EEG Microstates as a Signature of Hemispheric Lateralization in Stroke.

Stroke recovery trajectories vary substantially. The need for tracking and prognostic biomarkers in stroke is utmost for prognostic and rehabilitative goals: electroencephalography (EEG) advanced signal analysis may provide useful tools toward this aim. EEG microstates quantify changes in configuration of neuronal generators of short-lasting periods of coordinated synchronized communication within large-scale brain networks: this feature is expected to be impaired in stroke. To characterize the spatio-temporal signatures of EEG microstates in stroke survivors in the acute/subacute phase, EEG microstate analysis was performed in 51 first-ever ischemic stroke survivors [(28-82) years, 24 with right hemisphere (RH) lesion] who underwent a resting-state EEG recording in the acute and subacute phase (from 48 h up to 42 days after the event). Microstates were characterized based on 4 parameters: global explained variance (GEV), mean duration, occurrences per second, and percentage of coverage. Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were performed to compare features of each microstate across the two groups [i.e., left hemisphere (LH) and right hemisphere (RH) stroke survivors]. The canonical microstate map D, characterized by a mostly frontal topography, displayed greater GEV, occurrence per second, and percentage of coverage in LH than in RH stroke survivors (p < 0.05). The EEG microstate map B, with a left-frontal to right-posterior topography, and F, with an occipital-to-frontal topography, exhibited a greater GEV in RH than in LH stroke survivors (p = 0.015). EEG microstates identified specific topographic maps which characterize stroke survivors' lesioned hemisphere in the acute and early subacute phase. Microstate features offer an additional tool to identify different neural reorganization.

The Interplay between Different Stimuli in a 4D Printed Photo-, Thermal-, and Water-Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuator.

Multi-stimuli responsivity in 3D-printed objects is receiving much attention. However, the simultaneous interplay between different environmental stimuli is largely unexplored. In this work, we demonstrate direct ink writing of an oligomeric ink containing an azobenzene photo-switch with an accessible hydrogen bond allowing triple responsivity to light, heat, and water. The resulting printed liquid crystal elastomer performs multiple actuations, the specific response depending on the environmental conditions. Bilayer films formed by printing on a static substrate can rapidly change shape, bending almost 80 degrees if irradiated in air or undergoing a shrinkage of about 50 % of its length when heated. The bilayer film assumes dramatically different shapes in water depending on combined environmental temperature and lighting conditions.

Exploring the potential role of health resort medicine in the management of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a viable alternative for innovative rehabilitation opportunities?

Lymphedema is a chronic and progressive disorder of the lymphatic system that impairs the return of lymphatic fluid. Breast cancer treatment can cause breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL), with axillary lymph node dissection and regional lymph node radiation being established risk factors. BCRL can cause severe morbidity, disability, and reduced quality of life. Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent the disease from progressing and causing complications. According to the International Society of Lymphology, complex decongestive therapy (CDT) is the most effective conservative treatment for lymphedema. Aquatic exercise is a safe and effective form of therapeutic CDT exercise that can improve joint range of motion, reduce pain, and positively impact limb volume. Additionally, health resort medicine and thermal mineral-rich waters may provide synergistic benefits for therapeutic exercise programs. Therefore, we believe that consideration should be given to whether the spa setting could represent a viable alternative for the rehabilitation of BCRL patients.

Short-time effects of spa rehabilitation on pain, mood and quality of life among patients with degenerative or post-surgery musculoskeletal disorders.

Clinical trials have demonstrated traditional spa therapy effects in musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This is the first observational study in Italy aimed at evaluating in real-life the short-time effects of spa rehabilitation on pain, mood and quality of life (QoL) among degenerative or post-surgery MSDs patients. Through the involvement of six Italian spa facilities, 160 patients were enrolled; data from 123 patients were finally analysed. Seventy-nine patients (64.3%) accessed the spa for degenerative MSDs, while 44 (35.8%) had a post-surgical condition. All the patients included in the study underwent 12 sessions of water-based exercise (joint exercises, muscle strengthening, gait training, proprioceptive and balance techniques) conducted in thermal or in warm water pools, six sessions per week, for a period of 2 weeks from March 2019 up to October 2019. A group of 45 patients (36.6%) also received traditional thermal therapies, including 12 mud therapy sessions and 12 thermal baths, six times each week, for 2 weeks. Evaluation before and after the treatment included the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D). The analysis of the scores reported in the questionnaires after the treatment showed a significant improvement in all the scores evaluated. Comparison between patients that performed water-based exercise protocols alone (group A) and patients that in addition to water exercise performed traditional thermal interventions (group B) showed no statistically significant differences in NRSp, NRSa, NRSm, SF-12 PCS, SF-12 MCS and EQ-5D variations; only NRSa value reduction was lower in group B. Sulphate water was found to be associated with a lower reduction of all the scores considered, when compared to the other water types. Patients with degenerative or post-surgery MSDs showed favourable effects on pain, mood and QoL after water exercise training alone or in combination with traditional thermal therapy. Our research provides the first proof that spa rehabilitation can be in real-life conditions an appropriate alternative strategy for post-orthopaedic surgical outcomes recovery. In the future, these results will need to be further investigated.

TSH-receptor autoantibodies in patients with chronic thyroiditis and hypothyroidism.

OBJECTIVES: The reported prevalence of TSH-receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies (TRAb) in patients with chronic thyroiditis (CT) range from 0 to 48%. The objective was to study the prevalence of TRAb in patients with CT and hypothyroidism and to correlate it with gender, age, thyroid dimensions, TSH levels, and autoimmune diseases. METHODS: The study comprised 245 patients with CT and hypothyroidism (median age 42 years, 193 females, 52 males) and 123 Italian healthy subjects matched for sex and age as controls. TRAb were tested with ELISA using a >2.5 IU/L cut off for positivity. TSHR blocking (TBAb) and TSHR stimulating autoantibodies (TSAb) were measured in 12 TRAb-positive patients using bioassays with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing wild-type or R255D-mutated TSHR. RESULTS: TRAb positivity was found in 32/245 (13.1%) patients and significantly correlated (p<0.05) with TSH levels. TRAb positivity was significantly higher in males vs. females (p=0.034), in females 16-45 years of age vs. >45 years of age (p<0.05) and in patients with reduced vs. normal/increased thyroid dimensions (p<0.05). Linear regression analysis showed a correlation between TRAb concentrations with age (p<0.05) and TRAb concentrations with TSH (p<0.01). In bioassay with TSHR-R255D all 12 patients tested were TBAb-positive while 33% were also TSAb-positive suggesting the presence of a mixture of TRAbs with different biological activities in some patients. CONCLUSIONS: TRAb have been found in patients with CT and hypothyroidism. A mixture of TBAb and TSAb was found in some patients and this may contribute to the pathogenesis of thyroid dysfunction during the course of the disease.

Differences between males and females with spinal cord injury in the experience of subliminal and explicit sexual pictures.

STUDY DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: To determine the differences between persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and control individuals in terms of conscious and unconscious sexual responses to subliminally presented visual sexual stimuli. SETTING: Spinal cord injury rehabilitation center in northern Italy. METHODS: A two-part behavioral experiment was conducted on 40 participants (27 individuals with SCI; 13 controls). In first part, all participants were subliminally exposed to a prime picture (neutral or sexual) and asked to rate the extent to which they were emotionally aroused, while watching a set of explicit target pictures (neutral or sexual). In the second part, choice reaction time task was employed, wherein participants were shown a subliminal prime picture (neutral or sexual) followed by an explicit target picture (neutral or sexual) superimposed by a black dot and were asked to locate the dot as fast as possible. RESULTS: In the first part, men with SCI reported higher levels of emotional arousal to explicit sexual target pictures compared to other groups. In the second part, slower choice reaction times were found in the SCI group, particularly with sexual prime picture. Moreover, females with SCI spent more time during implicit motor learning tasks with sexual target pictures than other groups. CONCLUSION: We found differences in the experience of subliminal and explicit sexual pictures not only between the two groups, but also between females and males with SCI. Attention should thus be paid when considering sexual experience at subliminal and conscious level in SCI population for future research and rehabilitative protocols.

The prevalence of frailty and its associated factors in an Italian institutionalized older population: findings from the cross-sectional Alvise Cornaro Center Study.

BACKGROUND: While it is well established that frail older people have a higher risk of negative health outcomes, the prevalence of frailty and its associated factors in Italian older institutionalized population has never been investigated. AIMS: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of frailty and to identify its associated factors in an Italian residential care home population. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate older people aged 70 or over of an Italian residential care home. A multidimensional assessment examining functional, geriatric, ophthalmic, and audiological domains was carried out to identify factors associated with frailty. Physical frailty was evaluated using Fried's criteria. RESULTS: Data analysis uncovered a 51.1% prevalence of pre-frailty and a 40.4% prevalence of frailty in the 94 eligible participants (64 females) whose data were complete. The multivariable analysis showed that a low education level (OR = 5.12, 95% CI 1.22-21.49), a low physical quality of life score (OR = 13.25, 95% CI 3.51-50.08), a low mental quality of life score (OR = 9.22, 95% CI 2.38-35.69), visual impairment (OR = 7.65, 95% CI 1.77-33.14), and hearing impairment (OR = 4.62, 95% CI 1.03-20.66) were independently associated with frailty. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty was found to be highly prevalent in the residential care home studied. Since frailty is a reversible condition, identifying the modifiable factors associated to it should be viewed as an important step in planning and implementing targeted, early prevention strategies.

Can spa rehabilitative interventions play a role for patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders at the early stages? A scoping review.

The global burden of neurodegenerative disorders is significantly increasing as life expectancy rises but currently there is no cure for these conditions. An extensive search on MEDLINE (PubMed) and PEDro databases was conducted selecting clinical trials, Randomized Controlled Trials, and longitudinal studies published in the last 20 years in order to highlight what evidence there is for a role of spa rehabilitative interventions for patients with neurodegenerative diseases, in terms of motor function, symptoms, and quality of life (QoL) improvement and cost-effectiveness. A total of 225 publications were analyzed. Only three manuscripts were selected for review because they matched the inclusion criteria. These studies demonstrated statistically significant differences in the outcomes evaluated among patients affected by Parkinson's disease after thermal rehabilitative treatments: motor function, balance, QoL, and psychological well-being statistically improved. In addition, rehabilitation in the spa setting seemed to be cost-effective for these patients. However, further studies are needed to define the role of spa rehabilitative interventions for these patients as the literature is still limited.

Neural correlates of user learning during long-term BCI training for the Cybathlon competition.

BACKGROUND: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are systems capable of translating human brain patterns, measured through electroencephalography (EEG), into commands for an external device. Despite the great advances in machine learning solutions to enhance the performance of BCI decoders, the translational impact of this technology remains elusive. The reliability of BCIs is often unsatisfactory for end-users, limiting their application outside a laboratory environment. METHODS: We present the analysis on the data acquired from an end-user during the preparation for two Cybathlon competitions, where our pilot won the gold medal twice in a row. These data are of particular interest given the mutual learning approach adopted during the longitudinal training phase (8 months), the long training break in between the two events (1 year) and the demanding evaluation scenario. A multifaceted perspective on long-term user learning is proposed: we enriched the information gathered through conventional metrics (e.g., accuracy, application performances) by investigating novel neural correlates of learning in different neural domains. RESULTS: First, we showed that by focusing the training on user learning, the pilot was capable of significantly improving his performance over time even with infrequent decoder re-calibrations. Second, we revealed that the analysis of the within-class modifications of the pilot's neural patterns in the Riemannian domain is more effective in tracking the acquisition and the stabilization of BCI skills, especially after the 1-year break. These results further confirmed the key role of mutual learning in the acquisition of BCI skills, and particularly highlighted the importance of user learning as a key to enhance BCI reliability. CONCLUSION: We firmly believe that our work may open new perspectives and fuel discussions in the BCI field to shift the focus of future research: not only to the machine learning of the decoder, but also in investigating novel training procedures to boost the user learning and the stability of the BCI skills in the long-term. To this end, the analyses and the metrics proposed could be used to monitor the user learning during training and provide a marker guiding the decoder re-calibration to maximize the mutual adaptation of the user to the BCI system.

Quantitative Characterization of Motor Control during Gait in Dravet Syndrome Using Wearable Sensors: A Preliminary Study.

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a rare and severe form of genetic epilepsy characterized by cognitive and behavioural impairments and progressive gait deterioration. The characterization of gait parameters in DS needs efficient, non-invasive quantification. The aim of the present study is to apply nonlinear indexes calculated from inertial measurements to describe the dynamics of DS gait. Twenty participants (7 M, age 9-33 years) diagnosed with DS were enrolled. Three wearable inertial measurement units (OPAL, Apdm, Portland, OR, USA; Miniwave, Cometa s.r.l., Italy) were attached to the lower back and ankles and 3D acceleration and angular velocity were acquired while participants walked back and forth along a straight path. Segmental kinematics were acquired by means of stereophotogrammetry (SMART, BTS). Community functioning data were collected using the functional independence measure (FIM). Mean velocity and step width were calculated from stereophotogrammetric data; fundamental frequency, harmonic ratio, recurrence quantification analysis, and multiscale entropy (τ = 1...6) indexes along anteroposterior (AP), mediolateral (ML), and vertical (V) axes were calculated from trunk acceleration. Results were compared to a reference age-matched control group (112 subjects, 6-25 years old). All nonlinear indexes show a disruption of the cyclic pattern of the centre of mass in the sagittal plane, quantitatively supporting the clinical observation of ataxic gait. Indexes in the ML direction were less altered, suggesting the efficacy of the compensatory strategy (widening the base of support). Nonlinear indexes correlated significantly with functional scores (i.e., FIM and speed), confirming their effectiveness in capturing clinically meaningful biomarkers of gait.

Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Downregulates the Inflammatory Response in In Vivo Models of Arthritis.

We investigated the effects of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) alone or in combination with hyaluronic acid (HA) in two animal models: collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and crystal-induced inflammation. In CIA, mice were intraperitoneally injected with PBS, HA, or BPI plus or minus HA, twice a week for 2 months, and then euthanized to collect paw and blood. Arthritis was assessed in ankle joints by clinical and histological evaluation. Pathogenic crystals were intraperitoneally injected in mice plus or minus BPI, or with a composition of BPI and HA. After sacrifice, total and differential leukocyte counts were determined. Cytokine levels were measured in serum and peritoneal fluids. In CIA mice, BPI improved clinical and histological outcomes (histological scores ≥2-fold), and downregulated inflammatory mediators (47-93%). In crystal-induced inflammation, BPI reduced leukocyte infiltration (total count: ≥60%; polymorphonuclear cells: ≥36%) and inhibited cytokine production (35-74%). In both models, when mice were co-treated with BPI and HA, the improvement of all parameters was greater than that observed after administration of the two substances alone. Results show that BPI attenuates CIA and inflammation in mice, and this effect is enhanced by HA co-administration. Combined use of BPI and HA represents an interesting perspective for new potential treatments in arthritis.

Therapeutic Exercise and Conservative Injection Treatment for Early Knee Osteoarthritis in Athletes: A Scoping Review.

Background and Objectives: Recent evidence highlighted a higher prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (kOA) among young and former ex-professional athletes. Although the practice of a highly demanding sport is considered a predisposing factor for the knee joint cartilage degeneration, articular cartilage seems to positively respond to a moderate load increase. We aim to investigate recent evidence on the conservative management of early kOA in athletes, with a particular emphasis on therapeutic exercise and injection treatment, in order to highlight whether there are any indications that can influence clinical and rehabilitation practice. Materials and Methods: A scoping review was conducted, screening MEDLINE and PEDro databases for studies published over the past twenty years on the topic. Studies in English, with accessible abstracts, were included in the review. The PICO framework was used (P-patient: athletes, I-Intervention: conservative treatment with therapeutic exercise or injection therapies, C-Comparison: not needed, O-Outcomes: clinical outcomes). Clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, and longitudinal studies were considered. Results: Four studies were finally included in the review. Therapeutic exercise seems to have beneficial effects on prevention of cartilage degeneration, on pain reduction, and on physical function enhancement. On the other hand, in mild to moderate stages of kOA the intra-articular viscosupplementation with Hyaluronic Acid showed a medium to long-term improvement in joint pain and function. The Platelet Rich Plasma treatment also showed a significant improvement in pain and function up to 12 months. Conclusions: Despite the heterogeneity of the studies considered, a multimodal treatment combining therapeutic exercise and moderate aerobic activity (such as running) should be indicated to prevent kOA development. In cases of symptomatic kOA it may be indicated to add minimally invasive injection therapy that seems to contribute to the improvement of motor function and symptomatology.

Natural oscillation frequencies in the two lateral prefrontal cortices induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

Different cortical regions respond with distinct rhythmic patterns of neural oscillations to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). We investigated natural frequencies induced by TMS in left and right homologous dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC) and related hemispheric differences. In 12 healthy young adults, single-pulse TMS was delivered in different blocks close to F3 and F4 channels to target left and right DLPFC. An occipital site near PO3 was stimulated as control. TMS-related spectral perturbation analyses were performed on recorded EEG data. A widespread unspecific increase in theta power was observed for all stimulation sites. However, occipital TMS induced greater alpha activity and a 10.58 Hz natural frequency, while TMS over the left and right DLPFC resulted in similar beta band modulations and a natural frequency of 18.77 and 18.5 Hz, respectively. In particular, TMS-related specific increase in beta activity was stronger for the right than the left DLPFC. The right DLPFC is more specifically tuned to its natural beta frequency when it is directly stimulated by TMS than with TMS over the left counterpart (or a posterior region), while the left DLPFC increases its beta activity more similarly irrespective of whether it is directly stimulated or through right homologous stimulation. These results yield important implications for both basic neuroscience research on inter-hemispheric prefrontal interactions and clinical applications.

Deconstructing Dravet syndrome neurocognitive development: A scoping review.

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a rare severe epilepsy syndrome associated with slowed psychomotor development and behavioral disorders from the second year onward in a previously seemingly normal child. Among cognitive impairments, visuospatial, sensorimotor integration, and expressive language deficits are consistently reported. There have been independent hypotheses to deconstruct the typical cognitive development in DS (dorsal stream vulnerability, cerebellar-like pattern, sensorimotor integration deficit), but an encompassing framework is still lacking. We performed a scoping review of existing evidence to map the current understanding of DS cognitive and behavioral developmental profiles and to summarize the evidence on suggested frameworks. We searched PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and MEDLINE to identify reports focusing on cognitive deficits and/or behavioral abnormalities in DS published between 1978 and March 15, 2020. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Twenty-one reports were selected and tabulated by three independent reviewers based on predefined data extraction and eligibility forms. Eighteen reports provided assessments of global intelligence quotients with variable degrees of cognitive impairment. Eleven reports analyzed single subitems contribution to global cognitive scores: these reports showed consistently larger impairment in performance scales compared to verbal ones. Studies assessing specific cognitive functions demonstrated deterioration of early visual processing, fine and gross motor abilities, visuomotor and auditory-motor integration, spatial processing, visuo-attentive abilities, executive functions, and expressive language. Behavioral abnormalities, reported from 14 studies, highlighted autistic-like traits and attention and hyperactivity disorders, slightly improving with age. The cognitive profile in DS and some behavioral and motor abnormalities may be enclosed within a unified theoretical framework of the three main hypotheses advanced: a pervasive sensorimotor integration deficit, encompassing an occipito-parietofrontal circuit (dorsal stream) dysfunction and a coexistent cerebellar deficit.

Self-Assembly of Functionalized Lipophilic Guanosines into Cation-Free Stacked Guanine-Quartets.

The hierarchical self-assembly of various lipophilic guanosines exposing either a phenyl or a ferrocenyl group in the C(8) position was investigated. In a solution, all the derivatives were found to self-assemble primarily into isolated guanine (G)-quartets. In spite of the apparent similar bulkiness of the two substituents, most of the derivatives form disordered structures in the solid state, whereas a specific 8-phenyl derivative self-assembles into an unprecedented, cation-free stacked G-quartet architecture.

A model to differentiate WAD patients and people with abnormal pain behaviour based on biomechanical and self-reported tests.

The prevalence of malingering among individuals presenting whiplash-related symptoms is significant and leads to a huge economic loss due to fraudulent injury claims. Various strategies have been proposed to detect malingering and symptoms exaggeration. However, most of them have been not consistently validated and tested to determine their accuracy in detecting feigned whiplash. This study merges two different approaches to detect whiplash malingering (the mechanical approach and the qualitative analysis of the symptomatology) to obtain a malingering detection model based on a wider range of indices, both biomechanical and self-reported. A sample of 46 malingerers and 59 genuine clinical patients was tested using a kinematic test and a self-report questionnaire asking about the presence of rare and impossible symptoms. The collected measures were used to train and validate a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification model. Results showed that malingerers were discriminated from genuine clinical patients based on a greater proportion of rare symptoms vs. possible self-reported symptoms and slower but more repeatable neck motions in the biomechanical test. The fivefold cross-validation of the LDA model yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.84, with a sensitivity of 77.8% and a specificity of 84.7%.

Impact of social and mobility restrictions in Parkinson's disease during COVID-19 lockdown.

BACKGROUND: The consequences of strict COVID-19 mobility restrictions on motor/non-motor features in Parkinson's disease (PD) have not been systematically studied but worse mobility and quality of life have been reported. To elucidate this question, 12 mild to moderate PD patients were assessed in March 2020 before and after two months of isolation as part of a clinical study that had to be interrupted due to the pandemic and the implementation of COVID19 mobility restrictions. METHODS: Twelve patients were systematically evaluated before and after the lockdown period as part of a larger cohort that previously underwent thermal water rehabilitation. Clinical outcomes were the Body Mass index, the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test, the MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III, the 6 Minute Walking Test and the New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire. Global cognition was evaluated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale. The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on quality of life and functional independence was evaluated with The Parkinson's disease Quality of life (PDQ-39), the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living questionnaires (IADL) and the Parkinson's disease cognitive functional rating scales (PD-CFRS). RESULTS: After two months of isolation the Mini-BESTest score worsened (p=0.005), and four patients reported one or more falls during the lockdown. BMI increased (p=0.031) while the remaining clinical variables including quality of life did not change. CONCLUSION: We observed moderate worsening at Mini-BESTest, greater risk of falls and increased body weight as consequence of prolonged immobility. We believe negative effects were partially softened since patients were in contact with our multidisciplinary team during the lockdown and had previously received training to respond to the needs of this emergency isolation. These findings highligh the importnace of patient-centered interventions in PD management.

Beyond physiotherapy and pharmacological treatment for fibromyalgia syndrome: tailored tACS as a new therapeutic tool.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a complex pain disorder, characterized by diffuse pain and cognitive disturbances. Abnormal cortical oscillatory activity may be a promising biomarker, encouraging non-invasive neurostimulation techniques as a treatment. We aimed to modulate abnormal slow cortical oscillations by delivering transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and physiotherapy to reduce pain and cognitive symptoms. This was a double-blinded, randomized, crossover trial conducted between February and September 2018 at the Rehabilitation Unit of a teaching Hospital (NCT03221413). Participants were randomly assigned to tACS or random noise stimulation (RNS), 5 days/week for 2 weeks followed by ad hoc physiotherapy. Clinical and cognitive assessments were performed at T0 (baseline), T1 (after stimulation), T2 (1 month after stimulation). Electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral topographies recorded from 15 participants confirmed slow-rhythm prevalence and provided tACS tailored stimulation parameters and electrode sites. Following tACS, EEG alpha1 ([8-10] Hz) activity increased at T1 (p = 0.024) compared to RNS, pain symptoms assessed by Visual Analog Scale decreased at T1 (T1 vs T0 p = 0.010), self-reported cognitive skills and neuropsychological scores improved both at T1 and T2 (Patient-Reported Outcomes in Cognitive Impairment, T0-T2, p = 0.024; Everyday memory questionnaire, T1 compared to RNS, p = 0.012; Montréal Cognitive Assessment, T0 vs T1, p = 0.048 and T0 vs T2, p = 0.009; Trail Making Test B T0-T2, p = 0.034). Psychopathological scales and other neuropsychological scores (Trail Making Test-A; Total Phonemic Fluency; Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure) improved both after tACS and RNS but earlier improvements (T1) were registered only after tACS. These results support tACS coupled with physiotherapy in treating FMS cognitive symptoms, pain and subclinical psychopathology.

Developing an instrument for an early prediction model of long-term functional outcomes in people with acquired injuries of the central nervous system: protocol and methodological aspects.

Severe acquired brain injury (ABI) is a major cause of long-term disability and is the main determinant of health and societal costs. Early identification of favourable long-term recovery would allow personalized rehabilitative programs and better health care resources allocation. In light of the higher survival rate from intensive care units (ICU) in recent years, there is a growing need for early prognostication markers of functional recovery; to date, these data have been mainly collected at rehabilitation unit admission and not during the acute phase. We present the protocol and methodology to develop prediction models in people with severe acquired brain injury (GCS at admission to ICU < 8) for the functional and cognitive outcome at 12 months from the event. Predictors will be collected during the acute stage. Participants will be recruited within the first 72 h from the event in the ICUs of two teaching hospitals (Padova and Treviso). Participants will be followed up at discharge from ICU, admission and discharge from Neurorehabilitation and after 12 months from the event. Clinical and functional scales, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, magnetic resonance imaging and serological markers will be entered into a digital registry. Survival will be estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model. A multivariate prediction model will be developed for each of the functional and cognitive outcomes at 12 months from the event.

Skeletal muscle weakness in older adults home-restricted due to COVID-19 pandemic: a role for full-body in-bed gym and functional electrical stimulation.

Persons suffering with systemic neuromuscular disorders or chronic organ failures, spend less time for daily physical activity, aggravating their mobility impairments. From 2020, patients at risk are also older adults, who, though negative for the SARS-Cov-2 infection, suffer with a fatigue syndrome due to home restriction/quarantine. Besides eventual psycological managements, it could be useful to offer to these patients a rehabilitation workouts easy to learn and to independently repeat at home (Full-Body In-Bed Gym). Inspired by the proven capability to recover skeletal muscle contractility and strength by home-based volitional exercises and functional electrical stimulation (FES), we suggest for this fatigue syndrome a 10-20 min long daily routine of easy and safe physical exercises that may recover from muscle weakness the main 400 skeletal muscles used for every-day activities. Leg muscles could be trained also by an adjunctive neuro-muscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in frail old persons. Many of the exercises could be performed in bed (Full-Body in-Bed Gym), thus hospitalized patients can learn this light training before leaving the hospital. Full-Body in-Bed Gym is, indeed, an extension of well-established cardiovascular-ventilation rehabilitation training performed by patients after heavy surgery. Blood pressure readings, monitored before and after daily routine of Full-Body in-Bed Gym, demonstrate a transient decrease in peripheral resistance due to increased blood flow to major body muscles. Continued regularly, Full-Body in-Bed Gym may help maintaining independence of frail people, including those suffering with the fatigue syndrome related to the restrictions/quarantine imposed to the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.