RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation is increasing worldwide with underlying pathologies dominated by metabolic and alcoholic diseases in developed countries. METHODS: We provide a narrative review of invasive aspergillosis (IA) in liver transplant (LT) recipients. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for references without language and time restrictions. RESULTS: The incidence of IA in LT recipients is low (1.8%), while mortality is high (â¼50%). It occurs mainly early (<3 months) after LT. Some risk factors have been identified before (corticosteroid, renal, and liver failure), during (massive transfusion and duration of surgical procedure), and after transplantation (intensive care unit stay, re-transplantation, re-operation). Diagnosis can be difficult and therefore requires full radiological and clinicobiological collaboration. Accurate identification of Aspergillus species is recommended due to the cryptic species, and susceptibility testing is crucial given the increasing resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus to azoles. It is recommended to reduce the dose of tacrolimus (50%) and to closely monitor the trough level when introducing voriconazole, isavuconazole, and posaconazole. Surgery should be discussed on a case-by-case basis. Antifungal prophylaxis is recommended in high-risk patients. Environmental preventative measures should be implemented to prevent outbreaks of nosocomial aspergillosis in LT recipient units. CONCLUSION: IA remains a very serious disease in LT patients and should be promptly sought and, if possible, prevented by clinicians when risk factors are identified.
Asunto(s)
Aspergilosis , Infecciones Fúngicas Invasoras , Trasplante de Hígado , Humanos , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Trasplante de Hígado/efectos adversos , Aspergilosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Aspergilosis/epidemiología , Aspergilosis/diagnóstico , Voriconazol/uso terapéutico , Aspergillus , Infecciones Fúngicas Invasoras/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Fúngicas Invasoras/epidemiología , Infecciones Fúngicas Invasoras/complicaciones , Receptores de TrasplantesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Campylobacter spp. bacteremia is a severe infection. A nationwide 5-year retrospective study was conducted to characterize its clinical features and prognostic factors. METHODS: The study included patients with Campylobacter spp. bacteremia diagnosed in 37 French hospitals participating in the surveillance network of the National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2019. The goal was to analyze the effects of a delay of appropriate antibiotic therapy and other risk factors on 30-day mortality rates, antibiotic resistance, patient characteristics, and prognosis according to the Campylobacter species. RESULTS: Among the 592 patients, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus were the most commonly identified species (in 42.9% and 42.6%, respectively). The patients were elderly (median age 68 years), and most had underlying conditions, mainly immunodepression (43.4%), hematologic cancers (25.9%), solid neoplasms (23%), and diabetes (22.3%). C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli were associated with gastrointestinal signs, and C. fetus was associated with secondary localizations. Among the 80 patients (13.5%) with secondary localizations, 12 had endocarditis, 38 vascular, 24 osteoarticular, and 9 ascitic fluid infections. The 30-day mortality rate was 11.7%, and an appropriate antibiotic treatment was independently associated with 30-day survival (odds ratio, 0.47 [95% confidence interval, .24-.93]; Pâ =â .03). The median efficient therapy initiation delay was quite short (2 days [interquartile range, 0-4 days]) but it had no significant impact on the 30-day mortality rate (Pâ =â .78). CONCLUSIONS: Campylobacter spp. bacteremia mainly occurred in elderly immunocompromised individuals with variable clinical presentations according to the species involved. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy was associated with improved 30-day survival.
Asunto(s)
Bacteriemia , Infecciones por Campylobacter , Campylobacter jejuni , Campylobacter , Anciano , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/epidemiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Humanos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Etiological diagnosis is a key to therapeutic adaptation and improved prognosis, particularly for infections such as endocarditis. In blood culture-negative endocarditis (BCNE), 22% of cases remain undiagnosed despite an updated comprehensive syndromic approach. This prompted us to develop a new diagnostic approach. METHODS: Eleven valves from 10 BCNE patients were analyzed using a method that combines human RNA bait-depletion with phi29 DNA polymerase-based multiple displacement amplification and shotgun DNA sequencing. An additional case in which a microbe was serendipitously visualized by immunofluorescence was analyzed using the same method, but after laser capture microdissection. RESULTS: Background DNA prevented any diagnosis in cases analyzed without microdissection because the majority of sequences were contaminants. Moraxella sequences were dramatically enriched in the stained microdissected region of the additional case. A consensus genome sequence of 2.4 Mbp covering more than 94% of the Moraxella osloensis KSH reference genome was reconstructed with 234X average coverage. Several antibiotic-resistance genes were observed. Etiological diagnosis was confirmed using Western blot and specific polymerase chain reaction with sequencing on a different valve sample. CONCLUSIONS: Microdissection could be a key to the metagenomic diagnosis of infectious diseases when a microbe is visualized but remains unidentified despite an updated optimal approach. Moraxella osloensis should be tested in blood culture-negative endocarditis.
Asunto(s)
Endocarditis Bacteriana , Endocarditis , Cultivo de Sangre , Endocarditis/diagnóstico , Endocarditis Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Humanos , Metagenómica , MoraxellaRESUMEN
We report a case of Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae infection, an emerging tickborne rickettsiosis, with associated encephalitis in a 66-year-old man. Diagnosis was rapidly confirmed by quantitative PCR obtained from an eschar swab sample. The patient was successfully treated with oral doxycycline.
Asunto(s)
Encefalitis/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Rickettsia/diagnóstico , Rickettsia/aislamiento & purificación , Administración Oral , Anciano , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Doxiciclina/administración & dosificación , Doxiciclina/uso terapéutico , Encefalitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Francia , Humanos , Masculino , Infecciones por Rickettsia/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
One quarter of all cancers are linked to infectious diseases. The link between viral infection and cancer has been widely studied, but few reports have focused on the carcinogenic role of bacterial infection. Nonetheless, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia psittaci, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi and Campylobacter jejuni are bacteria that can be associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), the most common haematologic malignancy. Here, we review the evidence in favour of a link between these bacterial infections and NHL. Sero-epidemiological observation makes it possible to identify a link between H. pylori, C. burnetii, B. burgdorferi infection and NHL. Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia psittaci, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi and Campylobacter jejuni could be identified in NHL tissue samples at the site of chronic inflammation, where B and T lymphocytes are attracted to participate in follicle formation. Lymphoma remissions have been observed under antimicrobial therapies supporting the carcinogenic contribution of bacteria. If the theory of causality is characterized by the lack of universal criteria for establishing a causal link between two diseases, infection and lymphoma, epidemiological, clinical, and histological evidences reported here, should lead clinicians to pay attention to these infectious agents, to detect early lymphoma transformation.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Bacterianas/complicaciones , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Linfoma no Hodgkin/complicaciones , Linfoma no Hodgkin/microbiología , Borrelia burgdorferi , Campylobacter jejuni , Causalidad , Chlamydophila psittaci , Coxiella burnetii , Helicobacter pylori , Humanos , Estudios SeroepidemiológicosRESUMEN
Coxiella burnetii cardiovascular prosthetic infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality and represent a major health problem due to the lack of standardized management. We were confronted with a C. burnetii infection on Bentall-De Bono prosthesis characterized by a history of vascular infection with relapse that prompted us to screen for cases of C. burnetii on Bentall-De Bono vascular prosthesis monitored in our center. We screened patients between 1991 and 2019, from the French national reference center for Q fever. A microbiological criterion in addition to a lesional criterion was necessary to diagnose C. burnetii persistent vascular infection. Two thousand five hundred and eighty two patient were diagnosed with Coxiella burnetii infection and 160 patients with persistent C. burnetii vascular infection prosthesis, 95 of whom had a vascular prosthesis, including 12 with Bentall-De Bono prosthesis. Among patients with persistent C. burnetii prosthetic vascular infection, patients with Bentall-De Bono prostheses were significantly more prone to develop complications such as aneurysm, fistula, and abscess (62 versus 32%, two-sided Chi-square test, p = 0.04). All but one patient were treated with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine for a mean (± standard deviation) period of 29.4 ± 13.6 months. Among the 12 patients, 5 had cardio-vascular complications, and 5 had prolonged antibiotherapy with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine. Patients with C. burnetii vascular infection on Bentall-De Bono tend to be at high risk of developing complications (fistula, aneurysm, abscess, death). Surgery is rarely performed. Clinical, serological, and PET scanner imaging follow-up is recommended.
Asunto(s)
Prótesis Vascular/microbiología , Infecciones Cardiovasculares/terapia , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis/microbiología , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis/terapia , Fiebre Q/terapia , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico por imagen , Infecciones Cardiovasculares/microbiología , Coxiella burnetii/aislamiento & purificación , Francia , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis/diagnóstico por imagen , Fiebre Q/diagnóstico por imagen , Fiebre Q/tratamiento farmacológico , Tórax/diagnóstico por imagen , Tórax/microbiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: As Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, is a major health challenge due to its cardiovascular complications, we aimed to detect acute Q fever valvular injury to improve therapeutic management. METHODS: In the French national reference center for Q fever, we prospectively collected data from patients with acute Q fever and valvular injury. We identified a new clinical entity, acute Q fever endocarditis, defined as valvular lesion potentially caused by C. burnetii: vegetation, valvular nodular thickening, rupture of chorda tendinae, and valve or chorda tendinae thickness. To determine whether or not the disease was superimposed on an underlying valvulopathy, patients' physicians were contacted. Aortic bicuspidy, valvular stenosis, and insufficiency were considered as underlying valvulopathies. RESULTS: Of the 2434 patients treated in our center, 1797 had acute Q fever and 48 had acute Q fever endocarditis. In 35 cases (72%), transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) identified a valvular lesion of acute Q fever endocarditis without underlying valvulopathy. Positive anticardiolipin antibodies (>22 immunoglobulin G-type phospholipid units [GPLU]) were independently associated with acute Q fever endocarditis (odds ratio [OR], 2.7 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.3-5.5]; P = .004). Acute Q fever endocarditis (OR, 5.2 [95% CI, 2.6-10.5]; P < .001) and age (OR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1-1.9]; P = .02) were independent predictors of progression toward persistent C. burnetii endocarditis. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic TTE in acute Q fever patients offers a unique opportunity for early diagnosis of acute Q fever endocarditis and for the prevention of persistent endocarditis. Transesophageal echocardiography should be proposed in men, aged >40 years, with anticardiolipin antibodies >60 GPLU when TTE is inconclusive or negative.
Asunto(s)
Coxiella burnetii/patogenicidad , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Endocarditis Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Endocarditis Bacteriana/microbiología , Fiebre Q/diagnóstico , Fiebre Q/microbiología , Adulto , Anciano , Intervalos de Confianza , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Coxiella burnetii is the agent of Q fever, or "query fever," a zoonosis first described in Australia in 1937. Since this first description, knowledge about this pathogen and its associated infections has increased dramatically. We review here all the progress made over the last 20 years on this topic. C. burnetii is classically a strict intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium. However, a major step in the characterization of this pathogen was achieved by the establishment of its axenic culture. C. burnetii infects a wide range of animals, from arthropods to humans. The genetic determinants of virulence are now better known, thanks to the achievement of determining the genome sequences of several strains of this species and comparative genomic analyses. Q fever can be found worldwide, but the epidemiological features of this disease vary according to the geographic area considered, including situations where it is endemic or hyperendemic, and the occurrence of large epidemic outbreaks. In recent years, a major breakthrough in the understanding of the natural history of human infection with C. burnetii was the breaking of the old dichotomy between "acute" and "chronic" Q fever. The clinical presentation of C. burnetii infection depends on both the virulence of the infecting C. burnetii strain and specific risks factors in the infected patient. Moreover, no persistent infection can exist without a focus of infection. This paradigm change should allow better diagnosis and management of primary infection and long-term complications in patients with C. burnetii infection.
Asunto(s)
Coxiella burnetii/patogenicidad , Fiebre Q/diagnóstico , Fiebre Q/epidemiología , Animales , Genoma Bacteriano , Humanos , Fiebre Q/veterinaria , Virulencia , Zoonosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
We report 7 patients with interstitial lung disease seen at computed tomographic scan review. Coxiella burnetii infection was diagnosed in situ in 1 lung biopsy specimen. Q fever may be a cofactor of interstitial lung disease, especially in endemic areas.
Asunto(s)
Coxiella burnetii/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades Pulmonares Intersticiales/microbiología , Fiebre Q/diagnóstico , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Bacteria can induce human lymphomas, whereas lymphoproliferative disorders have been described in patients with Q fever. We observed a lymphoma in a patient with Q fever that prompted us to investigate the association between the 2 diseases. We screened 1468 consecutive patients of the 2004 to 2014 French National Referral Center for Q fever database. The standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) were calculated comparatively to the 2012 Francim Registry. The presence of Coxiella burnetii was tested using immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization using a specific 16S ribosomal RNA probe and genomic DNA probe. Seven patients (0.48%) presented mature B-cell lymphoma consisting of 6 DLBCL and 1 FL. An excess risk of DLBCL and FL was found in Q fever patients compared with the general population (SIR [95% confidence interval], 25.4 [11.4-56.4] and 6.7 [0.9-47.9], respectively). C burnetii was detected in CD68(+) macrophages within both lymphoma and lymphadenitis tissues but localization in CD123(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) was found only in lymphoma tissues. Q fever patients with persistent focalized infection were found more at risk of lymphoma (hazard ratio, 9.35 [1.10-79.4]). Interleukin-10 (IL10) overproduction (P = .0003) was found in patients developing lymphoma. These results suggest that C burnetii should be added to the list of bacteria that promote human B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, possibly by the infection of pDCs and IL10 overproduction. Screening for early lymphoma diagnosis should be considered in the management of patients with Q fever, especially those with persistent focalized infections.
Asunto(s)
Coxiella burnetii/patogenicidad , Células Dendríticas/microbiología , Linfoma de Células B/diagnóstico , Linfoma de Células B/etiología , Macrófagos/microbiología , Fiebre Q/complicaciones , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Coxiella burnetii/genética , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/patología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Linfoma de Células B/patología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Fiebre Q/microbiología , Fiebre Q/patología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma has been linked to infection with Coxiella burnetii, potentially through overproduction of IL-10 during infection with C. burnetii. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Description of a case report. RESULTS: We describe a patient with retroperitoneal non-Hodgkin lymphoma and vascular infection with C. burnetii. Immunofluorescence staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization targeting specific C. burnetii 16S rRNA were performed on the retroperitoneal lymphoma tissue sample obtained at diagnosis of NHL. Both were strongly positive for the presence of C. burnetii. CONCLUSIONS: This case provokes questions regarding a potential association between C. burnetii and NHL, and underlines the importance of further exploration of this association.
Asunto(s)
Coxiella burnetii/aislamiento & purificación , Linfoma no Hodgkin/diagnóstico , Fiebre Q/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Retroperitoneales/diagnóstico , Coxiella burnetii/genética , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Linfoma no Hodgkin/microbiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Países Bajos , Fiebre Q/microbiología , ARN Bacteriano/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 16S/análisis , Neoplasias Retroperitoneales/microbiologíaRESUMEN
In this article we report the first case of Q fever endocarditis in a 13 years old child with a percutaneous pulmonary Melody® valve. The patient had a new onset of Melody valve dysfunction associated with the combination of hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia but was afebrile. Although blood cultures were negative, we have further investigated in the direction of infective endocarditis by performing PCR detection and the serology of C. burnetii which were positive. A combination antibiotic therapy with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine was started with good clinical evolution. Our case emphasizes the fact that any Melody valvular dysfuntion should be considered as a potential infective endocarditis despite the absence of typical bacterial features.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Endocarditis Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis/diagnóstico , Fiebre Q/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Coxiella burnetii/genética , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Endocarditis Bacteriana/complicaciones , Endocarditis Bacteriana/tratamiento farmacológico , Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas/efectos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis/complicaciones , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis/tratamiento farmacológico , Válvula Pulmonar/microbiología , Válvula Pulmonar/cirugía , Fiebre Q/complicaciones , Fiebre Q/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Coxiella burnetii is mainly transmitted by aerosols and is responsible for multiple-organ lesions. Animal models have shown C. burnetii pathogenicity, but long-term outcomes still need to be clarified. We used a whole-body aerosol inhalation exposure system to mimic the natural route of infection in immunocompetent (BALB/c) and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. After an initial lung inoculum of 10(4) C. burnetii cells/lung, the outcome, serological response, hematological disorders, and deep organ lesions were described up to 3 months postinfection. C. burnetii-specific PCR, anti-C. burnetii immunohistochemistry, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) targeting C. burnetii-specific 16S rRNA completed the detection of the bacterium in the tissues. In BALB/c mice, a thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia were first observed, prior to evidence of C. burnetii replication. In all SCID mouse organs, DNA copies increased to higher levels over time than in BALB/c ones. Clinical signs of discomfort appeared in SCID mice, so follow-up had to be shortened to 2 months in this group. At this stage, all animals presented bone, cervical, and heart lesions. The presence of C. burnetii could be attested in situ for all organs sampled using immunohistochemistry and FISH. This mouse model described C. burnetii Nine Mile strain spread using aerosolization in a way that corroborates the pathogenicity of Q fever described in humans and completes previously published data in mouse models. C. burnetii infection occurring after aerosolization in mice thus seems to be a useful tool to compare the pathogenicity of different strains of C. burnetii.
Asunto(s)
Coxiella burnetii , Fiebre Q/microbiología , Fiebre Q/transmisión , Aerosoles , Animales , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Coxiella burnetii/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones SCID , Fenotipo , Fiebre Q/diagnósticoAsunto(s)
COVID-19/epidemiología , Reinfección/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Adulto , Anciano , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/mortalidad , COVID-19/virología , Femenino , Francia/epidemiología , Genotipo , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reinfección/diagnóstico , Reinfección/mortalidad , Reinfección/virología , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/epidemiología , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/virología , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadAsunto(s)
Fluconazol/administración & dosificación , Leishmania/aislamiento & purificación , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración Oral , Anciano , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/diagnóstico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/parasitología , MasculinoRESUMEN
Background: Immunocompromised patients now represent the population most at risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019. Persistent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral shedding was reported in these patients ranging from several weeks up to 9 months. We conducted a bicentric retrospective case-control study to identify risk and prognostic factors associated with persistent viral shedding in immunocompromised patients. Material and Methods: Symptomatic immunocompromised adults with persistent SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding >8 weeks were retrospectively included between 1 March 2020 and 24 April 2022 at 2 university hospitals in Paris, France, and matched with a control group consisting of symptomatic immunocompromised patients without persistent viral shedding. Results: Twenty-nine immunocompromised patients with persistent viral shedding were compared with 40 controls. In multivariate analysis, fever and lymphocytopenia (<0.5 G/L) were associated with an increased risk of persistent viral shedding (odds ratio [OR]: 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-11.09) P = .048 and OR: 4.3; 95% CI, 1.2-14.7; P = .019, respectively). Unvaccinated patients had a 6-fold increased risk of persistent viral shedding (OR, 6.6; 95% CI, 1.7-25.1; P = .006). Patients with persistent viral shedding were at risk of hospitalization (OR: 4.8; 95 CI, 1.5-15.6; P = .008), invasive aspergillosis (OR: 10.17; 95 CI, 1.15-89.8; P = .037) and death (log-rank test <0.01). Conclusions: Vaccine coverage was protective against SARS-CoV-2 persistent viral shedding in immunocompromised patients. This new group of immunocompromised patients with SARS-CoV-2 persistent viral shedding is at risk of developing invasive aspergillosis and death and should therefore be systematically screened for this fungal infection for as long as the viral shedding persists.