Insect galls from Amazon rainforest areas in Rondônia (Brazil).

This study aimed at survey insect galls of an Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia, Brazil. We found 152 gall morphotypes in 103 plant species. Fabaceae were the host with the greatest gall richness. Leaves were the most galled organ. Globose and glabrous galls were the most frequent. Cecidomyiidae were responsible for most of the galls. This is the first record of 110 galls morphotypes and 23 host plants species in this biome. Ten gallers are endemic in Brazil. Five genera of Cecidomyiidae were first recorded in Rondônia as well as Schismatodiplosis lantanae Rübsaamen, 1908.

Insect galls of Atlantic Forest areas of Serra da Bodoquena (MS, Midwestern Brazil).

An inventory of insect galls of Serra da Bodoquena (MS, Midwestern Brazil) was carried out in an area of semideciduous seasonal forest situated in the Califórnia Farm. Three field works were done in August/2011, December/2011 and April/2012, when the local vegetation was examined during 40 hours per expedition. Fifty-eight gall morphotypes were found on 40 host plants, 38 of them native. The host plants are distributed in 18 families. The native plants include eight endemic species in Brazil, which together totaled 14 gall morphotypes. Zanthoxylum L. sp. (Rutaceae), an endemic genus in Brazil, hosts one gall morphotype. The non endemic native plants totaled 26 gall morphotypes. Ten new host plants are recorded for the first time in Brazil. The medium number of gall morphotypes per plant species was 1.45. Salicaceae, Bignoniaceae, and Asteraceae presented the highest number of galled species and the greatest gall richness. Leaves were the most frequent galled plant organ and there was a predominance of globoid galls. Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) were the most frequent gallers, but Hemipteran and Thysanopteran galls were also found. The associated fauna was composed of inquilines (Diptera: Muscomorpha and Cecidomyiidae - Trotteria sp., and Thysanoptera), successors (Psocoptera), and parasitoids (Hymenoptera).

Sexually dimorphic galls induced on leaflets of Matayba guianensis (Sapindaceae): a rare phenomenon occurring in Diptera (Cecidomyiidae).

In a general way, galling insects can induce only one gall morphotype on the host plant species. However, some taxa of galling insects such as Eriococcidae can induce sexually dimorphic galls on the same host. In the present study, Lopesia mataybae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induced two gall morphotypes on the leaflets of Matayba guianensis (Sapindaceae), a rare evidence of sexual dimorphism in galls induced by Cecidomyiidae. We investigated the adult emergence of galling insects and the morphological, histological, and histochemical attributes of the gall morphotypes. Both gall morphotypes showed the galling insect in the larval or pupal stage, and the insect adult emergence from different morphotypes was sexually distinct. Galls occupied by females (Globoid) were significantly larger (average height = 4.67 mm. S = 0.43/average width = 4.59 mm. S = 0.70) than galls occupied by males (cylindrical) (average height = 2.95 mm. S = 0.46/average width = 2.34 mm. S = 0.45). Both gall types were composed of elongated cells in the inner cortex and rounded cells in the outer cortex of the vessel-like structure. The globoid galls showed 42 cell layers (14 of them cylindrical, S = 3.86; 28 rounded, S = 5.89) and cylindrical galls showed 29 layers. There were no differences between morphotypes in the histochemical compounds detected. We have shown here significant morphological and histological differences between male and female galls possibly due to the different nutritional requirements of Lopesia mataybae sexes. Therefore, the expression of sexual dimorphism in gall morphotypes may be associated with developmental pathway differentiation between the sexes of L. mataybae.

Gall midges (Insecta, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Clusiaceae in Brazil: richness and distribution.

A literature compilation was done to gather information about Cecidomyiidae galls on Clusiaceae in Brazil. Botanical names were verified in the site "Flora do Brasil" as well as data on plant distribution and origin. Two herbaria were visited in order to examine galled specimens of Clusiaceae and retrieve new locality records. Thirteen gall morphotypes have been recorded on three genera (Clusia, Garcinia, and Tovomita) and eight species. Clusia showed the greatest number of galled species. Tovomita brevistaminea is the super host species. Only three gallers, Parazalepidota clusiae, Clusiamyia granulosa and C. nitida, were identified at species level, which highlights how the taxonomy of the gall midges is still poorly known. The examination of galled exsiccates resulted in the expansion of their distribution area. The low gall richness as well as the low number of galled plants on Clusiaceae can be related to the presence of resinous sticky sap and waxy cuticle. The known occurrence of gallers associated with Clusiaceae is restricted to the Atlantic Forest as their host plants. The gallers distribution is less wide than that of the host plants, indicating that their geographic limits can be further extended.

Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)

ABSTRACT The Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil) is predominantly occupied by the restinga ecosystem. Two broad inventories of insect galls and several contributions to the taxonomical knowledge of the local gall-inducing fauna have been done since 1992. The present study aims to compile literature data, compare them with data from recent collections and evaluate the similarity between the gall-inducing insects from this area and those from other restingas, using the Sorensen's index. Field work was carried out from April 2021 to March 2022, in a total of 14 expeditions. All voucher material was deposited in the Entomological Collection of Museu Nacional/UFRJ. According to literature compilation, the Environmental Protection Area of Maricá (MEPA) hosts 108 gall-inducing species, 83.3% were collected again. Twenty-three gall morphotypes were found for the first time in the study area as well as two host plants, Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae) and Lantana fucata (Verbenaceae). All Brazilian restingas have low similarity with MEPA, which shows that this restinga is unique in the composition of the gall-inducers. MEPA includes 63 endemic species and morphospecies of cecidogenous insects. Nyctaginaceae, Boraginaceae, and Erythroxylaceae showed the greatest average of inducers by plant species. However, these taxa are not the best represented in MEPA, but they include super hosts, which explains their highest value. The family Myrtaceae shelters the greatest richness of gall-inducing insects and the greatest richness of host plant species. A new case of inquilinism was observed in galls on Neomitranthes obscura (Myrtaceae).

A Review of Galls on Ferns and Lycophytes.

Fern-insect interactions have not received the same attention as angiosperm-insect interactions have. It has even been stated that ferns may have very few interactions with animals because of their lack of flowers, fruits, and seeds. Consequently, for many decades fern-insect interactions have been overlooked and underestimated, especially for highly developed interactions such as those with gall-formers. The present work aims to review the galls of ferns and lycophytes worldwide, to provide an updated checklist including unpublished data and to estimate the global gall diversity of ferns and lycophytes. We recorded 93 host species, belonging to 41 genera. Galls were found in 20 fern families and one lycophyte family (Selaginellaceae). Most galls occur within the more derived ferns of the order Polypodiales, especially the fern families Polypodiaceae (21 host species), Dryopteridaceae (14 host species) and Athyriaceae (11 host species). Thirty-eight of the 133 gall morphotypes were induced by mites and 95 by insects of six orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera). Among the insects, Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) caused most of the galls (35 morphotypes). So far, most galls have been reported from the Neotropical region (40 spp.) and Oriental region (28 spp.).

A new species of Asphondylia Loew, 1850 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Hancornia speciosa (Apocynaceae), a native plant to Brazil

ABSTRACT Asphondylia hancorniae, sp. n. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) is described and illustrated. This species was collected in Atlantic Forest and Caatinga domains in Bahia State (Northeastern Brazil). It induces galls on fruits of Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), a plant native to Brazil. Asphondylia hancorniae is compared to other congeneric species which induce galls on Apocynaceae.

Three new species of Bruggmannia Tavares, 1906 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil and description of male and larva of B. monteiroi Maia & Couri, 1993

ABSTRACT Bruggmannia capixaba, sp. n., Bruggmannia gaucha, sp. n., and Bruggmannia marambaiensis sp. n. are described and illustrated. All species were collected in Atlantic forest areas. They induce galls on Guapira (Nyctaginaceae), a plant genus native to Brazil, the first on G. pernambucensis and the others on G. opposita. Furthermore, the male and larva of Bruggmannia monteiroi are described for the first time, based on specimens collected in the type locality.

Entomogenous galls and their associated fauna in deciduous dry forest and woodland vegetation remnants (Caatinga) in the Northern Depressão Sertaneja, Brazil / Galhas entomógenas e sua fauna associada em remanescentes de floresta seca e vegetação lenhosa decídua (Caatinga) na Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional, Brasil

Abstract A survey and characterization of entomogenous galls and their associated fauna were carried out in six remnants of Caatinga in the Northern Depressão Sertaneja, in the states of Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará. We identified 41 gall morphotypes in 24 plant species, belonging to 12 botanical families. Fabaceae had 29.2% (n = 12) of the total number of gall morphotypes found. Leaves (61%) and stems (25%) were the most attacked organs. Most morphotypes are glabrous (75.6%), while only 24.4% exhibit trichomes. Most galls were induced by insects of the Cecidomyiidae family. The associated fauna comprised successors, cecidophages, tenants, and parasitoids. Sucessors were found in four morphotypes of galls and included spiders and four orders of insects: Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera (Formicidae). The tenants were represented by Tanaostigmoides (Tanaostigmatidae). The parasitoids, found in 18 morphotypes (43.9%), were represented by six families of Hymenoptera. We recorded the occurrence of new types of galls in 12 species of host plants. These gall records are new references for the Northern Depressão Sertaneja in the studied states.

Resumo Realizou-se um levantamento e caracterização de galhas entomógenas e sua fauna associada em seis remanescentes de Caatinga presentes na Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional nos estados da Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará. Identificamos 41 morfotipos de galhas em 24 espécies de plantas, pertencentes a 12 famílias botânicas. Fabaceae abrigou 29,2% (n = 12) do total de morfotipos de galhas encontrados. As folhas (61%) e os caules (25%) foram os órgãos mais atacados. A maioria dos morfotipos é glabra (75,6%), enquanto apenas 24,4% exibiram tricomas. As galhas, em sua maioria, foram induzidas por insetos da família Cecidomyiidae. A fauna associada compreendeu sucessores, fungívoros, inquilinos e parasitoides. Os primeiros foram encontrados em quatro morfotipos de galhas, estando representados por aranhas e quatro ordens de insetos: Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera (Formicidae). Os inquilinos foram representados por Tanaostigmoides Ashmead, 1896 (Tanaostigmatidae). Já os parasitoides, encontrados em 18 morfotipos de galhas (43,9%), foram representados por seis famílias de Hymenoptera. Registramos a ocorrência de novos tipos de galhas em 12 espécies de plantas hospedeiras. Os registros de galhas também são novas referências para a Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional nos estados estudados.

Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in two reserves of the Peruvian Amazon / Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas de insetos em duas reservas da Amazônia peruana

Abstract An insect gall inventory was carried out in two reserves of the Peruvian Amazon, Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve and Quistococha Regional Reserve, both situated in Iquitos, northeastern Peru. Four vegetation types were surveyed between December, 2021 and December, 2022: terra firme forest, white-sand wet forest, and white-sand dry forest in Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve, and palm swamp forest in Quistococha Regional Reserve. Overall, we found 262 gall morphotypes, distributed across 75 host species representing 66 plant genera and 30 families. Fabaceae was the plant family with the greatest number of gall morphotypes (n = 48), followed by Calophyllaceae (n = 21) and Euphorbiaceae (n = 20). The plant genera that supported the highest diversity of galls were Caraipa (n = 17), Eschweilera (n = 16), Tapirira (n = 16), Micrandra (n = 14), and Iryanthera (n = 10). The plant species Tapirira guianensis (n = 16), Caraipa utilis (n = 14), Micrandra elata (n = 14), Eschweilera coriacea (n = 11), and Sloanea parvifructa (n = 10) exhibited the highest richness of galls. Among the host plants, C. utilis stands alone as the only species noted as both endemic to the Amazonian region and bearing a Vulnerable (VU) conservation status. The leaves were the most attacked organs (90% of all galls). Most morphotypes are glabrous (89%), green (67%), globoid (53%), and one-chambered (91%). We found galling insects belonging to the orders Diptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. The galling insects of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most common, inducing 22% of the gall morphotypes. In addition to the gallers, we also observed the presence of successors, cecidophages, and parasitoids. Among the sampled vegetation types, the terra firme forest presented the highest richness of gall morphotypes and host plant species. This is the first systematic inventory of insect galls in this part of the Peruvian Amazon.

Resumo Um inventário de galhas de insetos foi realizado em duas reservas da Amazônia peruana, Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana e Reserva Regional Quistococha, ambas situadas em Iquitos, nordeste do Peru. Quatro tipos de vegetação foram pesquisados entre dezembro de 2021 e dezembro de 2022: floresta de terra firme, floresta úmida de areia branca e floresta seca de areia branca na Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana, e floresta de pântano de palmeiras na Reserva Regional Quistococha. No total, encontramos 262 morfotipos de galhas, distribuídos em 75 espécies hospedeiras representando 66 gêneros de plantas e 30 famílias. Fabaceae foi a família de plantas com o maior número de morfotipos de galhas (n = 48), seguida por Calophyllaceae (n = 21) e Euphorbiaceae (n = 20). Os gêneros de plantas que apresentaram a maior diversidade de galhas foram Caraipa (n = 17), Eschweilera (n = 16), Tapirira (n = 16), Micrandra (n = 14) e Iryanthera (n = 10). As espécies de plantas Tapirira guianensis (n = 16), Caraipa utilis (n = 14), Micrandra elata (n = 14), Eschweilera coriacea (n = 11) e Sloanea parvifructa (n = 10) apresentaram a maior riqueza de galhas. Dentre as plantas hospedeiras, C. utilis destaca-se como a única espécie listada como endêmica da região amazônica e com um status de conservação Vulnerável (VU). As folhas foram os órgãos mais atacados (90% de todas as galhas). A maioria dos morfotipos é glabra (89%), verde (67%), globoide (53%) e possui apenas uma câmara interna (91%). Encontramos insetos galhadores pertencentes às ordens Diptera, Thysanoptera, Lepidoptera e Hemiptera. Os insetos galhadores da família Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) foram os mais comuns, induzindo 22% dos morfotipos de galhas. Além dos galhadores, também observamos a presença de sucessores, cecidófagos e parasitoides. Entre os tipos de vegetação amostrados, a floresta de terra firme apresentou a maior riqueza de morfotipos de galhas e espécies de plantas hospedeiras. Este é o primeiro inventário sistemático de galhas de insetos nesta região da Amazônia peruana.

The SISBIOTA-Diptera Brazilian Network: A long-term survey of Diptera from unexplored Brazilian Western Arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal

ABSTRACT The SISBIOTA-BRASIL was a three-year multimillion-dollar research program of the Brazilian government to document plants and animals in endangered/understudied areas and biomes in Brazil. Distributional patterns and the historical events that generated them are extensively unknown regarding Brazilian fauna and flora. This deficiency hinders the development of conservation policies and the understanding of evolutionary processes. Conservation decisions depend on precise knowledge of the taxonomy and geographic distribution of species. Given such a premise, we proposed to research the diversity of Diptera of the Brazilian western arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rondônia. Three important biomes of the South American continent characterize these Brazilian states: Amazon forest, Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), and Pantanal. Besides their ecological relevance, these biomes historically lack intensive entomological surveys. Therefore, they are much underrepresented in the Brazilian natural history collections and in the scientific literature, which is further aggravated by the fact that these areas are being exponentially and rapidly converted to commercial lands. Our project involved over 90 collaborators from 24 different Brazilian institutions and one from Colombia among researchers, postdocs, graduate and undergraduate students, and technicians. We processed and analyzed nearly 300,000 specimens from ~60 families of Diptera collected with a large variety of methods in the sampled areas. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the genera and species diversity of 41 families treated. Our results point to a total of 2,130 species and 514 genera compiled and identified for the three states altogether, with an increase of 41% and 29% in the numbers of species and genera known for the three states combined, respectively. Overall, the 10 most species-rich families were Tachinidae, Cecidomyiidae, Tabanidae, Psychodidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Bombyliidae, Syrphidae, Tephritidae, and Asilidae. The 10 most diverse in the number of genera were Tachinidae, Stratiomyidae, Asilidae, Mycetophilidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae, Muscidae, Dolichopodidae, Sarcophagidae, and Chloropidae. So far, 111 scientific papers were published regarding taxonomic, phylogenetic, and biogeographical aspects of the studied families, with the description of 101 new species and three new genera. We expect that additional publications will result from this investigation because several specimens are now curated and being researched by specialists.

A new species of gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Ouratea cuspidata (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. (Ochnaceae), a plant endemic to Brazil

Abstract Cerciplanus maricaensis, a new species of gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) that induces galls on leaves of Ouratea cuspidata (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. (Ochnaceae) is described in the larval, pupal and adult stages (of both sexes), illustrated and compared with the other congeneric species. The host plant is endemic to Brazil and known only from the Atlantic Forest. A key to segregate them is presented. Data on the geographical distribution of Cerciplanus maricaensis based on gall records retrieved from the literature are given.

Asphondylia maricensis (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae): pupa description and new combination

ABSTRACT Asphondylia maricensis Maia & Couri, 1992 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) was described based on female and larva of third instar. Through fieldworks carried on the type locality, Maricá (RJ, Brazil) and rearing in laboratory, pupal exuvia was obtained and described for the first time. Its morphology indicates that the species belongs to Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909. Therefore, a new combination is proposed, Bruggmanniella maricensis (Maia & Couri, 1992).

A new species of gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Pleroma raddianum (DC) Gardner (Myrtales: Melastomatacea), an endenic plant to Brazil

Lopesia pleromatis sp. nov. (Lopesiini, Cecidomyiidi) is described based on material collected in Atlantic Forest areas of Bertioga (São Paulo State, Brazil). Specimens were obtained from globoid leaf galls on Pleroma raddianum (DC.) Gardner (Melastomataceae), an endemic plant to Brazil. Lopesia pleromatis is compared to other congeneric species. The most important morphological characters are illustrated.(AU)

FAMILY CECIDOMYIIDAE.

This large family is poorly known in Colombia, where only 44 species have been recorded in 20 genera. All of them are included in Cecidomyiinae, which is the most diverse subfamily of gall midges in number of species and feeding habits, including phytophagous, predaceous and fungivorous species. Most of them are galler. The other subfamilies have never been recorded in this country.

Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta): richness of species and distribution in Brazil / Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta): riqueza de espécies e distribuição no Brasil

Abstract: Most Neotropical species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) have been described from Brazil, but a list of species with occurrence in the country has never been published. Little is known about their distribution and richness in the Brazilian phytogeographic domains. Additionally, a list of host plant species has never been gathered. The present study aims to fill these knowledge gaps and provides an overview of this family in Brazil. For this, data were obtained mainly from the literature, but also from the Cecidomyiidae collection of Museu Nacional and two herbaria (RB and R). Based on the site "Flora do Brasil 2020", botanical names were updated and plant species origin and distribution were verified. A total of 265 gall midge species have been recorded in Brazil, most from the Atlantic Forest (183), followed by Cerrado (60), and Amazon Forest (29). The other phytogeographic domains shelter from five to ten species. Phytophagous gall midges occur on 128 plant species of 52 families, almost all native, being 43 endemic to Brazil (21 endemic to Atlantic Forest, five to Cerrado, and one to Amazon). Although, the taxonomical knowledge is focused on the Atlantic Forest, each domain has its own fauna composition and these informations can be useful for environmental conservational purposes. About 58% of the Brazilian fauna are known only from the type-locality. In order to fill these gaps, it is necessary and important to collect in uninvestigated areas.

Resumo: A maioria das espécies neotropicais de Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) foi descrita do Brasil, mas uma lista das espécies com ocorrência no país nunca foi publicada. Pouco se sabe sobre sua distribuição e riqueza nos domínios fitogeográficos brasileiros. Adicionalmente, uma lista das espécies de plantas hospedeiras nunca foi elaborada. O presente estudo visa preencher estas lacunas de informação e fornecer um panorama geral desta família no Brasil. Para tal, dados foram obtidos principalmente da literatura, mas também da coleção de Cecidomyiidae do Museu Nacional e de dois herbários (RB e R). Com base no site "Flora do Brasil 2020", os nomes botânicos foram atualizados e a origem e distribuição das espécies vegetais foram verificadas. Um total de 265 espécies de cecidomiídeos é assinalado para o Brasil, a maioria da Mata Atlântica (183), seguida pelo Cerrado (60) e Floresta Amazônica (29). Os outros domínios fitogeográficos abrigam de cinco a dez espécies. Os cecidomiídeos fitófagos estão associados a 128 espécies de plantas de 52 famílias, quase todas nativas, sendo 43 endêmicas do Brasil (21 endêmicas da Mata Atlântica, cinco do Cerrado e uma da Floresta Amazônica). Embora o conhecimento taxonômico se concentre na Mata Atlântica, cada domínio tem sua própria composição faunística e estas informações podem ser úteis para a conservação ambiental. Cerca de 58% da fauna brasileira é conhecida apenas da localidade-tipo. Para preencher estas lacunas, é necessário e importante coletar em áreas não investigadas.

A new species of Zalepidota Rübsaamen, 1908 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Piper vicosanum (Piperaceae), an endemic plant to Brazil

ABSTRACT Zalepidota distincta sp. nov. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) is described based on male, female, pupa and larva morphological characters. The new species induces galls on Piper vicosanum (Piperaceae), an endemic plant to Brazil. Types (mounted on slides) were deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Illustrations of the most relevant morphological characters are provided. The new species has some morphological characters that differ from those of the genus diagnosis. Therefore, the concept of Zalepidota was broadened.

Insect galls on Asteraceae in Brazil: richness, geographic distribution, associated fauna, endemism and economic importance / Galhas de insetos em Asteraceae no Brasil: riqueza, distribuição geográfica, fauna associada, endemismo e importância econômica

Abstract: An overview of insect galls on Asteraceae in Brazil is presented. We used the Web of Science database to find publications about insect galls from 1988 to 2020. We analyzed 88 publications and collected data from 51 of those. A total of 487 gall morphotypes were counted on 157 plant species of 42 genera. This value singled out Asteraceae as the richest plant family in number of gall morphotypes in Brazil. Most morphotypes were recorded in the Atlantic Forest (41%) and Cerrado (30.5%), the most surveyed biomes in Brazil. Baccharis L. supported the greatest gall richness (43.9%), which could be explained by the hypotheses of geographic area and taxon size. Baccharis concinna G.M. Barroso, B. dracunculifolia DC. and B. platypoda DC. were indicated as superhost species. Most galls were induced on stems (52.2%), a pattern known in Asteraceae for gall-inducing Tephritidae and Chloropidae, and extended in the present study to Cecidomyiidae. Most galls were fusiform (42.5%), which can be related to the highest number of gall on stems. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most frequent inducers, as observed worldwide. The presence of other dwellers - parasitoids, cecidophages, kleptoparasites, and successors - were reported in 8.8% of the gall morphotypes, being parasitoids the most frequent, as found in other Brazilian publications. Most host plants (58%) are endemic to Brazil, 14% are useful and few are vulnerable or endangered (six and four species, respectively). Due to the high host specificity, the gall-inducers associated with these plants can also be considered either endemic, important, vulnerable and/or endangered, respectively.

Resumo: Um panorama geral das galhas de insetos em Asteraceae no Brasil é apresentado. Usamos a base de dados "Web of Science" para encontrar publicações sobre galhas de insetos de 1988 a 2020. Analisamos 88 publicações no total, porém obtivemos dados de apenas 51. Um total de 487 morfotipos de galhas foi contabilizado em 157 espécies de plantas de 42 gêneros. Este valor indica as Asteraceae como a família botânica mais rica em número de morfotipos de galhas no Brasil. A maioria dos morfotipos foi registrada na Mata Atlântica (41%) e no Cerrado (30.5%), biomas mais investigados no Brasil. Baccharis L. suportou a maior riqueza de galhas (43.9%), o que poderia ser explicado pelas hipóteses de área geográfica e tamanho do táxon. Baccharis concinna G.M. Barroso, B. dracunculifolia DC. E B. platypoda DC. foram indicadas como as espécies super hospedeiras. A maioria das galhas foi induzida em caules (52.2%), um padrão conhecido em Asteraceae para Tephritidae e Chloropidae indutores de galhas, e estendido no presente estudo para Cecidomyiidae. A maioria das galhas foi fusiforme (42.5%), o que pode estar relacionado ao maior número de galhas em caule. Os Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) foram os indutores mais frequentes, como no mundo inteiro. A presença de outros ocupantes - parasitoides, cecidófagos, cleptoparasitas e sucessores - foi assinalada em 8.8% dos morfotipos de galhas, sendo os parasitoides os mais frequentes, como em outras publicações no país. A maioria das plantas hospedeiras são endêmicas do Brasil (58%), 14 são úteis e algumas são vulneráveis ou ameaçadas (seis e quatro, respectivamente). Devido à alta especificidade de plantas hospedeiras, os indutores de galhas associados a estas plantas podem ser considerados endêmicos, de importância econômica, vulneráveis e/ou ameaçados, respectivamente.

Insect galls of the Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Abstract: Several inventories of insect galls have been performed in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, mostly in restingas, whereas the other phytophysiognomies remain poorly sampled. The present study inventoried the insect galls of Reserva Biológica União (RJ), a protected area comprising mainly Ombrophilous Forest. Field work was performed every two months from January to October, 2013. Insect galls were collected, photographed, characterized and transported to the laboratory. Adults were obtained by rearing and immature stages by gall dissection. The insects were deposited in the Cecidomyiidae Collection of the Museu Nacional. A total of 153 gall morphotypes were found on plants representing 37 plant families, 69 genera, 55 species and 53 morphospecies. Among them, two plant genera and five species were reported for the first time as host plants in Ombrophilous Forest. REBIO União showed little similarlity of host plant species and insect gall morphotypes when compared with other investigated Ombrophilous Forest areas. The leaf was the most attacked plant organ as expected. Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae and Myrtaceae, and Mikania (Asteraceae) and Myrcia (Myrtaceae) were the richest host families and genera, respectivey, in number of gall morphotypes, all previously indicated as superhosts by other Brazilian Ombrophilous Forest inventories, except Bignoniaceae. Their great species richness may be related to their great gall richness, adding evidence in support of the taxon size hypothesis. Fusiform and globose galls were the most frequent, green was the predominant color, and most morphotypes did not present an indumentum. The highest gall richness was recorded in June and August. The gallers were distributed among Diptera (Cecidomyiidae), Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Thysanoptera, with the first being predominant, following a global pattern. Eight gall-inducing species are recorded for the first time in REBIO União and four in Ombrophilous Forest. About 25% of the gall morphotypes were occupied by dwellers other than those that created the gall. They comprised parasitoids (Hymenoptera), inquilines (Diptera: Sciaridae and Muscomorpha, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera) and successors (Psocoptera, mites, and Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Although these taxa were previously reported by Brazilian inventories of insect galls, 12 new association with plants are recorded. The amount of new records reinforces the importance of inventories.

Resumo: Vários inventários de galhas de insetos vem sendo desenvolvidos no estado do Rio de Janeiro, principalmente em restingas, enquanto as outras fitofisionomias permanecem pouco estudadas. O presente estudo inventariou as galhas de insetos da Reserva Biológica União (RJ), uma área protegida ocupada principalmente por Floresta Ombrófila. Trabalhos de campo foram realizados a cada dois meses de janeiro a outubro de 2013. Galhas de insetos foram coletadas, fotografadas, caracterizadas e transportadas para o laboratório. Adultos foram obtidos por criação e os imaturos pela dissecção das galhas. Os insetos foram depositados na Coleção de Cecidomyiidae do Museu Nacional (MMRJ). Um total de 153 morfotipos de galhas foram encontrados em plantas de 37 famílias, 69 gêneros, 55 espécies e 53 morfoespécies. Dentre estas, dois gêneros botânicos e cinco espécies foram registradas pela primeira vez como plantas hospedeiras em Floresta Ombrófila. A REBIO União mostrou uma pequena similaridade de plantas hospedeiras e morfotipos de galhas quando comparada com outras áreas de Floresta Ombrófila. As folhas foram o órgão vegetal mais atacado, como o esperado. Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae e Myrtaceae, e Mikania (Asteraceae) e Myrcia (Myrtaceae) foram as famílias hospedeiras e gêneros botânicos mais ricos em número de morfotipos de galhas, todos previamente indicados como superhospedeiros em outros inventários na Floresta Ombrófila brasileira, exceto Bignoniaceae. A grande riqueza de espécies destes táxons pode estar relacionada a sua grande riqueza de galhas, adicionando evidências para a hipótese do tamanho do táxon. Galhas fusiformes e globoides foram as mais frequentes, a cor verde predominou e a maioria dos morfotipos não apresentou indumento. A maior riqueza de galhas ocorreu em junho e agosto. Diptera (Cecidomyiidae), Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera foram as ordens indutoras encontradas, com predomínio dos Cecidomyiidae, seguindo o padrão mundial. Oito espécies galhadoras são registradas pela primeira vez na REBIO União e quatro em Floresta Ombrófila. Cerca de 25% dos morfotipos de galhas foram ocupados por outros artrópodes, que atuaram como parasitoides (Hymenoptera), inquilinos (Diptera: Sciaridae and Muscomorpha, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera) e successores (Psocoptera, ácaros e Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Embora estes táxons já tivessem sido reportados em inventários de galhas de insetos do Brasil, 12 novas associações com plantas são registradas. A quantidade de novos registros reforça a importância dos inventários.

Three new species of Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil with a key to species

Abstract Three new species, Bruggmanniella miconiae sp. nov., B. notatae sp. nov. and B. sideroxyli sp. nov., are described and illustrated. The new species are associated, respectively, with Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn (Melastomataceae), Ocotea notata (Nees and Mart.) Mez (Lauraceae) and Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. and Schult.) T. D. Penn. (Sapotaceae), respectively. The first one was collected in Dores do Indaiá city, Minas Gerais, Brazil; and the two others were collected in Mangaratiba city, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An illustrated key to the Bruggmanniella species is provided.