Positive Tetrahydrocurcumin-Associated Brain-Related Metabolomic Implications.

Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a metabolite of curcumin (CUR). It shares many of CUR's beneficial biological activities in addition to being more water-soluble, chemically stable, and bioavailable compared to CUR. However, its mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. This paper addresses the preventive role of THC on various brain dysfunctions as well as its effects on brain redox processes, traumatic brain injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease in various animal or cell culture models. In addition to its strong antioxidant properties, the effects of THC on the reduction of amyloid ß aggregates are also well documented. The therapeutic potential of THC to treat patterns of mitochondrial brain dysmorphic dysfunction is also addressed and thoroughly reviewed, as is evidence from experimental studies about the mechanism of mitochondrial failure during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. THC treatment also results in a dose-dependent decrease in ERK-mediated phosphorylation of GRASP65, which prevents further compartmentalization of the Golgi apparatus. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is possibly the most involved mechanism in the anti-apoptotic effect of THC. Overall, studies in various animal models of different brain disorders suggest that THC can be used as a dietary supplement to protect against traumatic brain injury and even improve brain function in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We suggest further preclinical studies be conducted to demonstrate the brain-protective, anti-amyloid, and anti-Parkinson effects of THC. Application of the methods used in the currently reviewed studies would be useful and should help define doses and methods of THC administration in different disease conditions.

Myocardial infarction and oxidative damage in animal models: objective and expectations from the application of cysteine derivatives.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated oxidative stress are the main contributors to pathophysiological changes following myocardial infarction (MI), which is the principal cause of death from cardiovascular disease. The glutathione (GSH)/glutathione peroxidase (GPx) system appears to be the main and most active cardiac antioxidant mechanism. Hence, enhancement of the myocardial GSH system might have protective effects in the setting of MI. It follows that by increasing antioxidant capacity, the heart will be able to reduce the damage associated with MI and even prevent/weaken the occurrence of oxidative stress, which is highly ranked among the factors responsible for the occurrence of acute MI. For these reasons, the primary goal of future investigations should be to address the effects of different antioxidative compounds and especially cysteine derivatives like N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC) as precursors responsible for the enhancement of the GSH-related antioxidant system's capacity. It is assumed that this will lay down the basis for elucidation of the mechanisms throughout which applicable doses of OTC will manifest a potentially positive impact in the reduction of adverse effects of acute MI. The inclusion of OTC in the models for prediction of the distribution of oxygen in infarcted animal hearts can help to upgrade existing computational models. Such a model would be based on computational geometries of the heart, but the inclusion of biochemical redox features in addition to angiogenic therapy, despite improvement of the post-infarcted oxygenated outcome could enhance the accuracy of the predictive values of oxygenation.

Tetrahydrocurcumin-Related Vascular Protection: An Overview of the Findings from Animal Disease Models.

Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), one of the major metabolites of CUR, possesses several CUR-like pharmacological effects; however, its mechanisms of action are largely unknown. This manuscript aims to summarize the literature on the preventive role of THC on vascular dysfunction and the development of hypertension by exploring the effects of THC on hemodynamic status, aortic elasticity, and oxidative stress in vasculature in different animal models. We review the protective effects of THC against hypertension induced by heavy metals (cadmium and iron), as well as its impact on arterial stiffness and vascular remodeling. The effects of THC on angiogenesis in CaSki xenografted mice and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are well documented. On the other hand, as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound, THC is involved in enhancing homocysteine-induced mitochondrial remodeling in brain endothelial cells. The experimental evidence regarding the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction during cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury and the therapeutic potential of THC to alleviate mitochondrial cerebral dysmorphic dysfunction patterns is also scrutinized and explored. Overall, the studies on different animal models of disease suggest that THC can be used as a dietary supplement to protect against cardiovascular changes caused by various factors (such as heavy metal overload, oxidative stress, and carcinogenesis). Additionally, the reviewed literature data seem to confirm THC's potential to improve mitochondrial dysfunction in cerebral vasculature during ischemic stroke through epigenetic mechanisms. We suggest that further preclinical studies should be implemented to demonstrate THC's vascular-protective, antiangiogenic, and anti-tumorigenic effects in humans. Applying the methods used in the presently reviewed studies would be useful and will help define the doses and methods of THC administration in various disease settings.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the monocarbonyl curcumin analogs B2BRBC and C66 in monocrotaline-induced right ventricular hypertrophy.

For 22 days after monocrotaline injection two groups of rats received either of the monocarbonyl curcumin analogs (2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2-bromobenzylidene)cycloxehanone (B2BrBC) and (2E,6E)-2,6-bis([2-trifluoromethyl]benzylidene)cyclohexanone (C66), and their right ventricle parameters were compared to those from the control and the monocrotaline injected animals. B2BrBC and C66 treatments did not prevent the monocrotaline-induced right ventricular hypertrophy but attenuated the changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced inflammation. The level of thiol-based nonenzymatic antioxidants did not change in the function of monocrotaline or curcumin analogs treatment. However, due to its stronger antioxidant properties, only B2BrBC treatment was effective in the reduction of monocrotaline-associated lipid peroxidation. The obtained results suggest that increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes may not be sufficient to reduce oxidative stress and chronic inflammation optimally and our current study supports the potential of compounds with more than one beneficial biological activity as a promising treatment against the progression of cardiac hypertrophy.

Interleukin-6 induced activation of a non-selective outward cation conductance in human cardiac fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that cardiac fibroblasts of the human heart have several myocyte-like features, induced by inflammation. OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the changes of the expressed currents in the basal condition and in the presence of interleukin-6 in cultured human cardiac fibroblasts. METHODS: Human cardiac fibroblasts were cultured as monolayers from earlier passages (2-4). Whole-cell voltage clamp experiments were performed on single culture human cardiac fibroblasts. RESULTS: The cultured human cardiac fibroblasts had a membrane resistance of Rm of 412±91MΩ, and a resting membrane potential of -68.1±3.2mV. Among different cells, we have been analyzed these at which depolarizing clamp steps induced outward currents that reached peak within approx. 20ms and then slowly decayed. Gd3+ decreased the current amplitudes at depolarizing steps. Superfusion with interleukin-6 caused increasing of the outward membrane currents. The changes in the membrane currents continued up to 6min of interleukin-6 perfusion, by reaching their maximum at 3min and slowly decreasing to the level of control recordings at 6min. In the presence of 8µmol/l Gd3+, interleukin-6 does not modify the membrane currents. CONCLUSION: The involvement of mechano sensitive channels in interleukin-6 induced electrical property of fibroblast was proposed. This report presents one particular model of action of interleukin-6, that can open new insights for a deeper understanding of the relationships between interleukin-6 and different ion channels into the fibroblast.

SIRT-associated attenuation of cellular senescence in vascular wall.

This review focuses on the vital function that SIRT1 and other sirtuins play in promoting cellular senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells, which is a key element in the pathogenesis of vascular aging and associated cardiovascular diseases. Vascular aging is a gradual process caused by the accumulation of senescent cells, which results in increased vascular remodeling, stiffness, and diminished angiogenic ability. Such physiological alterations are characterized by a complex interplay of environmental and genetic variables, including oxidative stress and telomere attrition, which affect gene expression patterns and trigger cell growth arrest. SIRT1 has been highlighted for its potential to reduce cellular senescence through modulation of multiple signaling cascades, particularly the endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS)/NO signaling pathway. It also modulates cell cycle through p53 inactivation and suppresses NF-κB mediated expression of adhesive molecules at the vascular level. The study also examines the therapeutic potential of sirtuin modulation in vascular health, identifying SIRT1 and its sirtuin counterparts as potential targets for reducing vascular aging. This study sheds light on the molecular basis of vascular aging and the beneficial effects of sirtuins, paving the way for the development of tailored therapies aimed at enhancing vascular health and prolonging life.

The Role of KACh Channels in Atrial Fibrillation.

This manuscript explores the intricate role of acetylcholine-activated inward rectifier potassium (KACh) channels in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF), a common cardiac arrhythmia. It delves into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underpin AF, emphasizing the vital function of KACh channels in modulating the atrial action potential and facilitating arrhythmogenic conditions. This study underscores the dual nature of KACh activation and its genetic regulation, revealing that specific variations in potassium channel genes, such as Kir3.4 and K2P3.1, significantly influence the electrophysiological remodeling associated with AF. Furthermore, this manuscript identifies the crucial role of the KACh-mediated current, IKACh, in sustaining arrhythmia through facilitating shorter re-entry circuits and stabilizing the re-entrant circuits, particularly in response to vagal nerve stimulation. Experimental findings from animal models, which could not induce AF in the absence of muscarinic activation, highlight the dependency of AF induction on KACh channel activity. This is complemented by discussions on therapeutic interventions, where KACh channel blockers have shown promise in AF management. Additionally, this study discusses the broader implications of KACh channel behavior, including its ubiquitous presence across different cardiac regions and species, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of AF dynamics. The implications of these findings are profound, suggesting that targeting KACh channels might offer new therapeutic avenues for AF treatment, particularly in cases resistant to conventional approaches. By integrating genetic, cellular, and pharmacological perspectives, this manuscript offers a holistic view of the potential mechanisms and therapeutic targets in AF, making a significant contribution to the field of cardiac arrhythmia research.

Anticarcinogenic Potency of EF24: An Overview of Its Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, Mechanism of Action, and Nanoformulation for Drug Delivery.

EF24, a synthetic monocarbonyl analog of curcumin, shows significant potential as an anticancer agent with both chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties. It exhibits rapid absorption, extensive tissue distribution, and efficient metabolism, ensuring optimal bioavailability and sustained exposure of the target tissues. The ability of EF24 to penetrate biological barriers and accumulate at tumor sites makes it advantageous for effective cancer treatment. Studies have demonstrated EF24's remarkable efficacy against various cancers, including breast, lung, prostate, colon, and pancreatic cancer. The unique mechanism of action of EF24 involves modulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways, disrupting cancer-promoting inflammation and oxidative stress. EF24 inhibits tumor growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, mainly through inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and by regulating key genes by modulating microRNA (miRNA) expression or the proteasomal pathway. In summary, EF24 is a promising anticancer compound with a unique mechanism of action that makes it effective against various cancers. Its ability to enhance the effects of conventional therapies, coupled with improvements in drug delivery systems, could make it a valuable asset in cancer treatment. However, addressing its solubility and stability challenges will be crucial for its successful clinical application.

Oxidative Stress, Reductive Stress and Antioxidants in Vascular Pathogenesis and Aging.

This review is focused on the mechanisms that regulate health, disease and aging redox status, the signal pathways that counteract oxidative and reductive stress, the role of food components and additives with antioxidant properties (curcumin, polyphenols, vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, etc.), and the role of the hormones irisin and melatonin in the redox homeostasis of animal and human cells. The correlations between the deviation from optimal redox conditions and inflammation, allergic, aging and autoimmune responses are discussed. Special attention is given to the vascular system, kidney, liver and brain oxidative stress processes. The role of hydrogen peroxide as an intracellular and paracrine signal molecule is also reviewed. The cyanotoxins ß-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), cylindrospermopsin, microcystins and nodularins are introduced as potentially dangerous food and environment pro-oxidants.

Transcriptomic profile of the mechanosensitive ion channelome in human cardiac fibroblasts.

Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) have mRNA transcripts that encode different mechanosensitive ion channels and channel regulatory proteins whose functions are not known yet. The primary goal of this work was to define the mechanosensitive ion channelome of HCFs. The most common type of cationic channel is the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, which is followed by the TWIK-related K+ channel (TREK), transmembrane protein 63 (TMEM63), and PIEZO channel (PIEZO) families. In the sodium-dependent NON-voltage-gated channel (SCNN) subfamily, only SCNN1D was shown to be highly expressed. Particular members of the acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) (ASIC1 and ASIC3) subfamilies were also significantly expressed. The transcripts per kilobase million (TPMs) for Piezo 2 were almost 100 times less abundant than those for Piezo 1. The tandem of P domains in a weak inward rectifying K+ channel (TWIK)-2 channel, TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel (TASK)-5, TASK-1, and the TWIK-related K1 (TREK-1) channel were the four most prevalent types in the K2P subfamily. The highest expression in the TRPP subfamily was found for PKD2 and PKD1, while in the TRPM subfamily, it was found for TRPM4, TRPM7, and TRPM3. TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPV3, and TRPV6 (all members of the TRPV subfamily) were also substantially expressed. A strong expression of the TRPC1, TRPC4, TRPC6, and TRPC2 channels and all members of the TRPML subfamily (MCOLN1, MCOLN2, and MCOLN3) was also shown. In terms of the transmembrane protein 16 (TMEM16) family, the HCFs demonstrated significant expression of the TMEM16H, TMEM16F, TMEM16J, TMEM16A, and TMEM16G channels. TMC3 is the most expressed channel in HCFs of all known members of the transmembrane channel-like protein (TMC) family. This analysis of the mechanosensitive ionic channel transcriptome in HCFs: (1) agrees with previously documented findings that all currently identified mechanosensitive channels play a significant and well recognized physiological function in elucidating the mechanosensitive characteristics of HCFs; (2) supports earlier preliminary reports that point to the most common expression of the TRP mechanosensitive family in HCFs; and (3) points to other new mechanosensitive channels (TRPC1, TRPC2, TWIK-2, TMEM16A, ASIC1, and ASIC3).

Identification of RNA reads encoding different channels in isolated rat ventricular myocytes and the effect of cell stretching on L-type Ca2+current.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to identify transcripts of specific ion channels in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and determine their potential role in the regulation of ionic currents in response to mechanical stimulation. The gene expression levels of various ion channels in freshly isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were investigated using the RNA-seq technique. We also measured changes in current through CaV1.2 channels under cell stretching using the whole-cell patch-clamp method. RESULTS: Among channels that showed mechanosensitivity, significant amounts of TRPM7, TRPC1, and TRPM4 transcripts were found. We suppose that the recorded L-type Ca2+ current is probably expressed through CaV1.2. Furthermore, stretching cells by 6, 8, and 10 µm, which increases ISAC through the TRPM7, TRPC1, and TRPM4 channels, also decreased ICa,L through the CaV1.2 channels in K+ in/K+ out, Cs+ in/K+ out, K+ in/Cs+ out, and Cs+ in/Cs+ out solutions. The application of a nonspecific ISAC blocker, Gd3+, during cell stretching eliminated ISAC through nonselective cation channels and ICa,L through CaV1.2 channels. Since the response to Gd3+ was maintained in Cs+ in/Cs+ out solutions, we suggest that voltage-gated CaV1.2 channels in the ventricular myocytes of adult rats also exhibit mechanosensitive properties. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that TRPM7, TRPC1, and TRPM4 channels represent stretch-activated nonselective cation channels in rat ventricular myocytes. Probably the CaV1.2 channels in these cells exhibit mechanosensitive properties. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying stretch-induced responses in rat ventricular myocytes, which may have implications for understanding cardiac physiology and pathophysiology.

Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of Tetrahydrocurcumin-Based Formulations: An Overview of Their Metabolism in Different Microbiotic Compartments.

In this review, the basic metabolic characteristics of the curcuminoid tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) at the level of the intestinal microbiota were addressed. Special attention was given to the bactericidal effects of one of the THC-phospholipid formulations, which has shown greater bioavailability and activity than pure THC. Similarly, quinoline derivatives and amino acid conjugates of THC have also shown antibacterial effects in the gut. The microbial effect of pure THC is particularly pronounced in pathophysiological conditions related to the function of the intestinal microbiota, such as type II diabetes. Furthermore, the antiviral characteristics of Cur compared to those of THC are more pronounced in preventing the influenza virus. In the case of HIV infections, the new microemulsion gel formulations of THC possess high retention during preventive application in the vagina and, at the same time, do not disturb the vaginal microbiota, which is critical in maintaining low vaginal pH. Based on the reviewed literature, finding new formulations of THC which can increase its bioavailability and activity and emphasize its antibacterial and antiviral characteristics could be very important. Applying such THC formulations in preventing and treating ailments related to the microbiotic compartments in the body would be beneficial from a medical point of view.

Protective Effects of L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-Carboxylate during Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats: In Vivo Study.

This study aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTC) against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced acute myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Results demonstrated that OTC treatments inhibited ISO-induced oxidative damage, suppressed lipid peroxidation, and increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in the hearts of the treated rats compared to those of the untreated controls. The ISO-related NF-κB activation was reduced due to the OTC treatment, and lower degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis in the hearts were observed. In summary, OTC treatments exerted cardioprotective effects against MI in vivo, mainly due to enhancing cardiac antioxidant activity.

The role of activation of two different sGC binding sites by NO-dependent and NO-independent mechanisms in the regulation of SACs in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.

The mechanoelectrical feedback (MEF) mechanism in the heart that plays a significant role in the occurrence of arrhythmias, involves cation flux through cation nonselective stretch-activated channels (SACs). It is well known that nitric oxide (NO) can act as a regulator of MEF. Here we addressed the possibility of SAC's regulation along NO-dependent and NO-independent pathways, as well as the possibility of S-nitrosylation of SACs. In freshly isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, using the patch-clamp method in whole-cell configuration, inward nonselective stretch-activated cation current ISAC was recorded through SACs, which occurs during dosed cell stretching. NO donor SNAP, α1-subunit of sGC activator BAY41-2272, sGC blocker ODQ, PKG blocker KT5823, PKG activator 8Br-cGMP, and S-nitrosylation blocker ascorbic acid, were employed. We concluded that the physiological concentration of NO in the cell is a necessary condition for the functioning of SACs. An increase in NO due to SNAP in an unstretched cell causes the appearance of a Gd3+ -sensitive nonselective cation current, an analog of ISAC , while in a stretched cell it eliminates ISAC . The NO-independent pathway of sGC activation of α subunit, triggered by BAY41-2272, is also important for the regulation of SACs. Since S-nitrosylation inhibitor completely abolishes ISAC , this mechanism occurs. The application of BAY41-2272 cannot induce ISAC in a nonstretched cell; however, the addition of SNAP on its background activates SACs, rather due to S-nitrosylation. ODQ eliminates ISAC , but SNAP added on the background of stretch increases ISAC in addition to ODQ. This may be a result of the lack of NO as a result of inhibition of NOS by metabolically modified ODQ. KT5823 reduces PKG activity and reduces SACs phosphorylation, leading to an increase in ISAC . 8Br-cGMP reduces ISAC by activating PKG and its phosphorylation. These results demonstrate a significant contribution of S-nitrosylation to the regulation of SACs.

Cardiomyocytes' prolonged IL-2 incubation induces enhancement in L-type Ca2+ channels mediated by inhibitory-kappaB kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB signalling.

The main objective of this study was to determine the primary intracellular signalling pathway affected by prolonged (2 hours) incubation in interleukin-2 (IL-2). Based on the inflammatory nature of IL-2, priority was given to the involvement of inhibitory-kappaB kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB (IKK/NF-κB) signalling. All of the experiments were performed on freshly prepared cardiomyocytes isolated from rat left ventricles. After isolation, the whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on single cells. After 2 hours of incubation in IL-2, the current at 0 mV was approximately 100% higher than at the start of the incubation. ACHP, a highly specific kinase ß inhibitor, in a concentration of 10 nmol/L, caused significant reduction in the ICa,L . IL-2 (2 ng/mL) in the presence of 0.1 µmol/L IMD-0354 as a specific inhibitor of IKKß, caused nearly no changes in the ICa,L . IL-2 (3 ng/mL) induced a significant increase in phosphorylated NF-κB p65. The cardiomyocytes incubated in a Kraftbrühe solution containing IL-2 plus PDTC as a specific inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) for 2 hours had a similar ICa,L increase compared to the cells incubated only in IL-2. IL-2-induced enhancement in L-type Ca2+ channels was mediated by IKK/NF-κB signalling, but not via iNOS-mRNA signalling.

Curcumin analogs (B2BrBC and C66) supplementation attenuates airway hyperreactivity and promote airway relaxation in neonatal rats exposed to hyperoxia.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the newly synthesized curcuminoids B2BrBC and C66 supplementation will overcome hyperoxia-induced tracheal hyperreactivity and impairment of relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle (TSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat pups (P5) were exposed to hyperoxia (>95% O2 ) or normoxia for 7 days. At P12, tracheal cylinders were used to study in vitro contractile responses induced by methacholine (10-8 -10-4 M) or relaxation induced by electrical field stimulation (5-60 V) in the presence/absence of B2BrBC or C66, or to study the direct relaxant effects elicited by both analogs. RESULTS: Hyperoxia significantly increased contraction and decreased relaxation of TSM compared to normoxia controls. Presence of B2BrBC or C66 normalized both contractile and relaxant responses altered by hyperoxia. Both, curcuminoids directly induced dose-dependent relaxation of preconstricted TSM. Supplementation of hyperoxic animals with B2BrBC or C66, significantly increased catalase activity. Lung TNF-α was significantly increased in hyperoxia-exposed animals. Both curcumin analogs attenuated increases in TNF-α in hyperoxic animals. CONCLUSION: We show that B2BrBC and C66 provide protection against adverse contractility and relaxant effect of hyperoxia on TSM, and whole lung inflammation. Both analogs induced direct relaxation of TSM. Through restoration of catalase activity in hyperoxia, we speculate that analogs are protective against hyperoxia-induced tracheal hyperreactivity by augmenting H2 O2 catabolism. Neonatal hyperoxia induces increased tracheal contractility, attenuates tracheal relaxation, diminishes lung antioxidant capacity, and increases lung inflammation, while monocarbonyl CUR analogs were protective of these adverse effects of hyperoxia. Analogs may be promising new therapies for neonatal hyperoxic airway and lung disease.

L-type Ca2+ channels' involvement in IFN-γ-induced signaling in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) on calcium movement in rat ventricular myocytes. L-type Ca2+ currents (ICa,L) were recorded with the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp techniques. IFN-γ induces current density reduction at the test potential of 0 mV by 47.6 ± 7.4%. Heparin, a selective inhibitor of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca2+ release, applied via a patch pipette, induced an ICa,L amplitude decrease of about 46 ± 5.6%. The addition of IFN-γ to heparin-treated cells has no effect on ICa,L. Ryanodine induced an ICa,L current amplitude decrease of 35.1 ± 6.2%. The addition of IFN-γ to ryanodine-treated cells caused an additional ICa,L inhibiting of 17.6 ± 4.8%. Both cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a specific SERCA inhibitor, and a combination of CPA and ryanodine caused a significant reduction of the ICa,L amplitudes. Subsequent addition of IFN-γ inhibited ICa,L for an additional 16.3 ± 4.4%. The employment of chelerythrine in this study prevented IFN-γ-induced L-type Ca2+ channel inhibition in only 10 min from the start of perfusion. Proposed mechanisms of regulation involved IFN-γ-induced IP3-sensitive Ca2+ release probably by a Ca2+-dependent translocation of PKC from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane as the obligatory first step of the IFN-γ-induced PKC-dependent L-type Ca2+ channel inhibition.

Long-Term IL-2 Incubation-Induced L-type Calcium Channels Activation in Rat Ventricle Cardiomyocytes.

The following study examined the impact of IL-2 on Ca2+ channel activity in the event of several hours' incubation in IL-2. The right ventricle free wall for action potential measurements was isolated and perfused with Tyrode solution. The whole-cell voltage clamp experiments were performed on enzymatically isolated single cardiomyocytes. The whole-cell voltage clamp recording of Ca2+ currents was performed using the Cs+-based pipette and bath solutions. The protocol with depolarizing prepulse (- 40 mV) was used to inactivate both Na+ current and Ca2+T-type current. The L-type Ca2+ current was elicited by a series of 250 ms depolarizing square pulses with 10 mV increments. At the 15th minute of continuous recording, the peak density at 0 mV was - 3.036 ± 0.3015 pA/pF under IL-2 and - 3.008 ± 0.3452 pA/pF in control conditions. The IL-2 in moderate concentration (1 ng/mL) has no acute effects on ICa.L in rat ventricular cells. In contrast, to the lack of acute effects, the long-term incubation with IL-2 (2 h or more) produced a prominent enhancement of Ca2+L-type current. In rat, ventricular myocardium IL-2 (1 ng/mL) produced a very gradual prolongation of subendocardial APs which reached a maximal extent after 3-4 h of treatment. The patch clamp study shows an IL-2-induced ICa.L current activation, while the action potential studies on multicellular ventricular preparations suggest an IL-2-induced L-type Ca2+ channel participation in the development of AP.

IL-2-induced NF-κB phosphorylation upregulates cation nonselective conductance in human cardiac fibroblasts.

PURPOSE: Studies of negative ionotropic effects of IL-2 create the basis for possible IL-2 impact on nonselective conductance (GNS), which potentially makes these effects useful in elucidation of the pathways affected by IL-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A culture of human cardiac fibroblasts (CHCFs) was used in this study. A voltage clamp mode of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was introduced. The level of phosphorylated NF-κB was determined by newly developed semi-quantitative ELISA. RESULTS: The IL-2 (5 ng/ml) increased the currents during the depolarizing clamp to larger amplitudes without changing their time course. In the CHCFs pretreated with 50 µmol/L 2-APB, IL-2-induced increase in GNS was highly prevented (p < 0.001), indicating possible STIM-ORAI involvement. The CHCF perfusion with IL-2 in the presence of IMD-0354 for 14-16 min confirmed a significant GNS prevention (between 50 and 80%), indicating IκB involvement in the IL-2-induced signaling. The CHCF perfusion with IL-2 in the presence of Chel, induced significant prevention in the GNS expression (between 50 and 80%) compared to IL-2 treated cells, indicating PKC involvement. CONCLUSIONS: IL-2 mediated GNS increase is mediated by activation of downstream players such as PKC, IκB, and NF-κB, which are probably further responsible for the upregulation of STIM-ORAI.

Comparative study of the antioxidant properties of monocarbonyl curcumin analogues C66 and B2BrBC in isoproteranol induced cardiac damage.

AIM: To test the antioxidant properties of the newly synthesized (2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2-bromobenzylidene)cyclohexanone (B2BrBC) in parallel with C66 in rats with cardiac hypertrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The protective effects of both C66 and B2BrBC against oxidative stress in rats with cardiac hypertrophy, was studied by evaluating the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the relationship between the ratio of the activities of the antioxidant enzymes R = SOD/(GPx + CAT) and levels of thiols and lipid peroxidation in the heart. In order to gain better understanding of the antioxidant properties of the studied compounds, computational methods were utilized. The properties of selected structurally related derivatives were obtained on optimized geometries for ground states, using semi-empirical PM3 quantum mechanical calculations. KEY FINDINGS: The ratio R shows disequilibrium in rats with induced hypertrophy (p < 0.001). Coextending changes were detected in total and free sulfhydryl group content (p = 0.011 for t-SH and p = 0.008, for free SH, respectively). The results with the B2BrBC, indicated strong thiol prevention reflected in the levels of both t-SH and f-SH. Taking into account the HOMO energies of B2BrBC (-9.398 eV) and C66 (-9.667), it can be concluded that B2BrBC has lower HOMO energy, which makes it a better electron donor and a better antioxidant. SIGNIFICANCE: The obtained results indicated that the antioxidant ability of B2BrBC is positively associated with the catalytic SOD and GPx activities expressed through preserved t-SH levels. It seems plausible that for a compound to exhibit antioxidant activity, as most of the 2,6-bis(benzylidene)cyclohexanones do, they should be good electron donors. IMPACT STATEMENT: Understanding the relationship between cardiac hypertrophy induced oxidative injuries and supporters of endogenous reparatory machinery will help in establishing the beneficial role of adequate antioxidant supplementation. In this study reliable data on the preventive effects of newly synthesized symmetric monocarbonyl curcumin analogue B2BrBC and its role in the prevention of oxidative injuries on three levels (enzymatic, protein and lipid), in the heart hypertrophic onset, were obtained.