Holocene sea-level curves for santa monica shelf, california continental borderland.

A curve is constructed showing changes in sea level at the Santa Monica shelf over the past 18,000 years. The curve is based on radiocarbon dates, sedimentologic data, and high-resolution seismic stratigraphic analysis of late Quaternary terrace deposits. Sea level was 117 meters below its present position about 18,000 years ago. During the first 8000 years of the Flandrian transgression, sea level rose to at least 24 meters, fell to about 46 meters, and then rose to 20 meters, all below present sea level. Subsequently, sea level rose more slowly and without discernible interruption to its present position.

Suspect screening of glycoalkaloids in plant extracts using neutral loss - High resolution mass spectrometry.

Alkaloids represent a very large and chemically inhomogeneous group of nitrogen compounds isolated from different natural sources. They have long been studied due to their specific toxicological characteristics, as some of them are suspected of having very dangerous properties, but there has still been little investigation of the existence of possible glycoside precursors in plant products. An analytical method based on a suspect screening approach using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry in neutral loss (NL) mode was used for the tentative identification of alkaloid precursors. This NL approach applied to 15 plant extracts made it possible to tentatively identify 41 glycosidic precursors (4 monopentosides, 3 monodeoxyhexosides, 24 monohexosides, 1 pentoside-hexoside and 9 dihexosides) in 6 of them, belonging to the piperidine (21), pyrrolizidine (9), isoquinoline (7), indole (3) and tropane (1) alkaloid groups. This work confirms the promising investigative ability of a suspect screening approach in this complex field of study.

Non-targeted glycosidic profiling of international wines using neutral loss-high resolution mass spectrometry.

Many metabolites naturally occur as glycosides, since sugar moieties can be crucial for their biological activity and increase their water solubility. In the plant kingdom they may occur as glycosides or sugar esters, depending on precursor chemical structure, and in wine they have traditionally attracted attention due to their organoleptic properties, such as astringency and bitterness, and because they affect the colour and aroma of wines. A new approach directed at detailed description of glycosides in a large selection of monovarietal wines (8 samples each of Pinot Blanc, Muller Thurgau, Riesling, Traminer, Merlot, Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon) was developed by combining high performance liquid chromatography with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical separation was performed on an Accucore™ Polar Premium LC column, while mass analysis was performed in negative ion mode with an non-targeted screening approach, using a Full MS/AIF/NL dd-MS2 experiment at a resolving power of 140,000 FWHM. Over 280 glycoside-like compounds were detected, of which 133 (including low-molecular weight phenols, flavonoids and monoterpenols) were tentatively identified in the form of pentose (6), deoxyhexose (17), hexose (73), hexose-pentose (16), hexose-deoxyhexose (7), dihexose (5) and hexose ester (9) derivatives. It was not possible to univocally define the corresponding chemical structure for the remaining 149 glycosides. Non-parametric statistical analysis showed it was possible to well characterise the glycosylated profile of all red and Traminer wines, while the identified glycosides were almost entirely lacking in Pinot Blanc, Riesling and Muller Thurgau wines. Also Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test (p < 0.05) and Principal Component Analysis confirmed that it was possible to almost entirely distinguish the selected red wines from each other according to their glycosylated profile.

Glycosylated simple phenolic profiling of food tannins using high resolution mass spectrometry (Q-Orbitrap).

Tannins are polyphenolic compounds extensively present in plants and used by food industry as processing aids. Due to the heterogeneity of plant sources, actions involved in food processing and tannin commercial costs can be different. In the last years different approaches aimed at correctly identifying the tannin botanical origin have been developed, in order to satisfy the industry's request to verify product labels. This work aimed to define the glycosidic simple phenolic profile of a large selection of monovarietal commercial tannins of different origin, using a high-resolution untargeted approach. Using accurate mass, isotopic pattern and MS/MS fragmentation, 167 precursors, 89 as monoglycosylated and 78 as diglycosylated derivatives were tentatively identified in tannins, validating the untargeted approach with 3 custom-synthesized glycosidic precursors. Almost all tannin botanical varieties were shown to be characterised by a specific glycosylated phenolic profile, providing possible tools for tannin classification in the case of glycosylphenol standard availability.

Targeted and untargeted characterisation of free and glycosylated simple phenols in cocoa beans using high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (Q-Orbitrap).

Free simple phenols have positive effects on health and influence the organoleptic profile of cocoa products, contributing towards defining their aroma and nutritional properties. Glycosidically bound simple phenols can be hydrolysed during the production phase to the corresponding free forms, and thus potentially contribute to the final sensory profile. In this work, 60 samples of Forastero cocoa beans from all over the world were analysed, combining on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Operating in negative ion mode and with a heated electrospray, 62 simple phenols were measured, of which four were glucosidic precursors, with quantification limits ranging from 0.04 to 40mgkg-1, calibration R2 of 0.99 for over 93% of compounds, and precision (R.S.D.%) always lower than 12%. On the basis of accurate mass, isotope pattern and MS/MS spectrum, 32 monoglycosylated simple phenols such as hexoside and pentoside precursors, and 14 diglycosylated simple phenols such as hexoside-hexoside, hexoside-pentoside and pentoside-hexoside precursors, were tentatively identified. The untargeted approach was validated using 3 glucosidic precursors synthesized by an external supplier. Honestly Significant Difference Tukey's test (p<0.05) and Discriminant Analysis showed it was possible to distinguish the geographical origin of cocoa beans. In particular, the absolute free phenol profile made it possible to characterise 4 out of 5 production macro-areas well, while an untargeted approach based on the ionisation profiles of glycosylated forms allowed complete characterisation of all the 5 macro-areas.

Free and glycosylated simple phenol profiling in Apulian Italian wines.

Free simple phenols have a significant role in defining the sensory and nutritional characteristics of wines, affecting the organoleptic profile and having positive effects on health, but glycosidically bound phenols can also be hydrolysed during the winemaking process, releasing the corresponding volatile compounds and making a possible contribution to the final sensory profile. In this work, application of on-line SPE liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, operating in negative polarity with heated electrospray, allowed to detect over eighty free and glycosylated simple phenols in Primitivo di Manduria and Negroamaro wines. Sixty-one phenols, four of which phenolic glucosidic precursors, were quantified as having quantification limits ranging from 0.001 to 0.1µgmL(-1), calibration R(2) of 0.99 for over 92% of compounds, and precision (R.S.D.%) always lower than 12%. Twenty-four simple phenolic precursors were tentatively identified as hexoside, pentoside and hexoside-hexoside derivatives, on the basis of accurate mass, isotopic pattern and MS/MS fragmentation.

Identification and quantification of 56 targeted phenols in wines, spirits, and vinegars by online solid-phase extraction - ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry.

Phenolic compounds seriously affect the sensory and nutritional qualities of food products, both through the positive contribution of wood transfer in barrel-aged products and as off-flavours. A new targeted analytical approach combining on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up to reduce matrix interference and rapid chromatographic detection performed with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/high-resolution mass spectrometry (Q-Orbitrap), was developed for the quantification of 56 simple phenols. Considering the advantages of using on-line SPE and a resolving power of 140,000, the proposed method was applied to define phenolic content in red (N=8) and white (8) wines, spirits (8), common (8) and balsamic (8) vinegars. The final method was linear from the limits of quantification (0.0001-0.001µgmL(-1)) up to 10µgmL(-1) with R(2) of at least 0.99. Recovery, used to define method accuracy, ranged from 80 to 120% for 89% of compounds. The method was suitable for analytical requirements in the tested matrices being able to analyse 46 phenols in red wines, 41 phenols in white wines and in spirits, 42 phenols in common vinegars and 44 phenols in balsamic vinegars.

Determination of 4-ethylcatechol in wine by high-performance liquid chromatography-coulometric electrochemical array detection.

A HPLC method using a coulometric electrode array detector (CEAD) to analyse 4-ethylcatechol in wine was established. The procedure does not require any sample preparation or analyte derivatisation and performs chromatographic separation in a short time. The assay method is linear up to 1520microgL(-1) and precise (R.S.D.<3%), with limits of detection and quantitation of 1.34microgL(-1) and 2.2microgL(-1), respectively. Recoveries in spiked wine samples ranged from 95% to 104% with a median value of 102% and matrix effects were not observed. The method was applied to the evaluation of the concentration of 4-EC in 250 commercial Italian wines. The red wines analysed had median, 75 degrees percentile and maximum values of 37microgL(-1), 89microgL(-1) and 1610microgL(-1), respectively. For Sangiovese-based wines the mean ratios of 4-EP and 4-EG to 4-EC were 3.7:1 and 0.7:1, respectively. The feasibility of a cheaper fluorimetric approach to 4-EC quantification was investigated.