Ganoderma zonatum Is the Causal Agent of Basal Stem Rot in Oil Palm in Colombia.

Basal stem rot (BSR), caused by Ganoderma spp., is one of the most important emerging oil palm diseases in Colombia, and is restricted to two oil palm production areas in the country. To identify the causal agent of the disease, basidiocarp of oil palms affected by BSR were used to prepare isolates, and their pathogenicity was then assessed in pre-nursery plants. Four-month-old oil palm seedlings were inoculated with rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) blocks colonized with dikaryotic mycelia of Ganoderma. The incidence, severity, and symptoms of the pathogen were assessed. A multiregional analysis (ITS, rpb2, and tef1-α) was carried out to identify the isolates; all isolates were determined to be Ganoderma zonatum. Phylogenetic analyses with the three regions yielded concordant phylogenetic information and supported the distinction of the isolates with high bootstrap support. Seven isolates (CPBsZN-01-29, CPBsZN-02-30, CPBsZN-03-31, CPBsZN-04-34, CPBsZN-05-35, CPBsZN-06-36, and CPBsZN-07-38) were pathogenic in oil palm, with incidences greater than 90% and a maximum severity of 34%, and the highest severity index was found in isolates CPBsZN-03-31, CPBsZN-04-34, and CPBsZN-06-36. The pathogen was recovered from inoculated oil palms in all cases. This study reveals the pathogenic association of Ganoderma zonatum with BSR in Colombia.

Reply to Paterson, R.R.M. Comment on "Castillo et al. Ganoderma zonatum Is the Causal Agent of Basal Stem Rot in Oil Palm in Colombia. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 230".

Reader Q: There was no morphological information provided for the isolated specimens, and so it is not known if they are even Ganoderma [...].

Application timing and efficacy of alternatives for the insecticidal control of Tipula paludosa Meigen (Diptera: Tipulidae), a new invasive pest of turf in the northeastern United States.

BACKGROUND: Two invasive crane flies, Tipula paludosa Meigen and Tipula oleracea L. (Diptera: Tipulidae), were detected in New York State for the first time in 2004. Both are damaging pests of turfgrass and other horticultural systems in North America where establishment has already been documented. To develop management recommendations for the Northeast and define opportunities for preventive (autumn) and curative (spring) control, four insecticide trials targeting T. paludosa larvae were conducted over a 2 year period. RESULTS: The most efficacious (>or=70% control in both trials) products against early instars in autumn were bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole, clothianidin and trichlorfon. Results varied for azadirachtin, Beauveria bassiana, cyfluthrin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, imidacloprid + bifenthrin and indoxacarb. Clothianidin and dinotefuran were most efficacious against fourth instars in spring; results varied for imidacloprid, indoxacarb and trichlorfon. CONCLUSION: Several insecticides offer alternatives for preventive and curative control of T. paludosa, but, because there is little overlap with application windows for scarab larvae pests, management may entail an entirely new insecticide treatment window, implying new economic and environmental burdens to the turfgrass industry. Moreover, curtailing the impact and spread of these invasives may be severely hampered because the best performing alternatives (clothianidin, dinotefuran) are not registered in New York.

A Review on the Advances of Biocompatible Materials and Their Processing Via Additive Manufacturing for Tissue Engineering Applications / Una Revisión de los Avances en Materiales Biocompatibles y su Procesamiento Mediante Manufactura Aditiva Para Aplicaciones en Ingeniería de Tejidos

Abstract: About two decades ago, medicine experienced a revolutionary approach, driven by technological development in manufacturing techniques and scientific advances in the medical and life sciences, the field took on the challenge of regenerating tissue and organs damaged by disease, trauma, or hereditary issues, incorporating additive manufacturing as one of its strategies. Since its inception, regenerative medicine has developed techniques like tissue engineering, cellular therapy, medical devices, and artificial organs to provide wound healing and orthopedic applications. The incorporation of additive manufacturing allowed to recreate biologically appropriate environments for cell reproduction and growth that, eventually, lead to useful, regenerated tissue or organs. The objective of the present work is to review recent advances in the application of additive manufacturing techniques and ad hoc biomaterials in the field of regenerative medicine, to determine their impact in the development of new therapies for tissue engineering.

Resumen: Hace aproximadamente dos décadas, la medicina experimentó un enfoque revolucionario, impulsado por el desarrollo tecnológico en técnicas de fabricación y los avances científicos en las ciencias médicas y de la vida. El campo asumió el desafío de regenerar tejidos y órganos dañados por enfermedades, traumatismos o problemas hereditarios, incorporando la fabricación aditiva como una de sus estrategias. Desde su inicio, la medicina regenerativa ha desarrollado técnicas como la ingeniería de tejidos, la terapia celular, los dispositivos médicos y los órganos artificiales para proporcionar cicatrización de heridas y aplicaciones ortopédicas. La incorporación de la fabricación aditiva ha permitido recrear entornos biológicamente apropiados para la reproducción y crecimiento celular, lo que eventualmente ha llevado a la obtención de tejidos u órganos regenerados útiles. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los avances recientes en la aplicación de técnicas de fabricación aditiva y biomateriales ad hoc en el campo de la medicina regenerativa, para determinar su impacto en el desarrollo de nuevas terapias para la ingeniería de tejidos.

Dinámica poblacional y fenología del salivazo de los pastos Zulia carbonaria ( Lallemand ) ( Homoptera: Cercopidae ) en el valle geográfico del río Cauca, Colombia / Population dynamics and phenology of the pasture spittlebug Zulia carbonaria ( Lallemand ) ( Homoptera: Cercopidae ) in the Cauca river Valley, Colombia

Se estudió la fluctuación poblacional de ninfas, adultos, huevos y enemigos naturales de Zulia carbonaria (Lallemand) (Homoptera: Cercopidae) asociado con pastos de Brachiaria dictyoneura en el valle geográfico del río Cauca, Colombia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la fenología de Z. carbonaria bajo las condiciones estacionales de precipitación bimodal (marzo-mayo y septiembre-noviembre). Semanalmente, durante dos años, se cuantificaron las poblaciones del salivazo y ciertos enemigos naturales mediante pases de jama (adultos) y conteos de ninfas en masas de espuma. Para obtener huevos y estudiar su desarrollo, semanalmente se recolectaron adultos hembras que se pusieron a ovipositar en cajas de petri con papel filtro húmedo en su interior. En ambos años de muestreo se documentaron 3-4 generaciones de Z. carbonaria con un ciclo de vida promedia de 66 días. Las poblaciones fueron más abundantes en el primer semestre y disminuyeron dramáticamente en el transcurso del segundo semestre, aún en los meses lluviosos (septiembre-noviembre). Se encontró muy bajo número de huevos diapáusicos (0.5 por ciento). Los enemigos naturales encontrados fueron la mosca depredadora de las ninfas Salpingogaster nigra Schiner (Diptera: Syrphidae), ácaros parasitarios de los adultos (Acari: Erythraeidae) y hongos de varios géneros. Aunque Z. carbonaria sincroniza su ciclo de vida con las lluvias del primer semestre, no se detectó un papel de la diapausa en los huevos como es común en otras especies de salivazo en zonas bajo condiciones unimodales de precipitación. Se discuten posibles explicaciones por esa sincronización y por la escasez del insecto bajo las condiciones lluviosas del segundo semestre.

Alternative methods for rearing grass-feeding spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) / Métodos alternativos para a criação das cigarrinhas-das-pastagens (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)

Duas metodologias para criação de cigarrinhas-das-pastagens são relatadas e avaliadas, utilizando-se Aeneolamia varia (Fabricius) sobre Brachiaria ruziziensis Germ. & Evrard. Desenvolveuse uma nova unidade de criação em pequena escala para manter a cigarrinha nos seus diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, e assim promover estudos biológicos dos insetos. A unidade possui uma bandeja de plantas com raízes, que são os locais de alimentação e desenvolvimento das ninfas, junto com uma gaiola para emergência dos adultos contendo plantas e substrato para oviposição eobtenção de ovos. Para produção em larga escala, aperfeiçoou-se um método de criação massal, reduzindo-se os insumos e agilizando-se a produção. A principal característica é uma caixa coberta com raízes e condições de microclima adequados para o desenvolvimento de ninfas. A eficiência de produção de adultos a partir de ovos foi de 45,1%, produzindo 1002 adultos/m2 por geração, com um período de desenvolvimento ninfal de 36,1 dias. A emergência de adultos foi de 70,5% em uma semana. Esse método para produção massal é uma ferramenta efetiva para produção de cigarrinhas em larga escala, podendo ser utilizado para estudos como de controle com fungos entopatógenos, resistência da plantahospedeira e outros. São discutidas as possibilidades e necessidades futuras para se melhorar a técnica e ajustá-la a outras espécies de cigarrinhas.

Two methodologies for rearing grass-feeding spittlebugs are described and were evaluated with Aeneolamia varia (Fabricius) on Brachiaria ruziziensis Germ. & Evrard. To promote biologicalstudies, a new small-scale rearing unit was developed to maintain spittlebug life stages in the greenhouse year round. This unit features a plant tray established with roots as feeding sites for nymphal development alongside an adult emergence cage with plants and oviposition substrate for egg collection. For largescale production, an improved mass-rearing colony was designed to reduce inputs and streamline production. The major feature was a covered box with root and microclimate conditions adequate for nymphal development. Efficiency of adult production from eggs was 45.1%, yield 1002 adults/m2 pergeneration, nymphal development time 36.1 d, and adult emergence 70.5% in a 1-wk period. This massrearing method is a more effective tool for reliable and high-level production of spittlebugs for massive screening required for the evaluation of control tactics such as fungal entomopathogens and host plantresistance. The possibilities for further improving these designs and tailoring them to other spittlebug species are discussed.