were stimulated significantly. Western blotting proved that the protein expressions of ERα and ERß increased with the increasing of equol dose. Moreover we found significant difference of Nrf2 protein expression in HCT-15 cell stimulated by different concentrationss of equol. After the similation of estrogen receptor inhibitor, ERα agonist, or ERß agonist, we found that only dif-ferent concentrations of ERß agonist(0, 1, 10, 100, 1 000, 10 000 nmol/L) significantly inhibited the growth of HCT-15, LOVO, and SW480 in adose-dependent manner. Estrogen receptor inhibitor and ERα agonistdid not present significant effect on the cell proliferation of HCT-15, LOVO, and SW480. CONCLUSION: Equol inhibited the colon cancer cell proliferation by its estrogenic activities and antioxidant activities.

Survey of sweetpotato viruses in China.

Ten sweetpotato viruses were surveyed in 3 major sweetpotato planting region (covering 11 provinces) in China from 2006 to 2010 to understand the distribution of sweetpotato viral diseases. Nine out of the 10 viruses were found in every major planting region. The most frequently detected virus in the Northern and the Yangtze River region was SPMSV. In the Southern region, SPVG was the most frequently detected virus. Compared to the results of the survey done in 1989, the incidences of all the viral diseases increased.

Genetics and molecular mapping of genes for high-temperature resistance to stripe rust in wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 54.

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most widespread and destructive wheat diseases worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the preferred means of control of the disease. The winter wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 54 has high-temperature resistance to stripe rust. To identify genes for stripe rust resistance, Xiaoyan 54 was crossed with Mingxian 169, a winter wheat genotype susceptible to all Chinese races of the pathogen. Seedlings and adult plants of the parents and F(1), F(2), F(3) and F(4) progeny were tested with Chinese race CYR32 under controlled greenhouse conditions and in the field. Xiaoyan 54 has two recessive resistance genes, designated as Yrxy1 and Yrxy2, conferring high-temperature resistance. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were used to identify molecular markers flanking Yrxy2 using 181 plants from one segregating F(3) line. A total of nine markers, two of which flanked the locus at genetic distances of 4.0 and 6.4 cM on the long arm of chromosome 2A were identified. Resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) and SSR techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to Yrxy1. A linkage group of nine RGAP and two SSR markers was constructed for Yrxy1 using 177 plants of another segregating F(3) line. Two RGAP markers were closely linked to the locus with genetic distances of 2.3 and 3.5 cM. Amplification of a set of nulli-tetrasomic Chinese Spring lines with RGAP markers M8 and M9 and the two SSR markers located Yrxy1 on the short arm of chromosome 7A. The SSR markers Xbarc49 and Xwmc422 were 15.8 and 26.1 cM, respectively, from the gene. The closely linked molecular markers should be useful for incorporating the resistance genes into commercial cultivars and combining them with other genes for stripe rust resistance.

Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the effects of isoflavone intake on bone resorption and bone formation. METHODS: We identified randomized controlled trials related to urinary deoxypyridinoline (Dpyr, a bone resorption marker) and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP, a bone formation marker) listed on MEDLINE (January 1966-April 2006), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE (1985-January 2006), Science Citation Index and PUBMED (updated till April 2006). RESULTS: Nine studies with a total of 432 subjects were selected for meta-analysis. The urinary Dpyr concentration in subjects who consumed isoflavones decreased significantly by -2.08 nmol/mmol (95% confidence interval (CI): -3.82 to -0.34 nmol/mmol) in comparison with that in subjects who did not consume isoflavones. Isoflavone intake vs placebo intake significantly increased serum BAP by 1.48 microg/l (95% CI: 0.22-2.75 mug/l). Decreases in the urinary Dpyr concentration with isoflavone intake of <90 mg/day and with treatment lasting less than 12 weeks were -2.34 nmol/mmol (95% CI: -4.46 to -0.22 nmol/mmol) and -2.03 nmol/mmol (95% CI: -3.20 to -0.85 nmol/mmol), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Isoflavone intervention significantly inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation. These favorable effects occur even if <90 mg/day of isoflavones are consumed or the intervention lasts less than 12 weeks.

Influence of dexmedetomidine to cognitive function during recovery period for children with general anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the influence of Dexmedetomidine on cognitive function in children during the recovery period of general anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-three children who underwent general anesthesia were selected and randomly divided into (1) the control group, (2) the dexmedetomidine group, and (3) the dezocine group. Fentanyl, propofol, and rocuronium were used in all patients to induce anesthesia, while sevoflurane inhalation and propofol were used to maintain anesthesia. In the control group, 20 ml NS were infused intravenously 10 min before anesthetic induction. In the dexmedetomidine group, 1.0 µg/kg dexmedetomidine in 20 ml was infused for 10 min. In the dezocine group, 0.1 mg/kg dezocine in 20 ml was infused for 10 min. Mean arterial blood pressure, average heart rate, and average oxygen saturation (SaO2) were compared at the following time points: end of surgery (T0), before extubation (T1), during extubation (T2), and 30 min after extubation (T3). The VAS scale, Ramsay sedation score, delirium grading scale and occurrence of adverse reactions at 30 min after extubation were recorded. The occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and the expression of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and IL-6 at postoperative days 1 and 7 were recorded. RESULTS: Comparing mean arterial blood pressure, average heart rate, and average oxygen saturation (SaO2) at the different time points in the dexmedetomidine group, there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). The difference in the occurrence of adverse reactions in the different groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). The occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) at postoperative day 1 was significantly higher in the control group than the other two groups (p<0.05), and on the postoperative day 7th, the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Regarding the expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and IL-6, the levels were the highest in the control group, followed by the dezocine group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The dexmedetomidine is safer than dezocine in aspects of hemodynamics, sedation, analgesia, degree of delirium, occurrence of adverse reactions, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The improvement in the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is related to the levels of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and IL-6.

Analysis of Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Autonomic Nerve Remodeling in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with both cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to monitor changes in response to autonomic innervation and stimulation of the heart. In this study, conducted in a rat model of diabetes, HRV and changes in associated neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors in the right atrium (RA) were monitored. METHODS: Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats, and HRV data were collected for 10 weeks by telemetry. Time and frequency domains of HRV data were analyzed using established metrics. The levels of various neural enzymes in the RA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence to characterize autonomic nerve remodeling. Insulin and methycobal were used to block the effects of STZ. RESULTS: HRV parameters reflecting parasympathetic tone (SDNN, RMSSD and HF domains) sharply decreased in the first 3 weeks after STZ administration; measures of sympathetic tone (SDANN) increased. After a series of adjustments, cardiac autonomic nerve innervation reached a new equilibrium, with a dominance of sympathetic tone. RA levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) increased, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) decreased, indicating autonomic nerve remodeling. Levels of growth associated protein-43 (GAP43) and nerve growth factor (NGF) increased during the period of diabetes-induced cardiac-nerve damage; however, the level of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) decreased. The physical condition and indexes of rats were normalized in different degree after administration of the insulin and methycobal, but not completely recovered. CONCLUSION: STZ-induced diabetes was associated with cardiac autonomic nerve dysfunction at both the organ and molecular levels. Parasympathetic nerves exhibited severe damage and/or weak recovery; remodeling of sympathetic nerves predominated during 10-weeks of STZ-induced diabetes.

P-glycoprotein positive, drug resistant invasive lymphoepithelial thymoma: treatment response to chemotherapy with cyclosporin and quinine.

A case of invasive drug resistant thymoma, expressing P-glycoprotein, which showed noticeable clinical response to chemotherapy and the multidrug resistance modulating agents cyclosporin and quinine is reported. A 46 year old man presented with severe left shoulder pain and a diagnosis of invasive lymphoepithelial thymoma was made following chest x ray and a computed tomography scan. The patient underwent extensive chemotherapy without resolution of the tumour. More than 90% of the malignant epithelial cells were strongly positive for P-glycoprotein and based on this observation, cyclosporin and quinine were added to the chemotherapy regimen. The mediastinal mass completely resolved and the size of the pleural metastasis decreased substantially. The patient, however, died of an intercurrent infection. This case report highlights the feasibility and efficacy of using cyclosporin and quinine in combination with VAD chemotherapy in the treatment of invasive thymoma.