The incremental value of lipids and inflammatory biomarkers in determining residual cardiovascular risk.

With the increasing use of drug therapy and lifestyle modification for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, there remain questions on how to quantify residual risk, particular in patients with diabetes mellitus or obesity. Clinicians have turned to other screening modalities to identify individuals who would benefit from even more intensive therapy or to identify those with difficult-to-assess risk factors. Once a patient has been identified for aggressive risk factor modification, lipid biomarkers such as Apo B, LDL-P, and Lp (a) can potentially have clinical utility, and inflammatory markers such as hs-CRP may be useful for evaluating residual risk.

South Asians and risk of cardiovascular disease: current insights and trends.

Patients from the Indian subcontinent have a distinct cardiovascular risk profile with profound health consequences. South Asians tend to develop more severe coronary artery disease at a younger age, and may also suffer from earlier myocardial infarction and heart failure. The genesis of this risk is multi-factorial. One important culprit is increased insulin resistance, possibly due to recently identified genetic polymorphisms. Another possible explanation is subclinical inflammation and a prothrombotic environment, as evidenced by increased levels of homocysteine, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and fibrinogen. The lipid profile of South Asians may play a role, as this population is known to have elevated levels of lipoprotein (a), as well as lower levels of HDL. In addition, this HDL may be dysfunctional, as this population may have a higher prevalence of low levels of HDL2b, as well as an increased preponderance of smaller HDL. Current guidelines for primary and secondary prevention have not reflected our growing insight into the unique characteristics of the South Asian population, and may need to evolve to reflect our knowledge.

Characterization of Medical Professional Liability Risks Associated With Transesophageal Echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Medical claim data offer the possibility to improve patient care and mitigate liability. Although published analyses exist in cardiology, no information is available for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). In this study, the authors reviewed medical claims involving TEE to identify potential risk management concerns so that these lessons could be used to improve the safety and quality of transesophageal echocardiographic practice. METHODS: The authors reviewed anonymized clinical and claims data from all closed claims from 2008 to 2013 for a single national physician liability insurer. RESULTS: There were no claims involving transthoracic echocardiography and eight involving TEE. Three claims involved esophageal perforation, a known risk of TEE. Two claims involved quadriplegia allegedly due to neck manipulation in the setting of a cervical spinal abscess that should have been suspected. Three claims involved the cardiologist's failure to diagnose endocarditis, with allegations that the cardiologist did not perform TEE in an appropriate time frame to avoid major morbidity and mortality from endocarditis. CONCLUSIONS: Liability claims associated with TEE involve failure to order and perform TEE in an appropriate clinical scenario and in a timely manner; failure to properly document medical decision making; failure to inform patients regarding risks of TEE; failure to properly monitor the patient before, during, and after TEE; and technical difficulties in performing the procedure. Cardiologists should recognize guideline-based indications when TEE is needed and be mindful of the complication rates of this procedure. When screening a patient for TEE, consider expert input that may reduce the risks of TEE (e.g., a spine specialist for a neck injury, a gastroenterologist for esophageal comorbidity). Informed consent and medical record documentation should be practiced as a vehicle to inform patients of these risks and chronicle decision-making processes.