Enhanced and Sustainable Removal of Indoor Formaldehyde by Naturally Porous Bamboo Activated Carbon Supported with MnOx: Synergistic Effect of Adsorption and Oxidation.

Novel bamboo activated carbon (BAC) catalysts decorated with manganese oxides (MnOx) were prepared with varying MnOx contents through a facile one-step redox reaction. Due to the physical anchoring effect of the natural macropore structure for catalyst active components, homogeneous MnOx nanoparticles (NPs), and high specific surface area over catalyst surface, the BAC@MnOx-N (N = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) catalyst shows encouraging adsorption and catalytic oxidation for indoor formaldehyde (HCHO) removal at room temperature. Dynamic adsorption and catalytic activity experiments were conducted. The higher Smicro (733 m2/g) and Vmicro/Vt (82.6%) of the BAC@MnOx-4 catalyst could facilitate its excellent saturated and breakthrough adsorption capacity (5.24 ± 0.42 mg/g, 2.43 ± 0.22 mg/g). The best performer against 2 ppm HCHO is BAC@MnOx-4 catalyst, exhibiting a maximum HCHO removal efficiency of 97% for 17 h without any deactivation as RH = 0, which is higher than those of other MnOx-based catalysts. The average oxidation state and in situ DRIFTS analysis reveal that abundant oxygen vacancies on the BAC@MnOx-4 catalyst could be identified as surface-active sites of decomposing HCHO into the intermediate species (dioxymethylene and formate). This study provides a potential approach to deposit MnOx nanoparticles onto the BAC surface, and this hybrid BAC@MnOx material is promising for indoor HCHO removal at room temperature.

CypD-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to titanium ion-induced MC3T3-E1 cell injury.

Titanium (Ti) ion can stimulate osteoblast apoptosis and therefore have a high potential to play a negative role in the aseptic loosening of implants. Mitochondrial abnormalities are closely related to osteoblast dysfunction. However, the mitochondrial molecular mechanism of Ti ion induced osteoblastic cell apoptosis is still unclear. This study investigated in vitro mitochondrial oxidative stress (mtROS) mediated mitochondrial dysfunction involved in Ti ion-induced apoptosis of murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. In addition to reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and decreasing adenosine triglyceride production, exposure to Ti ions increased mitochondrial oxidative stress. Moreover, mitochondrial abnormalities significantly contributed to Ti ion induction of osteoblastic cellular apoptosis. A mitochondria-specific antioxidant, mitoquinone (MitoQ), alleviated Ti ion-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in osteoblastic cells, indicating that Ti ion mainly induces mitochondrial oxidative stress to produce a cytotoxic effect on osteoblasts. Here we show that the primary regulator of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), cyclophilin D (CypD), is involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and osteoblast cell apoptosis induced by Ti ion. Overexpression of CypD exacerbates osteoblast apoptosis and impairs osteogenic function. Moreover, detrimental effects of CypD were rescued by cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of CypD, which shows its protective effect on mitochondrial and osteogenic osteoblast functions. Based on new insights into the mitochondrial mechanisms underlying Ti ion-induced apoptosis of osteoblastic cells, the findings of this study lay the foundation for the clinical use of CypD inhibitors to prevent or treat implant failure.

Cooked pork-derived exosome nanovesicles mediate metabolic disorder-microRNA could be the culprit.

In this study, exosomes from cooked meat were extracted by ultra-high-speed centrifugation. Approximately 80% of exosome vesicles were within 20-200 nm. In addition, the surface biomarkers of isolated exosomes were evaluated using flow cytometry. Further studies showed the exosomal microRNA profiles were different among cooked porcine muscle, fat and liver. Cooked pork-derived exosomes were chronically administered to ICR mice by drinking for 80 days. The mice plasma levels of miR-1, miR-133a-3p, miR-206 and miR-99a were increased to varying degrees after drinking exosome enriched water. Furthermore, GTT and ITT results confirmed an abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in mice. Moreover, the lipid droplets were significantly increased in the mice liver. A transcriptome analysis performed with mice liver samples identified 446 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis found that DEGs were enriched in metabolic pathways. Overall, the results suggest that microRNAs derived form cooked pork may function as a critical regulator of metabolic disorder in mice.

Effect of Femoral Nerve Block with Different Concentrations of Chloroprocaine on Early Postoperative Rehabilitation Training After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND Patients experience severe pain in early postoperative rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to compare the effect of femoral nerve block with different concentrations of chloroprocaine on postoperative rehabilitation in patients with TKA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety patients who only received unilateral TKA were randomly and equally divided into C1 (1% chloroprocaine 0.2 ml/kg), C2 (2% chloroprocaine 0.2 ml/kg), or NS (0.9% sodium chloride solution 0.2 ml/kg) groups. The patients received rehabilitation 3 times a day on days 3-6 after surgery, and femoral nerve block was performed with corresponding solution 10 min before each training session. We recorded the maximum knee flexion angles (MKFA) and maximum knee extension angles (MKEA) during active exercise on day 7 after surgery, as well as the incidence of MKFA ³100°, American knee society (AKS) scores, and postoperative rehabilitation satisfaction. Adverse effects after administration in each group were also recorded. RESULTS Compared with group NS, patients in group C1 and C2 had larger MKFA during active exercise on day 7 after TKA, and had better rehabilitation satisfaction (P<0.05). MKEA, the incidence of MKFA ≥100°, and AKS scores showed no significant differences in the 3 groups. There were more patients with decline of muscle strength in group C2 (P<0.05), and no other adverse reactions were recorded. CONCLUSIONS Chloroprocaine for femoral nerve block can be safely used in rehabilitation after TKA and to improve the knee flexion angle in the early postoperative period. Because they may have fewer adverse effects, 1% chloroprocaine 0.2 ml/kg may be preferred.

Potential Function of Testicular MicroRNAs in Heat-Stress-Induced Spermatogenesis Disorders.

Spermatogenesis is temperature-dependent, and the increase in testicular temperature seriously affects mammalian spermatogenesis and semen quality. In this study, the testicular heat stress model of mice was made with a 43 °C water bath for 25 min, and the effects of heat stress on semen quality and spermatogenesis-related regulators were analyzed. On the 7th day after heat stress, testis weight shrank to 68.45% and sperm density dropped to 33.20%. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that 98 microRNAs (miRNAs) and 369 mRNAs were down-regulated, while 77 miRNAs and 1424 mRNAs were up-regulated after heat stress. Through gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes and miRNA-mRNA co-expression networks, it was found that heat stress may be involved in the regulation of testicular atrophy and spermatogenesis disorders by affecting cell meiosis process and cell cycle. In addition, through functional enrichment analysis, co-expression regulatory network, correlation analysis and in vitro experiment, it was found that miR-143-3p may be a representative potential key regulatory factor affecting spermatogenesis under heat stress. In summary, our results enrich the understanding of miRNAs in testicular heat stress and provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of heat-stress-induced spermatogenesis disorders.

Genistein Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Regulating miR-221/222.

Genistein (GEN), a phytoestrogen, has been reported to regulate skeletal muscle endocrine factor expression and muscle fiber type switching, but its role in skeletal muscle regeneration is poorly understood. As a class of epigenetic regulators widely involved in skeletal muscle development, microRNAs (miRNAs) have the potential to treat skeletal muscle injury. In this study, we identified miR-221 and miR-222 and their target genes MyoG and Tnnc1 as key regulators during skeletal muscle regeneration, and both were regulated by GEN. C2C12 myoblasts and C2C12 myotubes were then used to simulate the proliferation and differentiation of muscle satellite cells during skeletal muscle regeneration. The results showed that GEN could inhibit the proliferation of satellite cells and promote the differentiation of satellite cells by inhibiting the expression of miR-221/222. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that GEN improved skeletal muscle regeneration mainly by promoting satellite cell differentiation in the middle and late stages, by regulating miR-221/222 expression. These results suggest that miR-221/222 and their natural regulator GEN have potential applications in skeletal muscle regeneration.

LMX and employee turnover intention: A social identity approach.

This study explored how leader-member exchange (LMX) affects employee turnover intention through the mediation of relational and organizational identification, and through the moderating role of leader competence in the relationship between LMX and relational identification. Study 1 explores the indirect effect of LMX on employee turnover intention through relational and organizational identification by analyzing data collected from 210 employees in China at two points in time. Study 2 explores the moderating role of leader competence in the relationship between LMX and relational identification by analyzing data collected from 872 employees in China. The results show that LMX affected employee turnover intention through the serial mediation of relational and organizational identification, and that leader competence moderated the relationship between LMX and relational identification. Our findings provide implications for research on employee turnover intention and identification. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

Lipidomic analysis and diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme with rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor in the central nervous system. GBM patients have a very low 5-year survival rate and most of them died within 1 year. Conventional histopathological examination for GBM diagnosis is complicated and time-consuming, which always blocks the development of more precise and effective treatments in resection operation. Rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) is a MS technique in clinical medicine research, which combines the common diathermy device with MS to acquire the lipid profiles of tissue specimens for lipidomic analysis and real-time tumor diagnosis. In this study, the REIMS method employing bipolar forceps was optimized and validated for high-throughput lipidomics and diagnosis of GBM for the first time. Total 42 lipid metabolites were tentatively identified and 12 out of 13 lipid biomarkers showed higher intensities in GBM, which were consistent with previous studies. After this, a statistic model was built with the lipidomic data for the diagnosis of GBM tumor in real-time. The diagnostic accuracy (94.74%), sensitivity (95.38%), and specificity (93.33%) were evaluated with histopathology validated brain tissue specimens that were not used in the training set. The proposed REIMS method for the lipidomic-analysis and diagnosis of GBM tumor provides a new direction for MS-based lipidomics and precision medicine and might be used to guide surgeons to precisely resect the GBM tissue and keep the normal brain tissue in operation.

Effect of zirconia surface modification using dopamine polymerisation on the shear bond strength of resin cement.

This study evaluated the influence of polydopamine treatment on the surface properties and bond strength of yttria-stabilised tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP). Sixty-three zirconia blocks (10 × 10 × 2 mm) were randomly divided into three groups defined by surface treatment: (i) control group (C), (ii) grit-blasted with 110 µm alumina particles (GB), and (iii) polydopamine (PDA) coating. The surfaces of specimens subjected to different treatments were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water contact angle measurements. After the surface treatments, the specimens were cemented to resin composite cylinders. After bonding, the shear bond strength of the ceramic to the resin was measured, and the failure mode of each specimen was analysed using a stereomicroscope. The results indicated that the shear bond strength is highest for the GB treatment and lowest for the controls. However, the difference between groups GB and PDA was not statistically significant. In the control group, adhesive failure was predominant, whereas in the treatment groups, mixed mode failure was predominant. The pre-treatment of Y-TZP ceramic with the polydopamine coating might improve the bond strength of the resin cement to the zirconia ceramic.

Development of a mesoporous silica based solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS method for quantifying lignans in Justicia procumbens.

Justicia procumbens is a food and medicine homologous variety, popularly used for making vegetable soups. In this study, a novel mesoporous silica was synthesized and used as the sorbent of SPE for the purification of lignans from J. procumbens. A laboratory-made SPE cartridge was packed with 100 mg of mesoporous silica, which was washed with 10% methanol and eluted using 0.8 mL acetonitrile after sample loading. Afterward, the extract was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and MS/MS. All the lignans were efficiently separated in 6 min with the noise level in the range of 50-150 cps. 6'-Hydroxy justicidin B, 6'-hydroxy justicidin A, justicidin B, chinensinaphthol methyl ether, justicidin C, and neojusticdin A were identified to be the dominant molecular species in J. procumbens with contents of 0.065-0.37 mg/g in three tested sample batches from different geographic origins. In conclusion, the proposed mesoporous silica based SPE UPLC-MS/MS method is efficient in linearity (R2 = 0.9989-0.9996), sensitivity (LOD ≤0.13 µg/kg and LOQ ≤0.42 µg/kg), precision (RSDintra-day ≤3.12 and RSDinter-day ≤4.56), and recovery (83.42-96.11%, RSD ≤2.88%).

Site-selective, reversible, pH-induced N-terminal maleylation and its application for proteomics research.

RATIONALE: Compared with traditional labelling reagents used in proteomics, maleic anhydride is milder and can be easily removed under certain conditions, thus simplifying chemical derivatization. METHODS: The proposed strategy combined a site-specific chemical labelling reaction with mass spectrometry. Site-selective, reversible N-terminal maleylation was controlled by pH. RESULTS: Selective maleyl N-terminal labelling was achieved with high efficiency under the optimized reaction conditions. The demaleylation conditions were also optimized. The sequence coverage of histone H4 increased from 77% to 95% after the maleyl labels were removed, and the number of maleylated peptides was five times that of the unlabelled peptides. We further verified the reversible and selective N-terminal labelling properties of maleic anhydride through propionylation labelling at the peptide/protein level. CONCLUSIONS: A new method for site-selective maleylation of the N-terminal amino groups of a peptide was explored. Through the optimization experiment, good efficiency was achieved for this labelling reaction. The reversibility of maleylation labelling was also explored and applied for the identification of post-translational modifications of histones. Thus, site-selective, reversible, pH-induced N-terminal labelling using maleic anhydride has greater potential for application in proteomics than any other labelling methods.

A Digital Esthetic Rehabilitation of a Patient with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type II: A Clinical Report.

A 19-year-old female affected by dentinogenesis imperfecta type II (DI-II), a genetic disease that affects the structural integrity of the dentin, presented with a chief complaint of discolored teeth. For this patient, digital techniques, including digital smile design (DSD), the ARCUSdigma axiograph and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), were extensively used in all phases of the rehabilitation process. Compared to traditional analog methods, these digital techniques could reduce the constant confirmation of occlusion, promote communication between clinicians and dental technicians, achieve accurate occlusion with relatively high efficiency, and improve the efficacy of esthetic rehabilitation in the treatment of this patient with DI-II.

Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective virus that completes its life cycle only with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The HBV with HDV super-infection has been considered as one of the most severe forms of the chronic viral hepatitis. However, there is a scarcity of data on the global burden of HDV infection. DESIGN: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases from 1 January 1977 to 31 December 2016. We included studies with a minimum sample size of 50 patients. Our study analysed data from a total of 40 million individuals to estimate the prevalence of HDV by using Der-Simonian Laird random-effects model. The data were further categorised according to risk factors. RESULTS: From a total of 2717 initially identified studies, only 182 articles from 61 countries and regions met the final inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of HDV was 0.98% (95% CI 0.61 to 1.42). In HBsAg-positive population, HDV pooled prevalence was 14.57% (95% CI 12.93 to 16.27): Seroprevalence was 10.58% (95% CI 9.14 to 12.11) in mixed population without risk factors of intravenous drug use (IVDU) and high-risk sexual behaviour (HRSB). It was 37.57% (95% CI 29.30 to 46.20) in the IVDU population and 17.01% (95% CI 10.69 to 24.34) in HRSB population. CONCLUSION: We found that approximately 10.58% HBsAg carriers (without IVDU and HRSB) were coinfected with HDV, which is twofold of what has been estimated before. We also noted a substantially higher HDV prevalence in the IVDU and HRSB population. Our study highlights the need for increased focus on the routine HDV screening and rigorous implementation of HBV vaccine programme.

Mitochondrial abnormalities are involved in periodontal ligament fibroblast apoptosis induced by oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress (OS)-induced apoptosis of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) has been suggested to be an important pathogenic factor of periodontitis. Mitochondrial abnormalities are closely linked to OS and act as the main players in apoptosis. Our aim was to investigate the potential mitochondrial abnormalities in PDLCs apoptosis induced by OS. In this study, significant reduction in viability and increased apoptosis were observed in H2O2-treated hPDLCs. H2O2 also induced mitochondrial dysfunction, judging by increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species amounts, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential as well as ATP levels. Furthermore, H2O2 significantly enhanced mitochondrial fission by decreasing the expression of Mfn1 and Mfn2, along with increasing the expression of Drp1, Fis1 and the cleavage of OPA1. Notably, NAC stabilized the balance of the mitochondrial dynamics, attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibited apoptosis of hPDLCs in the presence of H2O2. In conclusion, the OS-induced apoptosis of hPDLCs may be mediated by mitochondria-dependent pathway.

Laser irradiation desorption of microcystins from protein complex in fish tissue and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis.

Microcystins are a group of cyanotoxins which interact with the C-terminal region of PP1 and PP2A proteins, so denaturation and inactivation are necessary for breaking covalent binding to release microcystins. In this study, a novel extraction method was developed by laser irradiation desorption of microcystins from fish protein. The sample was mixed with aqueous methanol and irradiated by a 450 nm laser, with an optimized value of laser power density at 8 W and exposure time at 5 min. ThenLC-MS/MS was applied for the determination of microcystins in fish extracts. The ionization behaviors of microcystins were investigated firstly, and doubly charged microcystins were selected as precursor ions in multiple reaction monitoring scan for quantification. This proposed quantitative method was well validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, recovery, and stability. The successful application of this LC-MS/MS method showed its ability for the analysis of microcystins in low concentration, and it would be of significant interest for environmental and food safety applications to ensure the safety of fish and related products.

Dose-Dependent Effects of Triclocarban Exposure on Lipid Homeostasis in Rats.

Environmental exposure to triclocarban (TCC), a common antibacterial agent widely used in thousands of personal care products, poses a potential risk for human health. Previous in vitro studies about biological effects of TCC have yielded a variety of inconsistent results and apparently not been verified in vivo. In the current study, dose-dependent effects of TCC exposure on lipid homeostasis in rats were investigated using a combination of untargeted 1H NMR metabolomics, targeted metabolite profiling (LC/GC-MS), histopathological assessments, and biological assays. Our results revealed that TCC dose-dependently activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and its transcriptional targets such as Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 in the liver of rats, suggesting that TCC may be a potent AHR agonist. Although TCC exhibited dose-dependent toxicity, oral exposure with relatively low dose TCC caused more significant hepatic lipogenesis of rats than relatively high and moderate doses of TCC. It was mainly manifested by histopathological observations and promotion of de novo fatty acid, phospholipid, and ceramide biosynthesis and gut microbiota fermentation. Our findings provide new insights into health effects of TCC exposure with different dosages in vivo, especially on the induction and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and further our understanding in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases induced by environmental pollutants.

Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid associated with chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: Oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers have been detected in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during chronic periodontitis (CP) progression; however, the relationship between OS biomarkers and CP progression remains elusive. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to investigate the relationship between local OS biomarkers and CP. METHODS: This review was conducted through a systematic search from three databases. Studies on CP participants were included as an experimental group, and studies on periodontally healthy (PH) participants were included as a control. Mean effects were expressed as standardized mean difference with their associated 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: From a total of 2,972 articles, 32 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We found a significant decrease of total antioxidant capacity and a significant increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide, total oxidant status (TOS), and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine levels in the saliva of CP patients. Moreover, we also found an elevation of MDA level in GCF of CP group when compared with the PH group. There were no significant differences of salivary and GCF superoxide dismutase levels, salivary glutathione peroxidase level, and GCF TOS level between two groups. However, a high heterogeneity was observed among evaluated studies. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations of this study, the result of our meta-analysis supported the rationale that there was a direct link between CP and OS-related biomarkers' levels in the local site, indicating the important role of OS in the onset and development of CP.

A multidisciplinary approach to the functional and esthetic rehabilitation of dentinogenesis imperfecta type II: A clinical report.

A 20-year-old woman presented with an unesthetic appearance and severe wear of the anterior teeth. Definitive expected treatment was designed by multidisciplinary combination therapy. Meanwhile, gene sequencing was used diagnostically, and digital smile design (DSD) was used to design the esthetics of the anterior teeth. The 3-month follow-up showed an acceptable outcome. The whole-exon sequencing and direct sequencing of polymerized chain reaction products of dentin sialophosphoprotein were performed, but further sequencing was needed in the repeat region of dentin sialophosphoprotein exon 5 (the data were not shown). DSD assisted and improved the esthetic design of the definitive restoration, communication with the patient, and predictability of the treatment. This treatment demonstrates that the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of patients with dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI)-II are essential and effective for implementing the definitive treatment plan. Gene screening can be used as an auxiliary method of diagnosing DGI-II. In terms of esthetic design, DSD played an important role in ensuring a satisfactory result. Moreover, a multidisciplinary treatment protocol focusing on prosthodontics, which is different from the traditional treatment of DGI-II and consists solely of prosthodontic rehabilitation, proved highly effective in the esthetic restoration of a patient with DGI-II.

Anomalies Detection and Proactive Defence of Routers Based on Multiple Information Learning.

Routers are of great importance in the network that forward the data among the communication devices. If an attack attempts to intercept the information or make the network paralyzed, it can launch an attack towards the router and realize the suspicious goal. Therefore, protecting router security has great importance. However, router systems are notoriously difficult to understand or diagnose for their inaccessibility and heterogeneity. A common way of gaining access to the router system and detecting the anomaly behaviors is to inspect the router syslogs or monitor the packets of information flowing to the routers. These approaches just diagnose the routers from one aspect but do not correlate multiple logs. In this paper, we propose an approach to detect the anomalies and faults of the routers with multiple information learning. First, we do the offline learning to transform the benign or corrupted user actions into the syslogs. Then, we construct the log correlation among different events. During the detection phase, we calculate the distance between the event and the cluster to decide if it is an anomalous event and we use the attack chain to predict the potential threat. We applied our approach in a university network which contains Huawei, Cisco and Dlink routers for three months. We aligned our experiment with former work as a baseline for comparison. Our approach obtained 89.6% accuracy in detecting the attacks, which is 5.1% higher than the former work. The results show that our approach performs in limited time as well as memory usages and has high detection and low false positives.

Secure Service Composition with Quantitative Information Flow Evaluation in Mobile Computing Environments.

The advances in mobile technologies enable mobile devices to cooperate with each other to perform complex tasks to satisfy users' composite service requirements. However, data with different sensitivities and heterogeneous systems with diverse security policies pose a great challenge on information flow security during the service composition across multiple mobile devices. The qualitative information flow control mechanism based on non-interference provides a solid security assurance on the propagation of customer's private data across multiple service participants. However, strict discipline limits the service availability and may cause a high failure rate on service composition. Therefore, we propose a distributed quantitative information flow evaluation approach for service composition across multiple devices in mobile environments. The quantitative approach provides us a more precise way to evaluate the leakage and supports the customized disciplines on information flow security for the diverse requirements of different customers. Considering the limited energy feature on mobile devices, we use a distributed evaluation approach to provide a better balance on consumption on each service participant. Through the experiments and evaluations, the results indicate that our approach can improve the availability of composite service effectively while the security can be ensured.