Optimized photocatalytic degradation of caffeic acid by sol-gel TiO2.

TiO2anatase powder was prepared by means of the sol-gel method with titanium(IV) butoxide as precursor. The formation of a tetragonal crystal structure of TiO2anatase at 500 °C was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction. The characterization of the samples synthesized was complemented by scanning electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2anatase powder was evaluated in the degradation of caffeic acid in aqueous solution under ultraviolet radiation. A central composite circumscribed design was used to assess the weight of the experimental variables, pH and amount of catalyst in the percentage of caffeic acid degraded and the optimal conditions. The optimized conditions were found to be pH = 5.2 and a load of TiO2of 1.1 g L⁻¹. Under these conditions more than 90% of caffeic acid degradation was achieved after 30 min of lamp irradiation. At this time the mineralization reached was almost 60%.

Enhancing Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Bisphenol A Using BiOI/Bi2MoO6 Heterostructures.

With the growing population, access to clean water is one of the 21st-century world's challenges. For this reason, different strategies to reduce pollutants in water using renewable energy sources should be exploited. Photocatalysts with extended visible light harvesting are an interesting route to degrade harmful molecules utilized in plastics, as is the case of Bisphenol A (BPA). This work uses a microwave-assisted route for the synthesis of two photocatalysts (BiOI and Bi2MoO6). Then, BiOI/Bi2MoO6 heterostructures of varied ratios were produced using the same synthetic routes. The BiOI/Bi2MoO6 with a flower-like shape exhibited high photocatalytic activity for BPA degradation compared to the individual BiOI and Bi2MoO6. The high photocatalytic activity was attributed to the matching electronic band structures and the interfacial contact between BiOI and Bi2MoO6, which could enhance the separation of photo-generated charges. Electrochemical, optical, structural, and chemical characterization demonstrated that it forms a BiOI/Bi2MoO6 p-n heterojunction. The free radical scavenging studies showed that superoxide radicals (O2•-) and holes (h+) were the main reactive species, while hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation was negligible during the photocatalytic degradation of BPA. The results can potentiate the application of the microwave synthesis of photocatalytic materials.

Photocatalytic degradation of RhB with microwave prepared PbMoO4.

Synthesized PbMoO4 from H2MoO4 and Pb(NO3)2 with microwaves was compared, in terms of its photocatalytic activity as catalyzer for decomposing rhodamine B (RhB), against samples prepared by hydrothermal and sonochemical methods from the same precursors. Microwave synthesis lasted 20 minutes; hydrothermal, 10 minutes and sonochemical method, 1 hour. Xrays diffraction patterns show that PbMoO4 prepared by these three routes is compounded by the same phase. It is found that microwave synthesized PbMoO4 particles are rounder, in an intermediate size (250 nm), compared to sonochemical (100 nm) and hydrothermal (500 nm) routes; microwave particles also exhibit higher photocatalytic activity for degradation of RhB under a xenon lamp. This difference is not explicable in terms of surface area measurements, but could be explained by UV Light scattering by the rounder particles produced by means of the microwave processing, which are about one half size compared to the wavelength.

Removal of Tetracycline Pollutants by Adsorption and Magnetic Separation Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated with α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles.

Nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with ferromagnetic α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles have been prepared in-situ by thermal treatment. The structure and morphology of the hybrid material were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The results show a hybrid material highly modified with α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles distributed on the graphene surface. The adsorption kinetics show the presence of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the RGO surface, and the amount of remaining functional groups dominated by ionization and dispersion. The adsorption kinetics of this adsorbent was characterized and found to fit the pseudo-second-order model. The α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on RGO modify the electrostatic interaction of RGO layers and tetracycline, and adsorption properties decreased in the hybrid material. Adsorption isotherms fit with the Langmuir model very well, and the maximum capacity adsorption was 44.23 mg/g for RGO and 18.47 mg/g for the hybrid material. Magnetic characterization of the hybrid material shows ferromagnetic behavior due to the nanosize of α-Fe2O3 with a saturation magnetization, Ms = 7.15 Am²/kg, a remanence Mr = 2.29 Am²/kg, and a coercive field, Hc = 0.02 T.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiVO4 powders synthesized in presence of EDTA for the decolorization of rhodamine B from aqueous solution.

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) powders were successfully synthesized in presence of EDTA via microwave irradiation and used as photocatalysts in the oxidation reaction of rhodamine B (rhB) under visible light. Different concentrations of EDTA (0.5 to 10%) to chelate Bi3+ ions were employed on the BiVO4 synthesis. Under the presence of EDTA, a monoclinic crystalline structure was obtained, whereas a mixture of monoclinic and tetragonal phases was observed in the absence of EDTA. In addition, the use of different EDTA concentrations promoted the formation the different shapes of particles. The BiVO4 sample synthesized with low concentration of EDTA (0.5%) exhibited about 85% of rhB decolorization in 300 min at pH 7.5. Therefore, this high efficiency can be attributed to a combination of intrinsic properties such as the morphology type and monoclinic structure of BiVO4 particles.