Specific CD4+ T cell phenotypes associate with bacterial control in people who 'resist' infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A subset of individuals exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that we refer to as 'resisters' (RSTR) show evidence of IFN-γ- T cell responses to Mtb-specific antigens despite serially negative results on clinical testing. Here we found that Mtb-specific T cells in RSTR were clonally expanded, confirming the priming of adaptive immune responses following Mtb exposure. RSTR CD4+ T cells showed enrichment of TH17 and regulatory T cell-like functional programs compared to Mtb-specific T cells from individuals with latent Mtb infection. Using public datasets, we showed that these TH17 cell-like functional programs were associated with lack of progression to active tuberculosis among South African adolescents with latent Mtb infection and with bacterial control in nonhuman primates. Our findings suggested that RSTR may successfully control Mtb following exposure and immune priming and established a set of T cell biomarkers to facilitate further study of this clinical phenotype.

A phylogeny-informed characterisation of global tetrapod traits addresses data gaps and biases.

Tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) are model systems for global biodiversity science, but continuing data gaps, limited data standardisation, and ongoing flux in taxonomic nomenclature constrain integrative research on this group and potentially cause biased inference. We combined and harmonised taxonomic, spatial, phylogenetic, and attribute data with phylogeny-based multiple imputation to provide a comprehensive data resource (TetrapodTraits 1.0.0) that includes values, predictions, and sources for body size, activity time, micro- and macrohabitat, ecosystem, threat status, biogeography, insularity, environmental preferences, and human influence, for all 33,281 tetrapod species covered in recent fully sampled phylogenies. We assess gaps and biases across taxa and space, finding that shared data missing in attribute values increased with taxon-level completeness and richness across clades. Prediction of missing attribute values using multiple imputation revealed substantial changes in estimated macroecological patterns. These results highlight biases incurred by nonrandom missingness and strategies to best address them. While there is an obvious need for further data collection and updates, our phylogeny-informed database of tetrapod traits can support a more comprehensive representation of tetrapod species and their attributes in ecology, evolution, and conservation research.

ChemRAP uncovers specific mRNA translation regulation via RNA 5' phospho-methylation.

5'-end modifications play key roles in determining RNA fates. Phospho-methylation is a noncanonical cap occurring on either 5'-PPP or 5'-P ends. We used ChemRAP, in which affinity purification of cellular proteins with chemically synthesized modified RNAs is coupled to quantitative proteomics, to identify 5'-Pme "readers". We show that 5'-Pme is directly recognized by EPRS, the central subunit of the multisynthetase complex (MSC), through its linker domain, which has previously been involved in key noncanonical EPRS and MSC functions. We further determine that the 5'-Pme writer BCDIN3D regulates the binding of EPRS to specific mRNAs, either at coding regions rich in MSC codons, or around start codons. In the case of LRPPRC (leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing), a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein associated with the French Canadian Leigh syndrome, BCDIN3D deficiency abolishes binding of EPRS around its mRNA start codon, increases its translation but ultimately results in LRPPRC mislocalization. Overall, our results suggest that BCDIN3D may regulate the translation of specific mRNA via RNA-5'-Pme.

CLAW: An automated Snakemake workflow for the assembly of chloroplast genomes from long-read data.

Chloroplasts are photosynthetic organelles in algal and plant cells that contain their own genome. Chloroplast genomes are commonly used in evolutionary studies and taxonomic identification and are increasingly becoming a target for crop improvement studies. As DNA sequencing becomes more affordable, researchers are collecting vast swathes of high-quality whole-genome sequence data from laboratory and field settings alike. Whole tissue read libraries sequenced with the primary goal of understanding the nuclear genome will inadvertently contain many reads derived from the chloroplast genome. These whole-genome, whole-tissue read libraries can additionally be used to assemble chloroplast genomes with little to no extra cost. While several tools exist that make use of short-read second generation and third-generation long-read sequencing data for chloroplast genome assembly, these tools may have complex installation steps, inadequate error reporting, poor expandability, and/or lack scalability. Here, we present CLAW (Chloroplast Long-read Assembly Workflow), an easy to install, customise, and use Snakemake tool to assemble chloroplast genomes from chloroplast long-reads found in whole-genome read libraries (https://github.com/aaronphillips7493/CLAW). Using 19 publicly available reference chloroplast genome assemblies and long-read libraries from algal, monocot and eudicot species, we show that CLAW can rapidly produce chloroplast genome assemblies with high similarity to the reference assemblies. CLAW was designed such that users have complete control over parameterisation, allowing individuals to optimise CLAW to their specific use cases. We expect that CLAW will provide researchers (with varying levels of bioinformatics expertise) with an additional resource useful for contributing to the growing number of publicly available chloroplast genome assemblies.

Evaluation of a Cascaded Deep Learning-based Algorithm for Prostate Lesion Detection at Biparametric MRI.

Background Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) improves prostate cancer (PCa) detection compared with systematic biopsy, but its interpretation is prone to interreader variation, which results in performance inconsistency. Artificial intelligence (AI) models can assist in mpMRI interpretation, but large training data sets and extensive model testing are required. Purpose To evaluate a biparametric MRI AI algorithm for intraprostatic lesion detection and segmentation and to compare its performance with radiologist readings and biopsy results. Materials and Methods This secondary analysis of a prospective registry included consecutive patients with suspected or known PCa who underwent mpMRI, US-guided systematic biopsy, or combined systematic and MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy between April 2019 and September 2022. All lesions were prospectively evaluated using Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2.1. The lesion- and participant-level performance of a previously developed cascaded deep learning algorithm was compared with histopathologic outcomes and radiologist readings using sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Results A total of 658 male participants (median age, 67 years [IQR, 61-71 years]) with 1029 MRI-visible lesions were included. At histopathologic analysis, 45% (294 of 658) of participants had lesions of International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade group (GG) 2 or higher. The algorithm identified 96% (282 of 294; 95% CI: 94%, 98%) of all participants with clinically significant PCa, whereas the radiologist identified 98% (287 of 294; 95% CI: 96%, 99%; P = .23). The algorithm identified 84% (103 of 122), 96% (152 of 159), 96% (47 of 49), 95% (38 of 40), and 98% (45 of 46) of participants with ISUP GG 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 lesions, respectively. In the lesion-level analysis using radiologist ground truth, the detection sensitivity was 55% (569 of 1029; 95% CI: 52%, 58%), and the PPV was 57% (535 of 934; 95% CI: 54%, 61%). The mean number of false-positive lesions per participant was 0.61 (range, 0-3). The lesion segmentation DSC was 0.29. Conclusion The AI algorithm detected cancer-suspicious lesions on biparametric MRI scans with a performance comparable to that of an experienced radiologist. Moreover, the algorithm reliably predicted clinically significant lesions at histopathologic examination. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03354416 © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.

Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry: Current and future approaches.

RATIONALE: Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry (KEMS) has been a powerful tool in physical chemistry since 1954. There are many excellent reviews of the basic principles of KEMS in the literature. In this review, we focus on the current status and potential growth areas for this instrumental technique. METHODS: We discuss (1) instrumentation, (2) measurement techniques, and (3) selected novel applications of the technique. Improved heating methods and temperature measurement allow for better control of the Knudsen cell effusive source. Accurate computer models of the effusive beam and its introduction to the ionizer allow optimization of such parameters as sensitivity and removal of background signals. Computer models of the ionizer allow for optimized sensitivity and resolution. Additionally, data acquisition systems specifically tailored to a KEMS system permit improved quantity and quality of data. RESULTS: KEMS is traditionally utilized for thermodynamic measurements of pure compounds and solutions. These measurements can now be strengthened using first principles and model-based computational thermochemistry. First principles can be used to calculate accurate Gibbs energy functions (gefs) for improving third law calculations. Calculated enthalpies of formation and dissociation energies from ab initio methods can be compared to those measured using KEMS. For model-based thermochemistry, solution parameters can be derived from measured thermochemical data on metallic and nonmetallic solutions. Beyond thermodynamic measurements, KEMS has been used for many specific applications. We select examples for discussion: measurements of phase changes, measurement/control of low-oxygen potential systems, thermochemistry of ultrahigh-temperature ceramics, geological applications, nuclear applications, applications to organic and organometallic compounds, and thermochemistry of functional room temperature materials, such as lithium ion batteries. CONCLUSIONS: We present an overview of the current status of KEMS and discuss ideas for improving KEMS instrumentation and measurements. We discuss selected KEMS studies to illustrate future directions of KEMS.

The Influence of Regional Geophysical Resource Variability on the Value of Single- and Multistorage Technology Portfolios.

A stylized macro-scale energy model of least-cost electricity systems relying only on wind and solar generation was used to assess the value of different storage technologies, individually and combined, for the contiguous U.S. as well as for four geographically diverse U.S. load-balancing regions. For the contiguous U.S. system, at current costs, when only one storage technology was deployed, hydrogen energy storage produced the lowest system costs, due to its energy-capacity costs being the lowest of all storage technologies modeled. Additional hypothetical storage technologies were more cost-competitive than hydrogen (long-duration storage) only at very low energy-capacity costs, but they were more cost-competitive than Li-ion batteries (short-duration storage) at relatively high energy- and power-capacity costs. In all load-balancing regions investigated, the least-cost systems that included long-duration storage had sufficient energy and power capacity to also meet short-duration energy and power storage needs, so that the addition of short-duration storage as a second storage technology did not markedly reduce total system costs. Thus, in electricity systems that rely on wind and solar generation, contingent on social and geographic constraints, long-duration storage may cost-effectively provide the services that would otherwise be provided by shorter-duration storage technologies.

Rapidly Self-Healable and Melt-Extrudable Polyethylene Reprocessable Network Enabled with Dialkylamino Disulfide Dynamic Chemistry.

Catalyst-free, radical-based reactive processing is used to transform low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into polyethylene covalent adaptable networks (PE CANs) using a dialkylamino disulfide crosslinker, BiTEMPS methacrylate (BTMA). Two versions of BTMA are used, BTMA-S2, with nearly exclusively disulfide bridges, and BTMA-Sn, with a mixture of oligosulfide bridges, to produce S2 PE CAN and Sn PE CAN, respectively. The two PE CANs exhibit identical crosslink densities, but the S2 PE CAN manifests faster stress relaxation, with average relaxation times ∼4.5 times shorter than those of Sn PE CAN over a 130 to 160 °C temperature range. The more rapid dynamics of the S2 PE CAN translate into a shorter compression-molding reprocessing time at 160 °C of only 5 min (vs 30 min for the Sn PE CAN) to achieve full recovery of crosslink density. Both PE CANs are melt-extrudable and exhibit full recovery within experimental uncertainty of crosslink density after extrusion. Both PE CANs are self-healable, with a crack fully repaired and the original tensile properties restored after 30 min for the S2 PE CAN or 60 min for the Sn PE CAN at a temperature slightly above the LDPE melting point and without the assistance of external forces.

Clinical relevance of inflammation on rectal biopsy for Hirschsprung disease: An outcomes analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Inflammation on diagnostic rectal biopsy for children with suspected Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is reported on pathology, and its significance is unknown. We describe the management and outcomes of a cohort with inflammation on rectal biopsy compared to those without. Specifically, to address the hypothesis that inflammation on diagnostic biopsy is associated with increased complication rates irrespective of intervention type and timing. METHODS: A single institution retrospective review of children with HSCR who underwent biopsy and endorectal pull-through (ERPT) from 2010 to 2020 was performed. The primary outcome was overall complications at 30-days following ERPT. Secondary outcomes included timing and type of operative intervention as well as postoperative enterocolitis diagnosed within 6-months of ERPT. RESULTS: Forty-nine children were identified; inflammation was present on diagnostic biopsy for 17 children. Those with inflammation were more likely to have clinical evidence of enterocolitis at the time of biopsy (p = 0.001) and were more likely to undergo leveling colostomy before ERPT (p = 0.01). Children with inflammation had a higher anastomotic leak rate (p = 0.04). Subgroup analysis of patients with inflammation undergoing primary ERPT versus leveling colostomy demonstrated no significant difference in outcomes following definitive ERPT. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests inflammation on diagnostic rectal biopsy for HSCR is associated with increased anastomotic leak rates. While additional prospective studies are indicated, attention to methods of mitigating inflammation and confirming its resolution before definitive pull-through may be of benefit for improving clinical outcomes in patients found with inflammation on diagnostic rectal biopsy.

Evaluation of pediatric patients for intestinal transplantation in the modern era.

OBJECTIVES: To review recent evaluations of pediatric patients with intestinal failure (IF) for intestinal transplantation (ITx), waiting list decisions, and outcomes of patients listed and not listed for ITx at our center. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 97 patients evaluated for ITx from January 2014 to December 2021 including data from referring institutions and protocol laboratory testing, body imaging, endoscopy, and liver biopsy in selected cases. Survival analysis used Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Patients were referred almost entirely from outside institutions, one-third because of intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), two-thirds because of repeated infective and non-IFALD complications under minimally successful intestinal rehabilitation, and a single patient because of lost central vein access. The majority had short bowel syndrome (SBS). Waiting list placement was offered to 67 (69%) patients, 40 of whom for IFALD. The IFALD group was generally younger and more likely to have SBS, have received more parenteral nutrition, have demonstrated more evidence of chronic inflammation and have inferior kidney function compared to those offered ITx for non-IFALD complications and those not listed. ITx was performed in 53 patients. Superior postevaluation survival was independently associated with higher serum creatinine (hazard ratio [HR] 15.410, p = 014), whereas inferior postevaluation survival was associated with ITx (HR 0.515, p = 0.035) and higher serum fibrinogen (HR 0.994, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Despite recent improvements in IF management, IFALD remains a prominent reason for ITx referral. Complications of IF inherent to ITx candidacy influence postevaluation and post-ITx survival.

Your Body Is Your Home: The feasibility of an intuitive eating intervention for early adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Intuitive eating (IE) is an emerging health promotion framework which has shown promise in the prevention and early intervention of disordered eating (DE) behavior in adults. This study sought to extend this work by assessing the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a 5-week IE intervention, "Your Body is Your Home," delivered in school classrooms for early adolescents aged 11-13. METHODS: The present study utilized a quasi-experimental design. Eligibility criteria were defined a priori and published in a registered protocol. Four classrooms (n = 128 student participants) were recruited into two streams, and self-report questionnaires were administered at pre-test, post-test, and 4-week follow-up. The questionnaires included the Intuitive Eating Scale for Early Adolescents (IES-2-EA), the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2), and the WHO Wellbeing Index (WHO-5). Linear mixed models were used to conduct preliminary efficacy testing. RESULTS: The results indicate that a brief classroom-based IE intervention is feasible and acceptable for both students and teaching staff; retention, fidelity, and attendance targets were achieved. Students and teachers rated all five sessions of the intervention as a highly feasible method of health promotion. Further, preliminary efficacy data suggest IE interventions aimed at early adolescents may be a feasible way of improving certain aspects of IE (p < .001) in male and female participants, and body appreciation (p < .001) in male participants. DISCUSSION: The study provides preliminary support for the implementation and evaluation of an IE intervention as part of school-based health promotion and offers preliminary effect size estimates for a larger-scale randomized trial. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Existing evidence suggests that IE may be a useful framework through which relationships with food and the body can be improved. The present study seeks to extend this work by adapting the framework for early adolescents (among whom the framework is not well understood) and examining feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary changes to several health and well-being metrics following a 5-week school-based intervention.

Comparative Optics of the Surgical Microscope and Rigid Endoscopes in Neurosurgery.

This chapter is intended to provide a brief overview of the optics of surgical microscopes and rigid endoscopes, with the aim of providing the reader with the principles dictating the nature of surgical visualization when either of the visual control systems is used. It is not by any means geared toward elaborating on the detailed optical physics of these systems, which is beyond the scope and objective of this chapter.

Reexamining predictors of trial outcomes in New York State's sex offender civil management process.

OBJECTIVE: In 2007, New York enacted the Sex Offender Management and Treatment Act, empowering the state to civilly manage individuals who have committed sexual offenses (respondents) and are deemed to have a mental abnormality (MA) that predisposes them to sexually recidivate after serving their criminal sentences. We sought to replicate and extend a previous study (Lu et al., 2015) to identify factors predicting legal decisions. HYPOTHESES: We predicted, on the basis of previous research, that clinical information (e.g., diagnosis) as well as empirically supported risk factors (e.g., sexual deviance) would predict trial outcomes. METHOD: We analyzed multiple pieces of demographic, criminogenic, and clinical data on three nested subsamples of respondents on the basis of the legal process: MA consent (n = 713), MA trial (n = 316), and disposition hearing (n = 643). The binary outcomes of interest were as follows: For the MA consent subsample, it was whether the respondent waived their MA trial; for the MA trial subsample, it was whether the respondent was found at trial to have an MA; and for the disposition hearing, it was whether the respondent was ordered to inpatient or outpatient civil management. RESULTS: The strongest predictor of waiving the trial was geographic location; respondents outside New York City and Long Island were more likely to waive their trials (ORs = 2.38-3.37). The strongest predictors of MA trial and disposition hearing outcomes were Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses; pedophilia (ORs = 4.05-7.22) and sexual sadism (ORs = 2.68-7.03) diagnoses increased the likelihood of an MA finding and confinement order. CONCLUSIONS: Judges and juries give significant weight to clinical information, particularly pedophilia diagnoses, when making civil management legal decisions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Naturalistic assessments in virtual reality and in real life help resolve the age-prospective memory paradox.

Cognitive aging researchers have long reported "paradoxical" age differences in prospective memory (PM), with age deficits in laboratory settings and age benefits (or no deficits) in real-world settings. We propose a theoretical account that explains this "age-PM-paradox" as a consequence of both methodological factors and developmental changes in cognitive abilities and personality traits. To test this account, young and older adults performed a series of naturalistic PM tasks in the lab and real world. Age-related PM deficits were observed in both lab-based tasks where demands were implemented using virtual reality and in-person role-playing. In contrast, older adults performed equal to or better than young adults on both real-world tasks, where demands were implemented in participants' daily lives. Consistent with our proposed account, an index of these "paradoxical" effects was partially predicted by age-related differences in working memory, vigilance, agreeableness, and neuroticism, whose predictive utility varied across task settings.

Intraspecific trait variation modulates the temperature effect on elemental quotas and stoichiometry in marine Synechococcus.

Diverse phytoplankton modulate the coupling between the ocean carbon and nutrient cycles through life-history traits such as cell size, elemental quotas, and ratios. Biodiversity is mostly considered at broad functional levels, but major phytoplankton lineages are themselves highly diverse. As an example, Synechococcus is found in nearly all ocean regions, and we demonstrate contains extensive intraspecific variation. Here, we grew four closely related Synechococcus isolates in serially transferred cultures across a range of temperatures (16-25°C) to quantify for the relative role of intraspecific trait variation vs. environmental change. We report differences in cell size (p<0.01) as a function of strain and clade (p<0.01). The carbon (QC), nitrogen (QN), and phosphorus (QP) cell quotas all increased with cell size. Furthermore, cell size has an inverse relationship to growth rate. Within our experimental design, temperature alone had a weak physiological effect on cell quota and elemental ratios. Instead, we find systemic intraspecific variance of C:N:P, with cell size and N:P having an inverse relationship. Our results suggest a key role for intraspecific life history traits in determining elemental quotas and stoichiometry. Thus, the extensive biodiversity harbored within many lineages may modulate the impact of environmental change on ocean biogeochemical cycles.

Olecranon Osteotomy Exposure for Distal Humeral Fracture Treatment.

Background: Olecranon osteotomy (OO) is commonly utilized to improve exposure when treating intra-articular distal humeral fractures. A chevron-shaped osteotomy facilitates reduction and increases surface area for healing1. Following distal humeral fracture reduction and fixation, the OO fragment is fixed with a precontoured plate. The OO technique yields comparable outcomes to alternative techniques1,2. Description: The technique is performed as follows. (1) Imaging is reviewed and preoperative planning is performed. (2) The patient is positioned in the lateral decubitus position with the operative extremity placed over a bolster. (3) A longitudinal posterior skin incision is centered just medial or lateral to the tip of the olecranon. Full-thickness skin flaps are raised medially and laterally. (4) The ulnar nerve is identified and mobilized for later anterior subcutaneous transposition. (5) An OO is performed at the non-articular "bare area" of the trochlear notch with an oscillating saw and completed with an osteotome. (6) Open reduction and internal fixation of the distal humerus is performed. (7) The osteotomy fragment is reduced, and a precontoured plate is applied. (8) A small longitudinal slit in the distal triceps over the proximal edge of the plate decreases plate prominence and is repaired with suture. (9) The subcutaneous tissues and skin are closed in the usual manner. Alternatives: Alterative techniques include extra-articular OO, triceps splitting, triceps reflecting, and lateral para-olecranon combined with a medial approach. Multiple drill holes and a thin osteotome can help mitigate the kerf created by the oscillating saw. Alternative fixation methods include a predrilled 6.5-mm intramedullary screw, a tension band construct, suture fixation, or a one-third tubular plate. Rationale: The OO technique provides improved exposure when compared with alternative techniques, enabling accurate reduction and fixation of distal humeral fractures1-3. Wilkinson and Stanley found that OO exposed the distal humeral articular surface to a greater degree than the triceps-splitting and triceps-reflecting approaches3. OO has not been associated with triceps weakness, unlike some of the alternative techniques2. Expected Outcomes: The incidence of good-to-excellent outcomes is similar when comparing the techniques for exposure of intra-articular distal humeral fractures4. Osteotomies united in all patients in 2 reported series, totaling 84 cases1,2. Removal of symptomatic hardware used in OO fragment fixation can occur in a small subset of patients1,2. Important Tips: Provisionally size a precontoured plate and fix it on the olecranon to aid in later reduction and fracture fixation.The bare area is the desired position for the OO because of its natural lack of cartilage5,6. This non-articular bare area is located just distal to the deepest portion of the trochlear notch, approximately 2 to 2.5 cm distal to the olecranon tip5,6.An (apex-distal) chevron osteotomy angle of ∼130° will help to keep the osteotomy within the non-articular bare area6.Beginning on the dorsal surface of the ulna, directly posterior to the bare area, an oscillating saw is utilized to create a chevron osteotomy to subchondral bone, perpendicular to the long axis of the ulna5,6.The OO is completed by fracturing through the osteochondral surface, which leaves an irregular chondral cancellous surface that can accurately interdigitate. This facilitates later reduction and stability of the osteotomy.Anatomic articular reduction of the OO is not solely judged on the dorsal cortical bone because of the kerf removed by the saw blade. Instead, examination of the articular surface of the trochlear notch is the primary assessment of reduction.Placement of suture through the proximal portion of the plate aids in the repair of the longitudinal split of the distal triceps.Successful treatment of distal humeral fractures requires accurate reduction and rigid fixation aided by adequate exposure achieved through OO. Acronyms and Abbreviations: ORIF = open reduction and internal fixationOT = occupational therapyHWR = hardware removalK-wire = Kirschner wireROM = range of motion.

Bone metastasis manifested 52 years after resection of an apparently benign paraganglioma: A case report.

Paraganglioma is derived from the paraganglia tissue in the neck, along the sympathetic trunk, and in the pelvis. Paraganglioma has malignant potential and can metastasize to remote organs such as the liver, lungs, and bones. Most metachronous metastases occur within several years after the initial diagnosis of paraganglioma. Here, we report the case of a 71-year-old male patient who developed bony metastasis 52 years after the resection of a large paraganglioma at the aortic bifurcation. The biopsy-proven paraganglioma metastasis to the lesser trochanter of left femur presented as an avulsion fracture. His normetanephrine level was elevated. DOTATATE PET (positron emission tomography) did not find any other metastatic lesions. The bony metastasis was treated with radiation therapy. We believe that the patient had one of the longest gaps ever reported, 52 years, between the initial diagnosis and metastasis of paraganglioma. This case highlights the importance of long-term surveillance of patients with paraganglioma for metastasis.

A fish can change its stripes: investigating the role of body colour and pattern in the bluelined goatfish.

Bluelined goatfish (Upeneichthys lineatus) rapidly change their body colour from a white horizontally banded pattern to a seemingly more conspicuous vertically banded red pattern, often when foraging. Given the apparent conspicuousness of the pattern to a range of observers, it seems unlikely that this colour change is used for camouflage and instead may be used for communication/signalling. Goatfish often drive multispecies associations, and it is possible that goatfish use this colour change as a foraging success signal to facilitate cooperation, increase food acquisition, and reduce predation risk through a 'safety in numbers' strategy. Using a novel approach, we deployed 3D model goatfish in different colour morphs-white without bands, white with black vertical bands, and white with red vertical bands-to determine whether the red colouration is an important component of the signal or if it is only the vertical banding pattern, regardless of colour, that fish respond to as an indicator of foraging success. Use of remote underwater video allowed us to obtain information without the influence of human observers on the communities and behaviours of other fish in response to these different colours exhibited by goatfish. We found that conspecifics were more abundant around the black- and red-banded model fish when compared with the white models. Conspecifics were also more likely to forage around the models than to pass or show attraction, but this was unaffected by model colour. No difference in the abundance and behaviour of associated heterospecifics around the different models was observed, perhaps due to the static nature of the models. Some species did, however, spend more time around the red- and black-banded fish, which suggests the change in colour may indicate benefits in addition to food resources. Overall, the results suggest that the body colour/pattern of U. lineatus is likely a signalling tool but further work is required to explore the benefits to both conspecifics and heterospecifics and to further determine the behavioural functions of rapid colour change in U. lineatus.

A dual mechanisms of control account of age differences in working memory.

Age-related differences in working memory (WM) can be large, but the exact sources are unclear. We hypothesized that young adults outperform older adults on WM tasks because they use controlled attention processes to prioritize the maintenance of relevant information in WM in a proactive mode, whereas older adults tend to rely on the strength of familiarity signals to make memory decisions in a reactive mode. We used a WM task that cued participants to prioritize one item over others and presented repeated lure probes that cause errors when one is engaged in a reactive mode. Results showed that, relative to young adults with full attention available to use proactive control during the delays, older adults with full attention (and young adults with divided attention) during the delays had exaggerated error rates to repeated lure probes compared to control probes. When the amount of proactive interference was increased (by repeating stimuli across trials), older adults were able to engage in proactive control, and this eliminated their exaggerated error rate (while young adults with divided attention could not). These results provide evidence for a dual mechanisms of control account of age differences in WM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).