RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To assess subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) using B-mode ultrasound, with special emphasis on the incremental value of performing imaging in multiple peripheral arteries, and to compare imaging findings with traditional risk factors for medical intervention eligibility. METHODS: Data from 2 asymptomatic cohorts from India with unknown ASCVD risk factors were compared to 2 cohorts from North America with known ASCVD risk factors. Carotid and iliofemoral arteries of the Indian cohorts were examined with automated ultrasound in a high-pace environment by non-experts. A simplified metric of atherosclerotic disease burden (FUster-Narula or FUN Score) was developed from 3D imaging data by summing intima-media volume (IMV) over 5-cm arterial segments. Effectiveness of ASCVD prevention guidelines to direct therapy was compared to results from direct imaging. RESULTS: Of the 941 (mean age 44.27 ± 13.76 years, 34% female) enrollees from India, 224 (24%) demonstrated plaques in at least 1 of the 4 arterial sites examined; 107 (11%) had plaques in only the carotids, 70 (7%) in both the carotids and iliofemoral arteries, and 47 (5%) had plaques in only the iliofemoral arteries. Older age and male sex were associated with the presence of plaque, but association with systolic blood pressure was not observed. Data from 2 North American clinics (n = 481, mean age 59.68 ± 11.95 years, 39% female) showed that 203 subjects (42%) had carotid plaque; 82% of whom would not have qualified for lipid-lowering therapy under the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III Guidelines. Using the recently published ATP IV Guidelines, 33% of the individuals with carotid plaque would also have failed to qualify for treatment. CONCLUSIONS: B-mode ultrasound examination of bilateral iliofemoral arteries provided an incremental yield in identifying subclinical atherosclerotic disease compared to carotid evaluation alone. Ultrasound examination allowed improved identification of individuals who could be targeted for prophylactic medical intervention compared to ATP III and ATP IV Guidelines.
Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Arteria Femoral/diagnóstico por imagen , Arteria Ilíaca/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Anciano , Artefactos , Aterosclerosis/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Imagenología Tridimensional , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/epidemiología , Placa Aterosclerótica , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Túnica Íntima/diagnóstico por imagen , Túnica Media/diagnóstico por imagen , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related death rates have been escalating in emerging economies such as India. A strategy to initiate prophylactic medical intervention by direct identification of subclinical atherosclerotic burden may be appropriate in rural populations where assessment based on traditional risk factors is not available. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate the feasibility of performing rapid automated carotid ultrasound studies in a rural setting and to measure the prevalence of carotid plaques and age-specific distribution of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) as an index of subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS: Screening of the extracranial carotid system with automated B-mode ultrasound was performed along with health questionnaire assessments in 771 asymptomatic volunteers (ages 40 ± 14 years; 626 men and 145 women) with no known CVD. Measurements of IMT were recorded as the mean of 24 spatial measurements performed over a 1-cm region in the far wall of the common carotid artery at end diastole; the prevalence of the plaque (focal IMT >1.5 mm) was determined. RESULTS: A total of 69 (8.9%) subjects had atherosclerotic plaques. Of these, 16 (2.1%) exhibited bilateral plaques, 28 (3.6%) left carotid plaque only, and 25 (3.2%) had right carotid plaques. Patients even under 50 years showed a high prevalence of carotid plaques (7%), which increased with age (25% and 35% for 51 to 70 and >70 years, respectively). Only 3 (4.3%) participants with plaques were former smokers. Global mean IMT was 0.55 ± 0.13 mm and correlated with age for both left and right carotid arteries (r = 0.61 and 0.60, p < 0.001 for both) in male as well as female subjects (r = 0.70 and 0.67, p < 0.001 for both), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid community screening for subclinical atherosclerosis is feasible with automated carotid ultrasound examination and may be beneficial in rural communities of industrializing nations where traditional CVD risk factor data are not yet readily available.