Farm management and landscape context shape plant diversity at wetland edges in the Prairie Pothole Region of Canada.

Evaluating the impacts of farming systems on biodiversity is increasingly important given the need to stem biodiversity loss, decrease fossil fuel dependency, and maintain ecosystem services benefiting farmers. We recorded woody and herbaceous plant species diversity, composition, and abundance in 43 wetland-adjacent prairie remnants beside crop fields managed using conventional, minimum tillage, organic, or perennial cover (wildlife-friendly) land management in the Prairie Pothole Region. We used a hierarchical framework to estimate diversity at regional and local scales (gamma, alpha), and how these are related through species turnover (beta diversity). We tested the expectation that gamma richness/evenness and beta diversity of all plants would be higher in remnants adjacent to perennial cover and organic fields than in conventional and minimum tillage fields. We expected the same findings for plants providing ecosystem services (bee-pollinated species) and disservices (introduced species). We predicted similar relative effects of land management on alpha diversity, but with the expectation that the benefits of organic farming would decrease with increasing grassland in surrounding landscapes. Gamma richness and evenness of all plants were highest for perennial cover, followed by minimum tillage, organic, and conventional sites. Bee-pollinated species followed a similar pattern for richness, but for evenness organic farming came second, after perennial cover sites, followed by minimum tillage and conventional. For introduced species, organic sites had the highest gamma richness and evenness. Grassland amount moderated the effect of land management type on all plants and bee-pollinated plant richness, but not as expected. The richness of organic sites increased with the amount of grassland in the surrounding landscape. Conversely, for conventional sites, richness increased as the amount of grassland in the landscape declined. Our results are consistent with the expectation that adopting wildlife-friendly land management practices can benefit biodiversity at regional and local scales, in particular the use of perennial cover to benefit plant diversity at regional scales. At more local extents, organic farming increased plant richness, but only when sufficient grassland was available in the surrounding landscape; organic farms also had the highest beta diversity for all plants and bee-pollinated plants. Maintaining native cover in agroecosystems, in addition to low-intensity farming practices, could sustain plant biodiversity and facilitate important ecosystem services.

Are weak dispersers more vulnerable than strong dispersers to land use intensification?

Ecologists often state that weak dispersers are particularly at risk from land use intensification, and that they therefore should be prioritized for conservation. We reviewed the empirical evidence, to evaluate whether this idea should be used as a general rule in conservation. While 89% of authors predicted that weak dispersers are more vulnerable to land use intensification (80 out of 90 papers), only 56% of reported tests (235 out of 422) were consistent with this prediction. Thirty per cent of tests (128 out of 422) were consistent with the opposite prediction, that strong dispersers are more vulnerable to intensification, and 60% of articles (45 out of 75) had at least one test where strong dispersers were most vulnerable. The likelihood of finding that weak dispersers are more vulnerable to intensification than strong dispersers varied with latitude, taxonomic group and type of land use intensification. Notably, the odds of finding that weak dispersers are more vulnerable to intensification than strong dispersers was higher if the study was nearer to the equator. Taken together, our results show that the prediction that weak dispersers are more vulnerable than strong dispersers to intensification is not sufficiently supported to justify using weak dispersal as a general indicator of species risk in human-modified landscapes.

Support for an area-heterogeneity tradeoff for biodiversity in croplands.

Rapid expansion of the human population poses a challenge for wildlife conservation in agricultural landscapes. One proposal for addressing this challenge is to increase biodiversity in such landscapes by increasing crop diversity. However, studies report both positive and negative effects of crop diversity on biodiversity. One possible explanation, derived from the "area-heterogeneity tradeoff hypothesis," is that the effect of crop diversity on biodiversity depends on a tradeoff between increasing the number of crop types in a landscape and decreasing the amount of each single crop type. This should cause positive effects of increasing crop diversity at low to intermediate crop diversity and negative effects at intermediate to high crop diversity. We also propose two factors that could change the point at which the effect of increasing crop diversity shifts from positive to negative. First, we predicted that this shift would occur at a lower crop diversity when the surrounding landscape contains less semi-natural habitat and at a higher crop diversity when the landscape contains more semi-natural habitat. This should increase the likelihood of detecting negative effects of crop diversity when semi-natural cover is low and positive effects when it is high. Second, we predicted that the shift from a positive to negative effect would occur at a lower crop diversity when it is measured locally than when it is measured at greater distances from the site, making detection of negative crop diversity effects more likely when measurements are at local extents. We tested these predictions using data on the biodiversity of herbaceous plants, butterflies, syrphid flies, woody plants, bees, carabid beetles, spiders, and birds at 221 crop field edges in Eastern Ontario, Canada. We found support for an area-crop diversity tradeoff. Semi-natural cover and measurement extent influenced the biodiversity-crop diversity relationship, with positive effects when semi-natural cover was high and negative effects when semi-natural cover was low and when crop diversity was measured at local extents. The results suggest that policies/guidelines designed to increase crop diversity will not benefit biodiversity in the landscapes where conservation action is most urgently needed, that is, in landscapes with high agricultural use and low semi-natural cover.

Body size responses to the combined effects of climate and land use changes within an urban framework.

Alterations in body size can have profound impacts on an organism's life history and ecology with long-lasting effects that span multiple biological scales. Animal body size is influenced by environmental drivers, including climate change and land use change, the two largest current threats to biodiversity. Climate warming has led to smaller body sizes of many species due to impacts on growth (i.e., Bergmann's rule and temperature-size rule). Conversely, urbanization, which serves as a model for investigating the effects of land use changes, has largely been demonstrated to cause size increases, but few studies have examined the combined influences of climate and land use changes on organism size. We present here the background theory on how each of these factors is expected to influence body size, summarize existing evidence of how size has recently been impacted by climate and land use changes, and make several recommendations to guide future research uniting these areas of focus. Given the rapid pace of climate change and urbanization, understanding the combined effects of climate and land use changes on body size is imperative for biodiversity preservation.

Examining Land Use Changes to Evaluate the Effects of Land Management in a Complex, Dynamic Landscape.

Anthropogenic alterations to landscapes have increased as the human population continues to rise, leading to detrimental changes in natural habitats. Ecological restoration assists in recovery by altering habitats to improve conditions and foster biodiversity. We examined land cover changes over time within a complex, dynamic region in the Midwest to assess the long-term effects of conservation. We used Landsat 8 bands for a 15-class land cover map of Oak Openings Region using supervised classification. We validated our map and achieved an overall accuracy of 71.2% from correctly classified points out of total visited points. Change over 10 years, from 2006 to 2016, was explored by comparing class statistics from FRAGSTATS between our map and original land cover map. We found that natural land, i.e., forest and early successional, covered 33%, with 10% permanently protected, while human-modified land, i.e., agricultural and developed, covered 67% of the region. Over 10 years, natural classes increased, and cultural classes decreased by 5.8%. There were decreases for the three forest communities and increases for the two early successional communities. These changes are likely the result of natural recovery and disturbance, and conservation efforts by the Green Ribbon Initiative. Changes in habitat also came with distribution changes, e.g., increased fragmentation for some classes, which was readily visible. Our useful method measured functionality by emphasizing changes in composition and configuration. Our approach provides a tool for assessing cumulative regional-scale effects from site-level management and conservation. This large-scale view for conservation is needed to effectively mitigate future changes.

The SHAPE Framework: Empowering Millennials to Lead the Future of Health Care.

Members of Generation Y (or Millennials) now make up more than 50% of those in the workplace. They are expected to comprise greater than 75% by 2025. The Millennial generation has brought new idiosyncrasies to the workplace, and most literature has focused on ways to manage these differences. The Baby Boom generation is retiring at an increasing pace, leaving ongoing leadership needs in the care of Millennials. Conversations must now shift from how to lead the Millennials to preparing them to lead others. The SHAPE framework highlights some of the idiosyncrasies of this generation and ways they can be leveraged when approaching the challenges of health care today.

Polyelectrolyte Coatings Can Control Charged Fluorocarbon Nanodroplet Stability and Their Interaction with Macrophage Cells.

Fluorocarbon nanodroplets, ∼100 to ∼400 nm in diameter, are of immense interest in a variety of medical applications including the imaging and therapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases. However, fluorocarbon molecules are both hydrophobic and lipophobic; therefore, it is challenging to synthesize fluorocarbon nanodroplets with the optimal stability and surface properties without the use of highly specialized surfactants. Here, we hypothesize that we can decouple the control of fluorocarbon nanodroplet size and stability from its surface properties. We use a simple, two-step procedure where standard, easily available anionic fluorosurfactants are used to first stabilize the fluorocarbon nanodroplets, followed by electrostatically attaching functionalized polyelectrolytes to the nanodroplet surfaces to independently control their surface properties. Herein, we demonstrate that PEGylated polyelectrolyte coatings can effectively alter the fluorocarbon nanodroplet surface properties to reduce coalescence and its uptake into phagocytic cells in comparison with non-PEGylated polyelectrolyte coatings and uncoated nanodroplets, as measured by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. In this study, perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) was used as a representative fluorocarbon material, and PEGylated PFOB nanodroplets with diameters between 250 and 290 nm, depending on the poly(ethylene glycol) block length, were prepared. The PEGylated PFOB nanodroplets had superior size stability in comparison with uncoated and non-PEGylated polyelectrolyte nanodroplets in saline and within macrophage cells. Of significance, non-PEGylated nanodroplets were rapidly internalized by macrophage cells, whereas PEGylated nanodroplets were predominantly colocalized on the cell membrane. This suggests that the PEGylated-polyelectrolyte coating on the charged PFOB nanodroplets may afford adjustable shielding from cells of the reticuloendothelial system. This report shows that using the same fluorosurfactant as a base layer, modularly assembled PFOB nanodroplets tailored for a variety of end applications can be created by selecting different polyelectrolyte coatings depending on their unique requirements for stability and interaction with phagocytic cells.

Addressing Falls Among Older Oncology Patients Through Complexity Science.

Traditional quality assurance processes provide significant opportunities for positive disruption. Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) students are well positioned to apply program learning to large-scale change in complex organizations. This article presents an innovative approach for creating a point-of-care interdisciplinary approach to address high fall risk frequencies in ambulatory oncology clinics using complexity leadership principles. Processes for nurse executives to consider for replication of this approach for other challenging clinical situations are suggested using the emerging competence of DNP educated nurses. Adults with cancer who are older than 65 years are at a higher risk for falls than older adults without cancer. Oncology providers and nurses are not routinely screening, documenting, and preventing falls. A fall injury in an older adult with cancer may not only delay or impact cancer treatment but also result in hospitalization, loss of function, and/or death. Increasing awareness of the impact of falls and implementing change within a large ambulatory health care organization requires an interdisciplinary team approach. Complexity theory supports nonlinear change initiated at the grassroots level to create a dynamic movement to bring forth emergence and adaptation. The use of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) initiative will enable oncology professionals to screen, assess, and intervene by collaborating, communicating, and coordinating with other health care specialists to introduce a fall prevention quality improvement system process. Nurse executives need to know about STEADI.

Rv2477c is an antibiotic-sensitive manganese-dependent ABC-F ATPase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The Rv2477c protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily F that contains proteins with tandem nucleotide-binding domains but lacking transmembrane domains. ABC-F subfamily proteins have been implicated in diverse cellular processes such as translation, antibiotic resistance, cell growth and nutrient sensing. In order to investigate the biochemical characteristics of Rv2477c, we expressed it in Escherichia coli, purified it and characterized its enzymatic functions. We show that Rv2477c displays strong ATPase activity (Vmax = 45.5 nmol/mg/min; Km = 90.5 µM) that is sensitive to orthovanadate. The ATPase activity was maximal in the presence of Mn2+ at pH 5.2. The Rv2477c protein was also able to hydrolyze GTP, TTP and CTP but at lower rates. Glutamate to glutamine substitutions at amino acid residues 185 and 468 in the two Walker B motifs of Rv2477c severely inhibited its ATPase activity. The antibiotics tetracycline and erythromycin, which target protein translation, were able to inhibit the ATPase activity of Rv2477c. We postulate that Rv2477c could be involved in mycobacterial protein translation and in resistance to tetracyclines and macrolides. This is the first report of the biochemical characterization of an ABC-F subfamily protein in Mtb.

Direct detection of surface localized specialized metabolites from Glycyrrhiza lepidota (American licorice) by leaf spray mass spectrometry.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Leaf spray-MS minimizes tissue manipulation by effectively and quickly assessing in vivo specialized metabolites from intact plant tissue surfaces, including trichome metabolites. Intact leaves of Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh. (American licorice) were analyzed by direct electrospray leaf spray-MS, an ambient ionization technique. Comparison of metabolites detected by leaf spray-MS to those from LC-MS of bulk tissue and trichome enriched extracts showed dramatic differences. Leaf spray-MS results suggest that in specific situations this approach could complement traditional LC-MS analysis of bulk extracts. Leaf spray-MS as a metabolomics technique eliminates sample pretreatment and preparation allowing for rapid sampling in real time of living intact tissues. Specialized metabolites on the surface of tissues such as glandular trichomes metabolites are detected by leaf spray-MS.

Habitat specialist birds disperse farther and are more migratory than habitat generalist birds.

Some theories predict habitat specialists should be less dispersive and migratory than generalists, while other theories predict the opposite. We evaluated the cross-species relationship between the degree of habitat specialization and dispersal and migration status in 101 bird species breeding in North America and the United Kingdom, using empirical estimates of the degree of habitat specialization from breeding bird surveys and mean dispersal distance estimates from large-scale mark-recapture studies. We found that habitat specialists dispersed farther than habitat generalists, and full migrants had more specialized habitat than partial migrants or resident species. To our knowledge this is the first large-scale, multi-species study to demonstrate a positive relationship between the degree of habitat specialization and dispersal, and it is opposite to the pattern found for invertebrates. This finding is particularly interesting because it suggests that trade-offs between the degree of habitat specialization and dispersal ability are not conserved across taxonomic groups. This cautions against extrapolation of trait co-occurrence from one species group to another. In particular, it suggests that efforts aimed at conserving the most habitat-specialist temperate-breeding birds will not lead to conservation of the most dispersal-limited species.

Application of a Novel CD206+ Macrophage-Specific Arterial Imaging Strategy in HIV-Infected Individuals.

Background: The ability to noninvasively assess arterial CD206+ macrophages may lead to improved understanding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cardiovascular disease. Methods: We trialed a novel macrophage-specific arterial imaging technique. Results: We demonstrated colocalization between technetium Tc 99m tilmanocept (99mTc-tilmanocept) and CD206+ macrophages ex vivo. In vivo application of 99mTc-tilmanocept single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography revealed high-level 99mTc-tilmanocept uptake across 20.4% of the aortic surface volume among HIV-infected subjects, compared with 4.3% among non-HIV-infected subjects (P = .009). Among all subjects, aortic high-level 99mTc-tilmanocept uptake was related to noncalcified aortic plaque volume (r = 0.87; P = .003) on computed tomographic angiography, and this relationship held when we controlled for HIV status. Conclusion: These first-in-human data introduce a novel macrophage-specific arterial imaging technique in HIV. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT02542371.

Cues for auditory stream segregation of birdsong in budgerigars and zebra finches: Effects of location, timing, amplitude, and frequency.

Deciphering the auditory scene is a problem faced by many organisms. However, when faced with numerous overlapping sounds from multiple locations, listeners are still able to attribute the individual sound objects to their individual sound-producing sources. Here, the characteristics of sounds important for integrating versus segregating in birds were determined. Budgerigars and zebra finches were trained using operant conditioning procedures on an identification task to peck one key when they heard a whole zebra finch song and to peck another when they heard a zebra finch song missing a middle syllable. Once the birds were trained to a criterion performance level on those stimuli, probe trials were introduced on a small proportion of trials. The probe songs contained modifications of the incomplete training song's missing syllable. When the bird responded as if the probe was a whole song, it suggests they streamed together the altered syllable and the rest of the song. When the bird responded as if the probe was a non-whole song, it suggests they segregated the altered probe from the rest of the song. Results show that some features, such as location and intensity, are more important for segregating than other features, such as timing and frequency.

Cardiac Risk and Disordered Eating: Decreased R Wave Amplitude in Women with Bulimia Nervosa and Women with Subclinical Binge/Purge Symptoms.

The purpose of the present study was threefold. First, we examined whether women with bulimia nervosa (n = 12) and women with subthreshold binge/purge symptoms (n = 20) showed decreased mean R wave amplitude, an indicator of cardiac risk, on electrocardiograph compared to asymptomatic women (n = 20). Second, we examined whether this marker was pervasive across experimental paradigms, including before and after sympathetic challenge tasks. Third, we investigated behavioural predictors of this marker, including binge frequency and purge frequency assessed by subtype (dietary restriction, excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting, and laxative abuse). Results of a 3 (ED symptom status) × 5 (experimental condition) mixed factorial ANCOVA (covariates: body mass index, age) indicated women with bulimia nervosa and women with subclinical binge/purge symptoms demonstrated significantly reduced mean R wave amplitude compared to asymptomatic women; this effect was pervasive across experimental conditions. Multiple regression analyses showed binge and purge behaviours, most notably laxative abuse as a purge method, predicted decreased R wave amplitude across all experimental conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

Partnering with middle school students to design text messages about HPV vaccination.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is routinely recommended for U.S. adolescents ages 11 to 12 years, yet vaccine coverage remains low. Text message HPV immunization reminders to parents have been effective with increasing uptake, but text messages directly to adolescents in order to increase HPV vaccination uptake are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability of text messages about HPV vaccination and message preferences among adolescents. Middle school students (n = 43) assisted in designing text messages to promote HPV vaccine among their peers. Through seven focus groups and two in-class surveys, we assessed students' knowledge of HPV vaccine, use of texting, and preferences for text messages and sources. The average age of participants was 13 years, and all were White (17 males, 26 females) in this rural setting. More than 70% used text messaging with a cell phone. The text message with the best composite score (M = 2.33, SD = 0.72) for likeability, trustworthiness, and motivation to seek more information was a gain frame emphasizing reduction in HPV infection if vaccinated against HPV. Text messages with lower scores emphasized threats of disease if not vaccinated. Participants (68%) preferred doctors as their information source. Text messaging to adolescents may be a strategy to improve HPV knowledge and vaccination.

Ambient Air Pollution and Outpatient Morbidities in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Rationale: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common long-term complication of prematurity. Although socioeconomic status is associated with BPD morbidities, the drivers of this association are poorly understood. In the United States, ambient air pollution (AAP) exposure is linked to both race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Furthermore, AAP exposure is known to have a detrimental effect on respiratory health in children. Objectives: To assess if AAP exposure is linked to BPD morbidity in the outpatient setting. Methods: Participants with BPD were recruited from outpatient clinics at Johns Hopkins University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 2008 and 2021 (N = 800) and divided into low, moderate, and high AAP exposure groups, based on publicly available U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data. Clinical data were obtained by chart review and caregiver questionnaires. Results: Non-White race, home ventilator use, and lower median household income were associated with higher degrees of air pollution exposure. After adjustment for these factors, moderate and high air pollution exposure were associated with requiring systemic steroids (odds ratio, 1.78 and 2.17, respectively) compared with low air pollution. Similarly, high air pollution exposure was associated with emergency department visits (odds ratio, 1.59). Conclusions: This study demonstrates an association between AAP exposure and BPD morbidity after initial hospital discharge. AAP exposure was closely linked to race and median household income. As such, it supports the notion that AAP exposure may be contributing to health disparities in BPD outcomes. Further studies directly measuring exposure and establishing a link between biomarkers of exposure and outcomes are prerequisites to developing targeted interventions protecting this vulnerable population.

Crop cover and nutrient levels mediate the effects of land management type on aquatic invertebrate richness in prairie potholes.

Aquatic invertebrates provide important ecosystem services, including decomposition and nutrient cycling, and provide nutrition for birds, fish, amphibians, and bats. Thus, the effects of agricultural land management practices on aquatic invertebrates are relevant to farmers, wildlife biologists, and policymakers. Here, we used data on aquatic invertebrates (159 taxa, 73 to species, 75 to genus/family) collected in 40 wetlands in the Canadian prairies to test for direct and indirect relationships among land management types (perennial cover, organic, minimum tillage, conventional), landscape structure (cropland and wetland cover within the surrounding landscape), and water quality (total nutrient levels, turbidity) on species richness of invertebrates using structural equation modelling. Additionally, we assessed variation in community composition within and among wetlands in different land use management types using a direct gradient analysis and variance partitioning. The direct effects of land management type were not supported but we found strong supportive evidence that effects of land management on richness were significantly mediated through cropland cover, nutrient levels, and turbidity. After controlling for these indirect effects, aquatic invertebrate richness decreased along a gradient from the lowest to the highest farming intensity, i.e., richness decreased from perennial cover sites to organic to minimum tillage to conventional sites. Support was also found for negative effects of nutrient levels and turbidity on richness. We did not find significant support for differences in gamma diversity or a simple test (homogeneity of multivariate dispersions) of differences in turnover among land management types; however, land management had a significant effect in distance-based redundancy analysis. Taken together, these results suggest that focusing conservation efforts on reducing cropland erosion and nutrient inputs to wetlands and creating more permanent cover may be effective strategies for conserving richness of aquatic invertebrates in agricultural landscapes in this region.

Outpatient inhaled corticosteroid use in bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

RATIONALE: In the outpatient setting, inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are frequently given to children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) for treatment of respiratory and asthma-associated symptoms. In this study we sought to determine if correlations existed between ICS use and ICS initiation and patient characteristics and outpatient respiratory outcomes. METHODS: This study included children with the diagnosis of BPD (n = 661) who were seen in outpatient pulmonary clinics at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 2016 and 2021. Chart review was used to determine patient demographics, use and timing of ICS initiation, asthma diagnosis, and acute care usage following initial hospital discharge. RESULTS: At the first pulmonary visit, 9.2% of children had been prescribed an ICS at NICU discharge, 13.9% had been prescribed an ICS after NICU discharge but before their first pulmonary appointment, and 6.9% were prescribed an ICS at the completion of initial pulmonary visit. Children started on an ICS as outpatients had a higher likelihood of ER visits (adjusted odds ratio: 2.68 ± 0.7), hospitalizations (4.81 ± 1.16), and a diagnosis of asthma (3.58 ± 0.84), compared to children never on an ICS. Of those diagnosed with asthma, children prescribed an ICS in the outpatient setting received the diagnosis at an earlier age. No associations between NICU BPD severity scores and ICS use were found. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies an outpatient BPD phenotype associated with ICS use and ICS initiation independent of NICU severity score. Additionally, outpatient ICS initiation correlates with a subsequent diagnosis of asthma and acute care usage in children with BPD.

Impact of a Simulation Exercise on Student Perceptions of Poverty and Interprofessional Socialization.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an interprofessional poverty simulation exercise by determining if participating students demonstrated changes in attitude toward poverty (ATP) and perceptions of interprofessional socialization. METHODS: The Community Action Poverty Simulation from the Missouri Community Action Network was provided to 512 interprofessional health care students during 9 simulation exercises over a 3-year period. Primary participating professions were pharmacy, occupational therapy, and nursing. Student simulation roles were assigned to ensure a mix of professions in simulated families and debriefing groups. Debriefing sessions included questions related to interprofessional interactions. Students completed surveys before and following participation in the simulation, which included the ATP Short Form scale and the Interprofessional Socialization and Valuing Scale-9A. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements in ATP were demonstrated for the overall score and 15 items of the 21-item ATP Short Form scale. The domains of stigma and structural perspective showed statistically significant improvement, while the personal deficiency domain did not. Statistically significant improvements in student perceptions related to interprofessional socialization were demonstrated for the overall score and 7 items of the 9-item Interprofessional Socialization and Valuing Scale-9A scale. CONCLUSION: This interprofessional poverty simulation positively altered student ATP and enhanced interprofessional socialization. The Community Action Poverty Simulation augmented with debriefing questions related to interprofessional interactions served as an effective interprofessional education experience for pharmacy, occupational therapy, and nursing students.