Secreted protein markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a main cause of oral cancer mortality and morbidity in central south Asia. To improve the clinical outcome of OSCC patients, detection markers are needed, which are preferably non-invasive and thus independent of a tissue biopsy. METHODS: In the present study, we aimed to identify robust candidate protein biomarkers for non-invasive OSCC diagnosis. To this end, we measured the global protein profiles of OSCC tissue lysates to matched normal adjacent mucosa samples (n = 14) and the secretomes of nine HNSCC cell lines using LC-MS/MS-based proteomics. RESULTS: A total of 5123 tissue proteins were identified, of which 205 were robustly up- regulated (p-value < 0.01, fold change > + 2) in OSCC-tissues compared to normal adjacent tissues. The biological process "Secretion" was highly enriched in this set of proteins. Other upregulated biological pathways included "Unfolded Protein Response", "Spliceosomal complex assembly", "Protein localization to endosome" and "Interferon Gamma Response". Transcription factor analysis implicated Creb3L1, ESRRA, YY, ELF2, STAT1 and XBP as potential regulators. Of the 205 upregulated tissue proteins, 132 were identified in the cancer cell line secretomes, underscoring their potential use as non-invasive biofluid markers. To further prioritize our candidate markers for non-invasive OSCC detection, we integrated our data with public biofluid datasets including OSCC saliva, yielding 25 candidate markers for further study. CONCLUSIONS: We identified several key proteins and processes that are associated with OSCC tissues, underscoring the importance of altered secretion. Cancer-associated OSCC secretome proteins present in saliva have potential to be used as novel non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of OSCC.

Ultrasound And Supine Chest Radiograph In Road Traffic Accident Patients: A Reliable And Convenient Way To Diagnose Pleural Effusion.

BACKGROUND: Portable bed side ultrasound and supine chest radiograph of 80 traumatic patients excluding very clinically unstable patients who subsequently underwent CT scan chest was done for traumatic effusion showing that ultrasound had a higher sensitivity than CXR, 88.23% and 77.94%, respectively, and a similar specificity of 100% and 100%, respectively. Objective of the study is to compare the diagnostic accuracy of high resolution ultrasound and supine chest x-ray in detection of pleural effusion in road traffic accident patients keeping plain CT chest as gold standard. METHODS: This study was conducted in PIMS and PAEC General Hospital, Islamabad from 1st January to 15th December 2015. The current study examined total of 80 trauma (blunt and penetrating) patients coming to emergency departments of both hospitals specifically those who had road traffic accident history. Their portable bed side ultrasound and supine chest radiograph were performed for assessing pleural effusion and subsequently CT scan chest was done for confirmation as it's a gold standard. RESULTS: Using CT findings as gold standard the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value was assessed for both ultrasonography and chest radiography and found to be 88.23%,100%, 100%, 40% and 77.94%, 100%, 100%, 55.55% respectively with diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound 90% as compared to 81.25% for supine chest x-rays when compared with gold standard. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound and chest x-ray can be used as a useful and suitable adjunct to CT in road traffic accident patients as these are easily available, non-invasive, no contrast required, can be performed on bed side and carries no or little radiation risk.

Usefulness of Hemodynamically Distribution of Intranodal Vessels in Differentiating Metastatic Neck Lymph Nodes - Value of Color Doppler and Spectral Wave Sonogram.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic assessment of enlarged lymph nodes, based on its perfusion pattern by taking tissue diagnosis as gold standard. STUDY DESIGN: Analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Departments of Radiology and Pathology, PIMS Hospital, Islamabad, from February to May 2016. METHODOLOGY: Color sonography of patients with clinically, palpable cervical lymph nodes were carried by senior trainee under the supervision of senior radiologist. Ultrasound guided tissue diagnosis was obtained in all suspected malignant cases. Histopathology was taken as the gold standard for determining accuracy. RESULTS: Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values of color Doppler ultrasound in detecting malignant cervical lymphadenopathy was found to be 88.46%, 86.05%, 79.31% and 92.50%, respectively with diagnostic accuracy of 86.95%, when intranodal vascular pattern on color Doppler imaging was analyzed. Using spectral wave indexes, the same values were 92.31%, 90.70%, 85.71%, 95.12%, respectively with overall diagnostic accuracy of 91.30%. CONCLUSION: Color Doppler sonography is much sensitive borderline than grey scale findings alone. Furthermore, lymph nodes appearing in the detection of malignant nodes on grey scale images can be reliably diagnosed on Doppler scan.

Assessing Acceptability of Short Message Service Based Interventions towards Becoming Future Voluntary Blood Donors.

All blood bank services, especially those of developing countries, face a major shortfall of blood donations due to lack of voluntary blood donors. Our study aims to evaluate the acceptability of Short Message Service based interventions towards becoming voluntary blood donors among medical university students of Karachi, Pakistan. Methods. A total of 350 medical students were approached in medical universities of Karachi, Pakistan, using a nonprobability convenient sampling technique. Data collectors administered a self-made questionnaire to each participant using an interview based format. All data was recorded and analyzed on SPSS 16. Results. 350 participants, having a mean age of 21.47 ± 1.36, were included in our study with 30.6% (107/350) being males and 69.4% (243/350) being females. 93.4% (327/350) of participants agreed that donating blood was healthy, but only 26% had donated blood in the past with 79.1% donating voluntarily. 65.7% (230/350) of the participants agreed to take part in Short Message Service based behavioral interventions to become voluntary blood donors with 69.7% (244/350) also agreeing that Short Message Service reminders will promote them to donate blood more often. Conclusion. With university students willing to become voluntary blood donors, Pakistani blood banks can carry out Short Message Service based interventions to encourage them to donate blood.