Surgery versus endovascular treatment for spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a multicenter experience and systematic literature review.

Surgery and endovascular therapy are the primary treatment options for spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF). Due to the absence of a consensus regarding which therapy yields a superior outcome, we conducted a comparative analysis of the surgical and endovascular treatment of SDAVF through a multicenter case series and a systematic literature review. Patients with SDAVF, surgically or endovascularly treated at four neurosurgical centers from January 2001 to December 2021, were included in this study. Level of SDAVF, primary treatment modality, baseline and post-procedural neurological status were collected. The primary outcomes were failure, complication rates, and a newly introduced parameter named as therapeutic delay. A systematic review of the literature was performed according to PRISMA-P guidelines. The systematic review identified 511 papers, of which 18 were eligible for analysis, for a total of 814 patients, predominantly male (72%) with a median age of 61 and mainly thoracic SDAVFs (65%). The failure rate was significantly higher for endovascular therapy (20%) compared to surgery (4%) (p < 0.01). Neurological complications were generally rare, with similar rates among the two groups (endovascular 2.9%; surgery 2.6%). Endovascular treatment showed a statistically significantly higher rate of persistent neurological complications than surgical treatment (2.9% versus 0.2%; p < 0.01). Both treatments showed similar rates of clinical improvement based on Aminoff Logue scale score. The multicenter, retrospective study involved 131 patients. The thoracic region was the most frequent location (58%), followed by lumbar (37%). Paraparesis (45%) and back pain (41%) were the most common presenting symptoms, followed by bladder dysfunction (34%) and sensory disturbances (21%). The mean clinical follow-up was 21 months, with all patients followed for at least 12 months. No statistically significant differences were found in demographic and clinical data, lesion characteristics, or outcomes between the two treatment groups. Median pre-treatment Aminoff-Logue score was 2.6, decreasing to 1.4 post-treatment with both treatments. The mean therapeutic delay for surgery and endovascular treatment showed no statistically significant difference. Surgical treatment demonstrated significantly lower failure rates (5% vs. 46%, p < 0.01). In the surgical group, 2 transient neurological (1 epidural hematoma, 1 CSF leak) and 3 non-neurological (3 wound infections) complications were recorded; while 2 permanent neurological (spinal infarcts), and 5 non-neurological (inguinal hematomas) were reported in the endovascular group. According to the literature review and this multicenter clinical series, surgical treatment has a significantly lower failure rate than endovascular treatment. Although the two treatments have similar complication rates, endovascular treatment seems to have a higher rate of persistent neurological complications.

Stroke with large vessel occlusion in the posterior circulation: IV thrombolysis plus thrombectomy versus IV thrombolysis alone.

Efficacy and safety of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for stroke with posterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) is still under debate. We aimed to compare the outcomes of stroke patients with posterior circulation LVO treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) (< 4.5 h after symptom onset) plus MT < 6 h after symptom onset with those treated with IVT alone (< 4.5 h after symptom onset). Patients enrolled in the Italian Registry of Endovascular Treatment in Acute Stroke (IRETAS) and in the Italian centers included in the SITS-ISTR were analysed. We identified 409 IRETAS patients treated with IVT plus MT and 384 SITS-ISTR patients treated with IVT alone. IVT plus MT was significantly associated with higher rate of sICH (ECASS II) compared with IVT alone (3.1 vs 1.9%; OR 3.984, 95% CI 1.014-15.815), while the two treatments did not differ significantly in 3-month mRS score ≤ 3 (64.3 vs 74.1%; OR 0.829, 95% CI 0.524-1.311). In 389 patients with isolated basilar artery (BA) occlusion, IVT plus MT was significantly associated with higher rate of any ICH compared with IVT alone (9.4 vs 7.4%; OR 4.131, 95% CI 1.215-14.040), while two treatments did not differ significantly in 3-month mRS score ≤ 3 and sICH per ECASS II definition. IVT plus MT was significantly associated with higher rate mRS score ≤ 2 (69.1 vs 52.1%; OR 2.692, 95% CI 1.064-6.811) and lower rate of death (13.8 vs 27.1%; OR 0.299, 95% CI 0.095-0.942) in patients with distal-segment BA occlusion, while two treatments did not differ significantly in 3-month mRS score ≤ 3 and sICH per ECASS II definition. IVT plus MT was significantly associated with lower rate of mRS score ≤ 3 (37.1 vs 53.3%; OR 0.137, 0.009-0.987), mRS score ≤ 1 (22.9 vs 53.3%; OR 0.066, 95% CI 0.006-0.764), mRS score ≤ 2 (34.3 vs 53.3%; OR 0.102, 95% CI 0.011-0.935), and higher rate of death (51.4 vs 40%; OR 16.244, 1.395-89.209) in patients with proximal-segment BA occlusion. Compared with IVT alone, IVT plus MT was significantly associated with higher rate of sICH per ECASS II definition in patients with stroke and posterior circulation LVO, while two treatment groups did not differ significantly in 3-month mRS score ≤ 3. IVT plus MT was associated with lower rate of mRS score ≤ 3 compared with IVT alone in patients with proximal-segment BA occlusion, whereas no significant difference was found between the two treatments in primary endpoints in patients isolated BA occlusion and in the other subgroups based on site occlusion.

Aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage during the COVID-19 outbreak in a Hub and Spoke system: observational multicenter cohort study in Lombardy, Italy.

BACKGROUND: Lombardy was the most affected Italian region by the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and underwent urgent reorganization for the management of emergencies, including subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm (aSAH). The aim of the study was to define demographics, clinical, and therapeutic features of aSAH during the COVID-19 outbreak and compare these with a historical cohort. METHODS: In this observational multicenter cohort study, patients aged 18 years or older, who were diagnosed with aSAH at the participating centers in Lombardy from March 9 to May 10, 2020, were included (COVID-19 group). In order to minimize bias related to possible SAH seasonality, the control group was composed of patients diagnosed with aSAH from March 9 to May 10 of the three previous years, 2017-2018-2019 (pre-pandemic group). Twenty-three demographic, clinical, and therapeutic features were collected. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients during the COVID-19 period and 179 in the control group were enrolled at 14 centers. Only 4 patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The "diagnostic delay" was significantly increased (+ 68%) in the COVID-19 group vs. pre-pandemic (1.06 vs. 0.63 days, respectively, p-value = 0.030), while "therapeutic delay" did not differ significantly between the two periods (0.89 vs. 0.74 days, p-value = 0.183). Patients with poor outcome (GOS at discharge from 1 to 3) were higher during the COVID-19 period (54.2%) compared to pre-pandemic (40.2%, p = 0.044). In logistic regression analysis, in which outcome was the dichotomized Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), five variables showed p-values < 0.05: age at admission, WFNS grade, treatment (none), days in ICU, and ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: We documented a significantly increased "diagnostic delay" for subarachnoid hemorrhages during the first COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy. However, despite the dramatic situation that the healthcare system was experiencing, the Lombardy regional reorganization model, which allowed centralization of neurosurgical emergencies such as SAHs, avoided a "therapeutic delay" and led to results overall comparable to the control period.

European Multicenter Study of ET-COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acute ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion can be concurrent with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for large vessel occlusion in patients with COVID-19 are substantially unknown. Our aim was to study early outcomes after MT in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Multicenter, European, cohort study involving 34 stroke centers in France, Italy, Spain, and Belgium. Data were collected between March 1, 2020 and May 5, 2020. Consecutive laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases with large vessel occlusion, who were treated with MT, were included. Primary investigated outcome: 30-day mortality. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: early neurological improvement (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale improvement ≥8 points or 24 hours National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 0-1), successful reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction grade ≥2b), and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. RESULTS: We evaluated 93 patients with COVID-19 with large vessel occlusion who underwent MT (median age, 71 years [interquartile range, 59-79]; 63 men [67.7%]). Median pretreatment National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score were 17 (interquartile range, 11-21) and 8 (interquartile range, 7-9), respectively. Anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke represented 93.5% of cases. The rate modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2b to 3 was 79.6% (74 patients [95% CI, 71.3-87.8]). Thirty-day mortality was 29% (27 patients [95% CI, 20-39.4]). Early neurological improvement was 19.5% (17 patients [95% CI, 11.8-29.5]), and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was 5.4% (5 patients [95% CI, 1.7-12.1]). Patients who died at 30 days exhibited significantly lower lymphocyte count, higher levels of aspartate, and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). After adjustment for age, initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score, and successful reperfusion, these biological markers remained associated with increased odds of 30-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio of 2.70 [95% CI, 1.21-5.98] per SD-log decrease in lymphocyte count, 2.66 [95% CI, 1.22-5.77] per SD-log increase in aspartate, and 4.30 [95% CI, 1.43-12.91] per SD-log increase in LDH). CONCLUSIONS: The 29% rate of 30-day mortality after MT among patients with COVID-19 is not negligible. Abnormalities of lymphocyte count, LDH and aspartate may depict a patient's profiles with poorer outcomes after MT. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT04406090.

Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted coiling of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: A multicenter study.

PURPOSE: To assess efficacy, safety and to discuss optimal medical therapy of stent-assisted coiling of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: Ruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coiling in eight different institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Medical treatment regimens varied among the centers, mainly regarding heparin administration and post-procedural single or double antiplatelet therapy. Clinical and angiographic results, including complications and outcomes were analyzed and related to the different therapies. RESULTS: Sixty-one consecutive patients (male/female 23/38), aged 59.1 years (36-86) underwent stent-assisted coiling for ruptured intracranial aneurysm without antiplatelet pre-medication. Intravenous acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 500mg was administered to all patients immediately after stent deployment. At the same time heparin was given as bolus in 15 patients (24.6%) as part of local protocol. Intravenous glycoprotein 2b/3a inhibitors (antiGP2b3a) were used as bail-out therapy for stent thrombosis. Stent thrombosis occurred in 22 patients (36.1%), of which 4 (6.5%) lead to incomplete and 18 (29.6) to complete occlusion of the stent. Heparin administration had no effect on thrombosis rate. Thrombosis resolution occurred in all cases with intravenous antiGP2b3a (7 tirofiban, 15 abciximab), without increasing overall complication rate. Single antiplatelet therapy with ASA (28 patients, 45.9%) or double antiplatelet therapy including ASA and clopidogrel (33 patients, 54.1%) were administered after procedure, depending on local protocols and on neurointerventionists' experience. Overall complication rate, including ischemia and hemorrhage was higher in patients in which only ASA was administered (21.4% vs. 12.1%). No late stent thrombosis was seen, regardless of whether a single or double antiplatelet regimen was used. Nevertheless, the small sample size suggests caution in interpreting these results. Moreover, a possible bias may arise from the decision whether to modify the maintenance therapy or not depending on the severity of the intracranial hemorrhage in a case-by-case assessment. At three months, 34 out of 38 patients with HH grade 1-2 (89.4%), and 11 out of 23 with Hunt-Hess grade of 3-4 (47.8%) were independent (Modified Ranking Scale 0-2). CONCLUSION: Stent assisted coiling of ruptured intracranial aneurysms is a feasible option when simple coiling is not possible. Optimal medical treatment is still controversial because balance between hemorrhagic and ischemic risks is difficult to evaluate. In our series, heparin bolus had no effect on subsequent stent thrombosis. In all cases peri-operative stent thrombosis was successfully managed using bail-out intravenous antiGP2b3a, which did not increase post-procedural hemorrhage rates. A non-significant trend towards increased complications rate was noticed in patients treated with single antiplatelet therapy versus double antiplatelet therapy.

Intravenous fibrinolysis plus endovascular thrombectomy versus direct endovascular thrombectomy for anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke: clinical and infarct volume results.

BACKGROUND: endovascular therapy (ET) is the standard of care for anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by large vessel occlusion (LVO). The role of adjunctive intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in these patients remains unclear. The present study aims to investigate whether IVT followed by ET (CoT, combined therapy) provides additional benefits over direct ET for anterior circulation AIS with LVO. METHODS: we achieved a single center retrospective study of patients with AIS caused by anterior circulation LVO, referred to our center between January 2014 and January 2017 and treated with ET. Functional recovery (modified Rankin at 3-months follow-up), recanalization rate (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction [TICI] score) and time, early follow-up brain CT scan infarct volume (EFIV) (for recanalized patients only), symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) and 3-month mortality were the outcomes of interests. Independent predictors of the outcomes were explored with multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: 145 subjects were included in the study, of whom 70 underwent direct ET and 75 were treated with CoT. Functional independence at 3-months was more frequent in CoT subjects compared to patients who received direct ET (mRS score 0-1: 48.5% vs 18.6%; P < 0.001. mRS score 0-2: 67.1% vs 37.3%; P < 0.001); CoT patients had also higher first-pass success rate (62.7% vs 38.6%, P < 0.05), higher recanalization rate (84.3% vs 65.3%; P = 0.009) and, in recanalized subjects, smaller EFIV (16.4 ml vs 62.3 ml; P = 0.003). Mortality and intracranial bleeding did not differ between the two groups. In multivariable regression analysis, low baseline NIHSS score (P < 0.05), vessel recanalization (P = 0.05) and CoT (P = 0.03) were independent predictors of favorable outcome at three months. CONCLUSIONS: CoT appears more effective than ET alone for anterior circulation AIS with LVO, with similar safety profile.

Endovascular Treatment of Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion: Registro Endovascolare Lombardo Occlusione Basilar Artery (RELOBA) Study Group Experience.

BACKGROUND: Acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) is considered among the most severe medical emergencies, with very high morbidity and mortality. The aims of this study are to present 5 years experience of 12 centers in Lombardy region on BAO endovascular treatment and to evaluate prognostic factors that may improve clinical outcomes and recanalization rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Registro Endovascolare Lombardo Occlusione Basilar Artery (RELOBA) registry is a retrospective multicentric collection of patients with acute BAO who underwent endovascular treatment between 2010 and 2015. A total of 102 patients (mean age 65 years) were included. Clinical, procedural, and neuroradiological data were collected. Angiographic results (Treatment in Cerebral Ischemia scale [TICI] score 2b-3) were assessed by each center's interventional neuroradiologist. Good clinical outcome was considered as a modified Rankin Scale score ranging between 0 and 2 in a 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-nine percent of patients showed good clinical outcome at 3 months. Mortality rate was 30%. TICI 2b-3 was achieved in 62% of patients. Univariate analysis showed that age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at onset, time to recanalization, and TICI score were all statistically significant clinical outcome predictors (P < .05). Multivariate logistic regression showed that time to recanalization, age, and NIHSS at onset were significant independent predictors of good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: BAO treatment needs more efforts to assure patients better clinical outcomes. Mechanical thrombectomy is feasible and effective in patients with acute BAO. These results must be confirmed by further prospective studies within randomized controlled settings.

Arterial tortuosity in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection (CeAD) have increased arterial tortuosity, and the objective quantification of such a tortuosity may aid in the identification of subjects at increased risk of disease. METHODS: In the setting of a hospital-based, case-control study, we used the vertebral tortuosity index (VTI) measured on magnetic resonance angiography, a validated method for the assessment and quantification of arterial tortuosity, to compare the degree of tortuosity in a series of consecutive patients with spontaneous CeAD and of age- and sex-matched patients with ischemic stroke unrelated to CeAD (non-CeAD IS) and stroke-free subjects. RESULTS: The study group was composed of 102 patients with CeAD (mean age, 44.5 ± 7.8 years; 66.7% men), 102 with non-CEAD IS, and 102 stroke-free subjects. The VTI was higher in the group of patients with CeAD (median, 7.3; 25th-75th percentile, 10.2) compared with that of non-CeAD IS (median, 3.4; 25th-75th percentile, 4.4) and of stroke-free subjects (median, 4.0; 25th-75th percentile, 2.9; p ≤ 0.001), and was independently associated to the risk of CeAD (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.29) in multivariable regression analysis. The degree of tortuosity also tended to be higher in CeAD patients who experienced short-term recurrence (5.8%; median, 20.2; 25th-75th percentile, 31.2) than in those without recurrent events (median, 7.2; 25th-75th percentile, 9.4; p = 0.074). CONCLUSION: CeAD patients exhibit increased arterial tortuosity. This might have potential implications for better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease as well as clinical utility in evaluation, prognostication, and decision-making of affected individuals.

Infective Endocarditis Presenting with Intracranial Bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) can be complicated by intracranial bleeding (ICB) caused by different pathologic mechanisms. The occurrence of ICB in patients with IE significantly influences therapeutic decisions and has a negative impact on outcome. CASE REPORT: We describe the clinical courses of 3 patients with aortic prosthetic valve IE presenting with ICB. Patients 1 and 2 experienced subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), respectively, caused by rupture of an intracranial infectious aneurysm (IIA). Both underwent endovascular treatment of IIA with good outcome. In patient 3, ICB was the hemorrhagic conversion of an acute ischemic lesion from septic brain embolization. In the subacute phase of the disease, aortic valve replacement was performed, with excellent outcome. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: ICB is a relevant complication and sometimes the first clinical feature of IE. Imaging of brain vessels should be performed to investigate the pathologic mechanism underlying ICB. The prevalence of IIA is probably underestimated and may influence the therapeutic strategy. Cerebrovascular imaging may therefore also be considered in asymptomatic subjects with left-sided IE. Withdrawal of anticoagulant treatment and delay of cardiac surgery are recommended in all cases of IE complicated by ICB. Because of the impact of ICB on IE management and outcome, a high level of clinical suspicion and prompt recognition and treatment of this complication are necessary.

Cerebral small-resistance artery structure and cerebral blood flow in normotensive subjects and hypertensive patients.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate whether the structure of cerebral small-resistance arteries is related to cerebral perfusion parameters as measured with dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC-MRI) in a selected cohort of hypertensive and normotensive patients. METHODS: Ten hypertensive and 10 normotensive patients were included in the study. All patients underwent neurosurgical intervention for an intracranial tumor and were investigated with DSC-MRI at 1.5 T. Cerebral small-resistance arteries were dissected from a small portion of morphologically normal cerebral tissue and mounted on an isometric myograph for the measurement of the media-to-lumen (M/L) ratio. A quantitative assessment of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and volume (CBV) was performed with a region-of-interest approach. Correlation coefficients were calculated for normally distributed variables. The institutional review board approved the study, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. RESULTS: Compared with normotensive subjects, hypertensive patients had significantly lower regional CBF (mL/100 g/min) in the cortical grey matter (55.63 ± 1.90 vs 58.37 ± 2.19, p < 0.05), basal ganglia (53.34 ± 4.39 vs 58.22. ± 4.33, p < 0.05), thalami (50.65 ± 3.23 vs 57.56 ± 4.45, p < 0.01), subcortical white matter (19.32 ± 2.54 vs 22.24 ± 1.9, p < 0.05), greater M/L ratio (0.099 ± 0.013 vs 0.085 ± 0.012, p < 0.05), and lower microvessel density (1.66 ± 0.67 vs 2.52 ± 1.28, p < 0.05). A statistically significant negative correlation was observed between M/L ratio of cerebral arteries and CBF in the cortical grey matter (r = -0.516, p < 0.05), basal ganglia (r = -0.521, p < 0.05), thalami (r = -0.527 p < 0.05), and subcortical white matter (r = -0.612, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that microvascular structure might play a role in controlling CBF, with possible clinical consequences.

Pure midbrain ischemia and hypoplastic vertebrobasilar circulation.

Isolated midbrain infarction is rare and little is known about etiology and patient's long-term follow up. We aimed to describe the clinical features, the causative diseases and the outcome of patients with isolated midbrain infarction who were admitted to our center, focusing on vascular abnormalities of posterior circulation. All patients with first acute ischemic stroke limited to the midbrain were included and their demographic features, neurological symptoms, neuroimaging data, and cardiovascular risk factors were recorded. Functional outcome, using modified Rankin scale, was assessed at discharge and at the 3 month follow up evaluation. We found nine patients with acute isolated midbrain infarction, representing 0.61 % of all ischemic stroke admitted to our center. The most common cause of stroke was small-vessel disease (88.8 %). At stroke onset, none of the patients had consciousness disturbances, and four patients (44.4 %) had gait impairment, five patients (55.5 %) presented with diplopia due to involvement of the third nerve or fascicular type of third-nerve palsy, seven patients (77.7 %) had vascular anomalies of vertebrobasilar circulation: the most frequent was vertebral artery hypoplasia [four patients (44.4 %)]. At follow up evaluation, seven patients (77.7 %) had a good functional outcome and no patients experienced recurrence of cerebrovascular events. As isolated midbrain infarction is uncommon, specific ocular motor signs, mainly third-nerve palsy, may help to identify and localize the mesencephalic infarct. Abnormalities in vertebrobasilar circulation, such as hypoplastic basilar or vertebral artery, are frequently associated with isolated midbrain ischemia. The hypoplastic vertebrobasilar system may predispose to posterior ischemic stroke.

Hemorrhage Volume Drives Early Brain Injury and Outcome in Poor-Grade Aneurysmal SAH.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early brain injury is a major determinant of clinical outcome in poor-grade (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies [WFNS] IV-V) aneurysmal SAH and is radiologically defined by global cerebral edema. Little is known, though, about the effect of global intracranial hemorrhage volume on early brain injury development and clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the multicentric prospective Poor-Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (POGASH) Registry of consecutive patients with poor-grade aneurysmal SAH admitted from January 1, 2015, to August 31, 2022, was retrospectively evaluated. Poor grade was defined according to the worst-pretreatment WFNS grade. Global intracranial hemorrhage volume as well as the volumes of intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and SAH were calculated by means of analytic software in a semiautomated setting. Outcomes included severe global cerebral edema (defined by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score grades 3-4), in-hospital mortality (mRS 6), and functional independence (mRS 0-2) at follow-up. RESULTS: Among 400 patients (median global intracranial hemorrhage volume of 91 mL; interquartile range, 59-128), severe global cerebral edema was detected in 218/400 (54.5%) patients. One hundred twenty-three (30.8%) patients died during the acute phase of hospitalization. One hundred fifty-five (38.8%) patients achieved mRS 0-2 at a median of 13 (interquartile range, 3-26) months of follow-up. Multivariable analyses showed global intracranial hemorrhage volume as independently associated with severe global cerebral edema (adjusted OR, 1.009; 95% CI, 1.004-1.014; P < .001), mortality (adjusted OR, 1.006; 95% CI, 1.001-1.01; P = .018) and worse clinical outcome (adjusted OR, 0.992; 95% CI, 0.98-0.996; P < .010). The effect of global intracranial hemorrhage volume on clinical-radiologic outcomes changed significantly according to different age groups (younger than 50, 50-70, older than 70 year of age). Volumes of intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and SAH affected the 3 predefined outcomes differently. Intracerebral hemorrhage volume independently predicted global cerebral edema and long-term outcome, intraventricular hemorrhage volume predicted mortality and long-term outcome, and SAH volume predicted long-term clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Global intracranial hemorrhage volume plays a pivotal role in global cerebral edema development and emerged as an independent predictor of both mortality and long-term clinical outcome. Aging emerged as a reducing predictor in the relationship between global intracranial hemorrhage volume and global cerebral edema.

Developmental venous anomaly associated with dural arteriovenous fistula: Etiopathogenesis and hemorrhagic risk.

Introduction: Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) have traditionally been defined as non-pathological congenital lesions. Compared to isolated DVAs, the association of DVAs with arteriovenous shunts seems to have a more adverse clinical connotation. In this review, we describe the association between DVA and dAVF and discuss the hemorrhagic risk. We also advance a hypothesis about the potential de novo formation of a DVA and challenge the dogma about their "developmental" or "congenital" nature. Methods: A systematic review of the literature on the association of DVA and dAVF was performed in accordance with the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) guidelines. Results: A number of 678 papers was initially identified, but only 9 studies were included in the final qualitative analysis. Most of the patients presented with bleeding (56%), with a median GCS of 14 (range 10-15). In 56% of the cases the DVA had a supratentorial location. Supratentorial DVAs mostly drained in the superior sagittal sinus (80%), while all of infratentorial/combined DVAs drained in deep ependymal veins of the 4th ventricle. All the supratentorial dAVFs drained into the superior sagittal sinus, while the infratentorial/combined dAVFs mostly drained in the jugular bulb, Vein of Rosenthal, or transverse-sigmoid sinuses (75%). Most of the dAVFs were classified as Cognard type IIa + b (67%), while in a smaller number of cases type I (22%) and type V (11%). The dAVF was the target of treatment in each case and most patients underwent endovascular treatment (78%). The dAVF was completely occluded in 78% of cases and no periprocedural complications were reported. Conclusion: The clinical presentation, radiological findings, and treatment outcomes of DVAs and associated dAVFs have been discussed. Despite the general opinion that DVAs are benign congenital lesions, increasing epidemiological and radiological evidence supports a potential acquired origin, and the venous system seem to play a pivotal role in their post-natal genesis and development.

Clinical Impact and Predictors of Aneurysmal Rebleeding in Poor-Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Results From the National POGASH Registry.

BACKGROUND: Scarce data are available regarding rebleeding predictors in poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). OBJECTIVES: To investigate predictors and clinical impact of rebleeding in a national multicentric poor-grade aSAH. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the multicentric Poor Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Study Group (POGASH) registry of consecutive patients treated from January 1, 2015, to June 30th, 2021. Grading was defined as pretreatment World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grading scale IV-V. Ultra-early vasospasm (UEV) was defined as luminal narrowing of intracranial arteries not due to intrinsic disease. Rebleeding was defined as clinical deterioration with evidence of increased hemorrhage on subsequent computed tomography scans, fresh blood from the external ventricular drain, or deterioration before neuroradiological evaluation. Outcome was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS: Among 443 consecutive World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grades IV-V patients with aSAH treated within a median of 5 (IQR 4-9) hours since onset, rebleeding occurred in 78 (17.6%). UEV (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 6.8, 95% CI 3.2-14.4; P < .001) and presence of dissecting aneurysm (adjusted OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3-9.3; P = .011) independently predicted rebleeding while history of hypertension (adjusted OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8; P = .011) independently reduced its chances. 143 (32.3) patients died during hospitalization. Rebleeding emerged, among others, as an independent predictor of intrahospital mortality (adjusted OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.1; P = .009). CONCLUSION: UEV and presence of dissecting aneurysms are the strongest predictors of aneurysmal rebleeding. Their presence should be carefully evaluated in the acute management of poor-grade aSAH.

Grange syndrome: an identifiable cause of stroke in young adults.

Grange syndrome is a disorder characterized by arterial occlusive disease, hypertension, congenital cardiac defects, bone fragility, brachysyndactyly, and learning disabilities. It was first described in four members of the same family and in two sporadic cases thereafter, suggesting the possibility of various patterns of inheritance. We report on the case of an 18-year-old female presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to the rupture of a basilar artery aneurysm, and with distinctive systemic features including extensive vasculopathy, facial dysmorphisms and brachysyndactyly, consistent with the diagnosis of Grange syndrome. Although rare and not fully characterized, Grange syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of stroke at young age.

Resection of the internal carotid artery in selected patients affected by cancer of the skull base.

Invasion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) has been historically considered a criterion of non-resectability of skull base cancer (SBC). Patients affected by SBC who underwent surgery including resection of ICA at two tertiary institutions were included. Demographics, oncologic, and surgical information, complications, and survival outcomes were retrospectively reviewed. Survival outcomes were calculated. Ten patients were included. Three surgical approaches (transnasal endoscopic, transorbital, and transpetrosal) were employed to resect the invaded/abutted tract(s) of the ICA. All patients underwent ICA temporary balloon occlusion test. In two patients, an extracranial-to-intracranial arterial bypass was harvested. Major neuromorbidity was observed in two patients. Perioperative mortality of the series was 10.0%. Mean overall survival was 27.2 months, with 2-year overall and progression-free survival rate of 88.9%. ICA resection is feasible as part of the ablation performed for very advanced SBCs. Survival outcomes are acceptable in adequately selected patients.

Long-term follow-up of the Derivo® Embolization Device (DED®) for intracranial aneurysms: the Italian Multicentric Registry.

BACKGROUND: The flow-diverter devices (FDDs) safety and effectiveness have been demonstrated by large series and meta-analyses. Due to the high occlusion rates and the acceptable morbidity rates of FDDs, the indications for their use are continuously expanding. We presented our Italian multicentric experience using the second generation of DERIVO® Embolization Device (DED®; Acandis, Pforzheim, Germany) to cure cerebral aneurysms, evaluating both middle and long-term safety and efficacy of this device. METHODS: Between July 2016 and September 2017 we collected 109 consecutive aneurysms in 108 patients treated using DED® during 109 endovascular procedures in 34 Italian centers (100/109 aneurysms were unruptured, 9/109 were ruptured). The collected data included patient demographics, aneurysm location and characteristics, baseline angiography, adverse event and serious adverse event information, morbidity and mortality rates, and pre- and post-treatment modified Rankin Scale scores. Midterm and long-term clinical, angiographic and cross-sectional CT/MR follow-up were recorded and collected until December 2018. RESULTS: In 2/109 cases, DED® placement was classified as technical failures. The overall mortality and morbidity rates were respectively 6.5% and 5.5%. Overall DERIVO® related mortality and morbidity rates were respectively 0% and 4.6% (5 out of 108 patients). Midterm neuroimaging follow-up showed the complete or nearly complete occlusion of the aneurysm in 90% cases, which became 93% at long-term follow-up. Aneurysmal sac shrinking was observed in 65% of assessable aneurysms. CONCLUSIONS: Our multicentric experience using DED® for endovascular treatment of unruptured and ruptured aneurysms showed a high safety and efficacy profile, substantially equivalent or better compared to the other FDDs.

First multicenter experience using the Silk Vista flow diverter in 60 consecutive intracranial aneurysms: technical aspects.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the technical success and procedural safety of the new Silk Vista device (SV) by evaluating the intraprocedural and periprocedural complication rate after its use in several institutions worldwide. METHODS: The study involved a retrospective review of multicenter data regarding a consecutive series of patients with intracranial aneurysms, treated with the SV between September 2020 and January 2021. Clinical, intra/periprocedural and angiographic data, including approach, materials used, aneurysm size and location, device/s, technical details and initial angiographic aneurysm occlusion, were analyzed. RESULTS: 60 aneurysms were treated with SV in 57 procedures. 66 devices were used, 3 removed and 63 implanted. The devices opened instantaneously in 60 out of 66 (91%) cases and complete wall apposition was achieved in 58 out of 63 (92%) devices implanted. In 4 out of 66 (6%) devices a partial opening of the distal end occurred, and in 5 (8%) devices incomplete apposition was reported. There were 3 (5%) intraprocedural thromboembolic events managed successfully with no permanent neurological morbidity, and 4 (7%) postprocedural events. There was no mortality in this study. The initial occlusion rates in the 60 aneurysms were as follows: O'Kelly-Marotta (OKM) A in 34 (57%) cases, OKM B in 15 (25%) cases, OKM C in 6 (10%) cases, and OKM D in 5 (8%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that the use of the new flow diverter Silk Vista for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms is feasible and technically safe.

Posttraumatic Vertebral Arteriovenous Fistula: A Lifeline from Tetraplegia?

BACKGROUND: Vertebral artery (VA) rupture is a rare condition that occurs about in 0.5% of cervical trauma. The management of our case was complicated by a spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) leading to worsening neurologic deficits. Only 1 similar case has been reported before in the literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report the case of a 37-year-old victim of a serious car accident. Shortly after admission to the emergency department, she developed weakness in all 4 limbs and sensory deficit below T6 level. Cervical spine computed tomography scan revealed an SEH from C1 to T3. Computed tomography angiography scan showed rupture of the left VA at C3 level, with a posttraumatic vertebral arteriovenous fistula at the same level, draining in the epidural venous plexus and to the right jugular internal vein. Immediately after embolization of the left VA, we performed a cervical decompression from C2 to C7. Three months after surgery the patient had a full recovery. CONCLUSIONS: No guidelines exist to treat this situation. We propose consequential steps to treat a posttraumatic cervical SEH with evidence of VA rupture.