CCNE1 amplification is synthetic lethal with PKMYT1 kinase inhibition.

Amplification of the CCNE1 locus on chromosome 19q12 is prevalent in multiple tumour types, particularly in high-grade serous ovarian cancer, uterine tumours and gastro-oesophageal cancers, where high cyclin E levels are associated with genome instability, whole-genome doubling and resistance to cytotoxic and targeted therapies1-4. To uncover therapeutic targets for tumours with CCNE1 amplification, we undertook genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9-based synthetic lethality screens in cellular models of CCNE1 amplification. Here we report that increasing CCNE1 dosage engenders a vulnerability to the inhibition of the PKMYT1 kinase, a negative regulator of CDK1. To inhibit PKMYT1, we developed RP-6306, an orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor that shows single-agent activity and durable tumour regressions when combined with gemcitabine in models of CCNE1 amplification. RP-6306 treatment causes unscheduled activation of CDK1 selectively in CCNE1-overexpressing cells, promoting early mitosis in cells undergoing DNA synthesis. CCNE1 overexpression disrupts CDK1 homeostasis at least in part through an early activation of the MMB-FOXM1 mitotic transcriptional program. We conclude that PKMYT1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for CCNE1-amplified cancers.

Temporal dynamics of coordinated online behavior: Stability, archetypes, and influence.

Large-scale online campaigns, malicious or otherwise, require a significant degree of coordination among participants, which sparked interest in the study of coordinated online behavior. State-of-the-art methods for detecting coordinated behavior perform static analyses, disregarding the temporal dynamics of coordination. Here, we carry out a dynamic analysis of coordinated behavior. To reach our goal, we build a multiplex temporal network and we perform dynamic community detection to identify groups of users that exhibited coordinated behaviors in time. We find that i) coordinated communities (CCs) feature variable degrees of temporal instability; ii) dynamic analyses are needed to account for such instability, and results of static analyses can be unreliable and scarcely representative of unstable communities; iii) some users exhibit distinct archetypal behaviors that have important practical implications; iv) content and network characteristics contribute to explaining why users leave and join CCs. Our results demonstrate the advantages of dynamic analyses and open up new directions of research on the unfolding of online debates, on the strategies of CCs, and on the patterns of online influence.

HELLS regulates transcription in T-cell lymphomas by reducing unscheduled R-loops and by facilitating RNAPII progression.

Chromatin modifiers are emerging as major determinants of many types of cancers, including Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas (ALCL), a family of highly heterogeneous T-cell lymphomas for which therapeutic options are still limited. HELLS is a multifunctional chromatin remodeling protein that affects genomic instability by participating in the DNA damage response. Although the transcriptional function of HELLS has been suggested, no clues on how HELLS controls transcription are currently available. In this study, by integrating different multi-omics and functional approaches, we characterized the transcriptional landscape of HELLS in ALCL. We explored the clinical impact of its transcriptional program in a large cohort of 44 patients with ALCL. We demonstrated that HELLS, loaded at the level of intronic regions of target promoters, facilitates RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) progression along the gene bodies by reducing the persistence of co-transcriptional R-loops and promoting DNA damage resolution. Importantly, selective knockdown of HELLS sensitizes ALCL cells to different chemotherapeutic agents, showing a synergistic effect. Collectively, our work unveils the role of HELLS in acting as a gatekeeper of ALCL genome stability providing a rationale for drug design.

Precise cortical contributions to sensorimotor feedback control during reactive balance.

The role of the cortex in shaping automatic whole-body motor behaviors such as walking and balance is poorly understood. Gait and balance are typically mediated through subcortical circuits, with the cortex becoming engaged as needed on an individual basis by task difficulty and complexity. However, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how increased cortical contribution to whole-body movements shapes motor output. Here we use reactive balance recovery as a paradigm to identify relationships between hierarchical control mechanisms and their engagement across balance tasks of increasing difficulty in young adults. We hypothesize that parallel sensorimotor feedback loops engaging subcortical and cortical circuits contribute to balance-correcting muscle activity, and that the involvement of cortical circuits increases with balance challenge. We decomposed balance-correcting muscle activity based on hypothesized subcortically- and cortically-mediated feedback components driven by similar sensory information, but with different loop delays. The initial balance-correcting muscle activity was engaged at all levels of balance difficulty. Its onset latency was consistent with subcortical sensorimotor loops observed in the lower limb. An even later, presumed, cortically-mediated burst of muscle activity became additionally engaged as balance task difficulty increased, at latencies consistent with longer transcortical sensorimotor loops. We further demonstrate that evoked cortical activity in central midline areas measured using electroencephalography (EEG) can be explained by a similar sensory transformation as muscle activity but at a delay consistent with its role in a transcortical loop driving later cortical contributions to balance-correcting muscle activity. These results demonstrate that a neuromechanical model of muscle activity can be used to infer cortical contributions to muscle activity without recording brain activity. Our model may provide a useful framework for evaluating changes in cortical contributions to balance that are associated with falls in older adults and in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

Subchronic oral exposure to polystyrene microplastics affects hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative balance in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata).

Microplastics (MPs) pose a clear threat to aquatic organisms affecting their health. Their impact on liver homeostasis, as well as on the potential onset of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is still poorly investigated and remains almost unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of subchronic exposure to polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs; 1-20 µm; 0, 25, or 250 mg/kg b.w./day) on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative balance in the liver of gilthead seabreams (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758) exposed for 21 days via contaminated food. PS-MPs induced an up-regulation of mRNA levels of crucial genes associated with lipid synthesis and storage (i.e., PPARy, Srebp1, Fasn) without modifications of genes involved in lipid catabolism (i.e., PPARα, HL, Pla2) or transport and metabolism (Fabp1) in the liver. The increase of CSF1R and pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression (i.e., TNF-α and IL-1ß) was also observed in exposed fish in a dose-dependent manner. These findings were confirmed by hepatic histological evaluations reporting evidence of lipid accumulation, inflammation, and necrosis. Moreover, PS-MPs caused the impairment of the hepatic antioxidant defense system through the alteration of its enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase) and non-enzymatic (glutathione) components, resulting in the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as biomarkers of oxidative damage. The alteration of detoxifying enzymes was inferred by the decreased Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and the increased activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) at the highest PS-MP dose. The study suggests that PS-MPs affect the liver health of gilthead seabream. The liver dysfunction and damage caused by exposure to PS-MPs result from a detrimental interplay of inflammation, oxidative damage, and antioxidant and detoxifying enzymatic systems modifications, altering the gut-liver axis homeostasis. This scenario is suggestive of the involvement of MP-induced effects in the onset and progression of hepatic lipid dysfunction in gilthead seabream.

Voluntary muscle coactivation in quiet standing elicits reciprocal rather than coactive agonist-antagonist control of reactive balance.

Muscle coactivation increases in challenging balance conditions as well as with advanced age and mobility impairments. Increased muscle coactivation can occur both in anticipation of (feedforward) and in reaction to (feedback) perturbations, however, the causal relationship between feedforward and feedback muscle coactivation remains elusive. Here, we hypothesized that feedforward muscle coactivation would increase both the body's initial mechanical resistance due to muscle intrinsic properties and the later feedback-mediated muscle coactivation in response to postural perturbations. Young adults voluntarily increased leg muscle coactivation using visual biofeedback before support-surface perturbations. In contrast to our hypothesis, feedforward muscle coactivation did not increase the body's initial intrinsic resistance to perturbations, nor did it increase feedback muscle coactivation. Rather, perturbations with feedforward muscle coactivation elicited a medium- to long-latency increase of feedback-mediated agonist activity but a decrease of feedback-mediated antagonist activity. This reciprocal rather than coactivation effect on ankle agonist and antagonist muscles enabled faster reactive ankle torque generation, reduced ankle dorsiflexion, and reduced center of mass (CoM) motion. We conclude that in young adults, voluntary feedforward muscle coactivation can be independently modulated with respect to feedback-mediated muscle coactivation. Furthermore, our findings suggest feedforward muscle coactivation may be useful for enabling quicker joint torque generation through reciprocal, rather than coactivated, agonist-antagonist feedback muscle activity. As such our results suggest that behavioral context is critical to whether muscle coactivation functions to increase agility versus stability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Feedforward and feedback muscle coactivation are commonly observed in older and mobility impaired adults and are considered strategies to improve stability by increasing body stiffness prior to and in response to perturbations. In young adults, voluntary feedforward coactivation does not necessarily increase feedback coactivation in response to perturbations. Instead, feedforward coactivation enabled faster ankle torques through reciprocal agonist-antagonist muscle activity. As such, coactivation may promote either agility or stability depending on the behavioral context.

Novel NPM1 exon 5 mutations and gene fusions leading to aberrant cytoplasmic nucleophosmin in AML.

Nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) affect exon 12, but also sporadically affect exons 9 and 11, causing changes at the protein C-terminal end (tryptophan loss, nuclear export signal [NES] motif creation) that lead to aberrant cytoplasmic NPM1 (NPM1c+), detectable by immunohistochemistry. Combining immunohistochemistry and molecular analyses in 929 patients with AML, we found non-exon 12 NPM1 mutations in 5 (1.3%) of 387 NPM1c+ cases. Besides mutations in exons 9 (n = 1) and 11 (n = 1), novel exon 5 mutations were discovered (n = 3). Another exon 5 mutation was identified in an additional 141 patients with AML selected for wild-type NPM1 exon 12. Three NPM1 rearrangements (NPM1/RPP30, NPM1/SETBP1, NPM1/CCDC28A) were detected and characterized among 13 979 AML samples screened by cytogenetic/fluorescence in situ hybridization and RNA sequencing. Functional studies demonstrated that in AML cases, new NPM1 proteins harbored an efficient extra NES, either newly created or already present in the fusion partner, ensuring its cytoplasmic accumulation. Our findings support NPM1 cytoplasmic relocation as critical for leukemogenesis and reinforce the role of immunohistochemistry in predicting AML-associated NPM1 genetic lesions. This study highlights the need to develop new assays for molecular diagnosis and monitoring of NPM1-mutated AML.

Long non-coding RNA mitophagy and ALK-negative anaplastic lymphoma-associated transcript: a novel regulator of mitophagy in T-cell lymphoma.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are emerging as powerful and versatile regulators of transcriptional programs and distinctive biomarkers of progression of T-cell lymphoma. Their role in the aggressive anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative (ALK-) subtype of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) has been elucidated only in part. Starting from our previously identified ALCL-associated lncRNA signature and performing digital gene expression profiling of a retrospective cohort of ALCL, we defined an 11 lncRNA signature able to discriminate among ALCL subtypes. We selected a not previously characterized lncRNA, MTAAT, with preferential expression in ALK- ALCL, for molecular and functional studies. We demonstrated that lncRNA MTAAT contributes to an aberrant mitochondrial turnover restraining mitophagy and promoting cellular proliferation. Functionally, lncRNA MTAAT acts as a repressor of a set of genes related to mitochondrial quality control via chromatin reorganization. Collectively, our work demonstrates the transcriptional role of lncRNA MTAAT in orchestrating a complex transcriptional program sustaining the progression of ALK- ALCL.

Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm with neutrophilia (atypical chronic myeloid leukemia-aCML).

A case of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm with neutrophilia (aCML) with SETBP1 and ASXL1 mutations.

CIC-rearranged sarcoma presenting with superior vena cava syndrome: case report.

CIC-rearranged sarcomas are rare mesenchymal neoplasms belonging to the family of undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas. This report details the case of a 45-year-old man presenting with symptoms of mediastinal compression, radiological diagnosis of a mediastinal mass and rapid evolution to full-blown superior vena cava syndrome. The emergency was successfully managed with a pharmacological approach. Formulation of a pathological diagnosis of CIC-rearranged sarcoma was initially supported by fluorescence in situ hybridisation findings and later validated by next-generation sequencing, which showed CIC-DUX4 gene fusion. A chemotherapy regimen was started with immediate benefits for the patient. The spectrum of pathological entities able to cause superior vena cava syndrome is wide, and recognition of rare causes is important to tailor the therapeutic approach to the specific disease. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of CIC-rearranged sarcoma presenting with superior vena cava syndrome.

Primary effusion lymphoma occurring in the setting of transplanted patients: a systematic review of a rare, life-threatening post-transplantation occurrence.

BACKGROUND: Primary effusion lymphoma is a rare, aggressive large B-cell lymphoma strictly linked to infection by Human Herpes virus 8/Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus. In its classic form, it is characterized by body cavities neoplastic effusions without detectable tumor masses. It often occurs in immunocompromised patients, such as HIV-positive individuals. Primary effusion lymphoma may affect HIV-negative elderly patients from Human Herpes virus 8 endemic regions. So far, rare cases have been reported in transplanted patients. The purpose of our systematic review is to improve our understanding of this type of aggressive lymphoma in the setting of transplantation, focusing on epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathological features, differential diagnosis, treatment and outcome. The role of assessing the viral serological status in donors and recipients is also discussed. METHODS: We performed a systematic review adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. The literature search was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE and Cochrane Library, using the search terms "primary effusion lymphoma" and "post-transplant". RESULTS: Our search identified 13 cases of post-transplant primary effusion lymphoma, predominantly in solid organ transplant recipients (6 kidney, 3 heart, 2 liver and 1 intestine), with only one case after allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Long-term immunosuppression is important in post-transplant primary effusion lymphoma commonly developing several years after transplantation. Kaposi Sarcoma occurred in association with lymphoma in 4 cases of solid organ recipients. The lymphoma showed the classical presentation with body cavity effusions in absence of tumor masses in 10 cases; 2 cases presented as solid masses, lacking effusions and one case as effusions associated with multiple organ involvement. Primary effusion lymphoma occurring in the setting of transplantation was more often Epstein Barr-virus negative. The prognosis was poor. In addition to chemotherapy, reduction of immunosuppressive treatment, was generally attempted. CONCLUSIONS: Primary effusion lymphoma is a rare, but often fatal post-transplant complication. Its rarity and the difficulty in achieving the diagnosis may lead to miss this complication. Clinicians should suspect primary effusion lymphoma in transplanted patients, presenting generally with unexplained body cavity effusions, although rare cases with solid masses are described.

Toxoplasma cyst detection in Piringer-Kuchinka lymphadenitis. Report of two cases and literature review.

The diagnosis of acute toxoplasmic lymphadenitis is traditionally based on the combination of lymph node excisional biopsy with specific tests. The classic triad (marked follicular hyperplasia, small irregular clusters of epithelioid histiocytes in germinal centers, and sinusoidal distension by monocytoid B lymphocytes) is considered diagnostic of the so-called Piringer-Kuchinka lymphadenitis. Toxoplasma gondii organisms have been exceptionally disclosed in such histopathological setting, establishing the diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis. Two cases of Piringer-Kuchinka lymphadenitis with toxoplasma cyst demonstration are reported, along with a complete review of the literature.

Germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder: a systematic review.

Germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder is a rare and rather enigmatic novel entity with distinctive clinicopathological features, one of which is the typical co-infection by Human herpesvirus 8 and Epstein-Barr virus. Human herpesvirus 8 is a lymphotropic virus detected in Kaposi sarcoma, multicentric Castleman disease, primary effusion lymphoma, Human herpesvirus 8-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma not otherwise specified, and germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder. Co-infection by Human herpesvirus 8 and Epstein-Barr virus is identified only in two lymphoproliferative diseases: germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder and primary effusion lymphoma, which are otherwise diseases with totally different clinical presentations and outcomes. Unlike primary effusion lymphoma mostly occurring in immunocompromised individuals and following an aggressive course, germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder usually presents with single or multiple lymphadenopathy affecting mainly immunocompetent individuals and mostly follows an indolent course. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, we carried out a systematic search on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library using the search terms "germinotropic" and "lymphoproliferative disorder." Current scientific literature reports just 19 cases of germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder. The purpose of our systematic review is to improve our understanding of the disease, focusing on epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathological features, treatment, and outcome. In addition, we discuss the differential diagnosis with the other Human herpesvirus 8-related lymphoproliferative diseases as currently recognized in the World Health Organization classification, adding a focus on lymphoproliferative disorders showing overlapping features.

Indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the gastrointestinal tract: a tricky diagnosis of a gastric case.

BACKGROUND: Indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the gastrointestinal tract is a rare low-grade clonal lymphoid proliferation, included as a provisional entity in the current World Health Organization classification. The disease is generally localized to the gastrointestinal tract, mainly small bowel and colon. Involvement of other organs is infrequently reported. The majority of patients show a protracted clinical course with persistent disease. A prolonged survival, even without treatment, is common. CASE PRESENTATION: A 28-year-old woman had a 2-year history of dyspepsia and lactose intolerance. Autoimmune diseases and celiac disease were excluded. No gross lesions were identified by endoscopy. Multiple gastric biopsies showed a small-sized lymphoid infiltrate, expanding the lamina propria, with a non-destructive appearance. The lymphoid cells were positive for CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7 and negative for CD20, CD8, CD56, CD103, PD1, CD30, ALK1, CD10, BCL6, perforin, TIA-1, Granzyme B and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA. KI-67 index was low (5%). Molecular analysis revealed a clonal T-cell receptor γ rearrangement. Bone marrow was microscopically free of disease, but molecular testing identified the same T-cell receptor γ rearrangement present in the gastric biopsies. After the diagnosis of indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, the patient received steroid therapy, only for 2 months. She is alive, with a stable disease restricted to the stomach, at 12 months from diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder is usually a disease of adulthood (median age: 51 yrs). The small bowel and colon are the sites most commonly involved. Our case occurred in a young woman and affected the stomach, sparing small intestine and colon. Clonality testing identified involvement of bone marrow, a site infrequently affected in this disease. Our aim is focusing on the main diagnostic issues. If appropriate immunostainings and molecular analysis are not performed, the subtle infiltrate may be easily overlooked. The risk of misdiagnosis as more aggressive lymphomas, causing patient overtreatment, needs also to be considered.

The broad landscape of follicular lymphoma: Part I.

Follicular lymphoma is a neoplasm derived from follicle center B cells, typically both centrocytes and centroblasts, in variable proportions according to the lymphoma grading. The pattern of growth may be entirely follicular, follicular and diffuse, and rarely completely diffuse. It represents the second most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma, after diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and is the most common low-grade mature B-cell lymphoma in western countries. In the majority of cases, follicular lymphoma is a nodal tumor, occurring in adults and frequently associated with the translocation t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-BCL2. However, in recent years the spectrum of follicular lymphoma has expanded and small subsets of follicular lymphoma, which differ from common follicular lymphoma, have been identified and included in the current 2017 WHO classification. The aim of our review is to describe the broad spectrum of follicular lymphoma, pointing out that the identification of distinct clinicopathological variants of follicular lymphoma is relevant for patient outcomes and choice of treatment.

The broad landscape of follicular lymphoma: Part II.

Follicular lymphoma is a neoplasm derived from follicle center B cells, typically both centrocytes and centroblasts, in variable proportions according to the lymphoma grading. The pattern of growth may be entirely follicular, follicular and diffuse and rarely completely diffuse. It represents the second most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma, after diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and it is the most common low-grade mature B-cell lymphoma in Western countries. In the majority of cases, follicular lymphoma is a nodal tumor, occurring in adults and is frequently associated with the translocation t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-BCL2. However, in recent years the spectrum of follicular lymphoma has expanded and small subsets of follicular lymphoma, which differ from common follicular lymphoma, have been identified and included in the current 2017 WHO classification. The aim of our review is to describe the broad spectrum of follicular lymphoma, pointing out that the identification of distinct clinicopathological variants of follicular lymphoma is relevant for the patient outcomes and treatment.

Fibrin-associated large B-cell lymphoma: first case report within a cerebral artery aneurysm and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Fibrin-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (FA-DLBCL) is a rare Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive lymphoproliferative disorder included in the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification. It arises within fibrinous material in the context of hematomas, pseudocysts, cardiac myxoma or in relation with prosthetic devices. In these clinical settings the diagnosis requires an high index of suspicion, because it does not form a mass itself, being composed of small foci of neoplastic cells. Despite overlapping features with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation, it deserves a separate classification, being not mass-forming and often following an indolent course. CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old immunocompetent woman required medical care for cerebral hemorrhage. Computed Tomography (CT) angiography identified an aneurysm in the left middle cerebral artery. A FA-DLBCL was incidentally identified within thrombotic material in the context of the arterial aneurysm. After surgical removal, it followed a benign course with no further treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The current case represents the first report of FA-DLBCL identified in a cerebral artery aneurysm, expanding the clinicopathologic spectrum of this rare entity. A complete literature review is additionally made.

Early detection of memory impairments in older adults: standardization of a short version of the verbal and nonverbal Recognition Memory Test.

In several neurological conditions, in elderly and cognitively impaired subjects, memory functioning must be evaluated to early detect the cognitive deterioration processes. In particular, recognition memory assessment is an essential step in the clinical and neuropsychological evaluation of early memory impairments. The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) developed by Smirni et al. (G Ital Psicol XXXVII(1):325-343, 2010) is an effective instrument to assess verbal and nonverbal recognition memory in the Italian population. The current study provides a new, brief, and reliable RMT format to evaluate recognition memory on elderly subjects and it reports normative data in an older adult Italian population sample (including 100 participants well distributed across sex, education, and age categories). The shortened version of RMT keeps the administration procedures and materials of the original Italian RMT constant, i.e., words, faces, and buildings. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant effects of age and educational level on performance but no effect of sex. Inferential cutoffs have been determined and equivalent scores computed. The availability of equivalent scores for the Recognition Memory Test will prove useful in the clinical evaluation of patients' memory profiles.

Emotional Awareness and Cognitive Performance in Borderline Intellectual Functioning Young Adolescents.

According to DSM-5 and ICD-10, borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) should not be classified properly as a disorder. However, BIF people may present relevant problems of adaptive functioning in several areas of daily activities, and they seem to be more vulnerable to mental diseases. Young adolescence may be considered a particular period for emotional information processing. The "own and others' emotions" awareness can play a crucial role in many daily life situations, such as decision making, interpersonal relationships, and decoding of facial expressions. On this background, a BIF young adolescents group underwent a neuropsychological assessment including emotional and cognitive domains, and was compared with a healthy young adolescents control group (HC). In the overall sample, a significant negative correlation between general intellectual abilities and emotional awareness was found. The BIF group showed a significantly greater level of alexithymia and a poorer performance in higher cognitive tasks than HC group. As hypothesized, a border cognitive functioning influences mentalization processes as ability to discriminate and monitor emotions, as well as higher domains of cognition.