Connectome mapping with edge density imaging differentiates pediatric mild traumatic brain injury from typically developing controls: proof of concept.

BACKGROUND: Although acute neurologic impairment might be transient, other long-term effects can be observed with mild traumatic brain injury. However, when pediatric patients with mild traumatic brain injury present for medical care, conventional imaging with CT and MR imaging often does not reveal abnormalities. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether edge density imaging can separate pediatric mild traumatic brain injury from typically developing controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were recruited as part of the "Therapeutic Resources for Attention Improvement using Neuroimaging in Traumatic Brain Injury" (TRAIN-TBI) study. We included 24 adolescents (χ=14.1 years of age, σ=1.6 years, range 10-16 years), 14 with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 10 typically developing controls. Neurocognitive assessments included the pediatric version of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and the Attention Network Task (ANT). Diffusion MR imaging was acquired on a 3-tesla (T) scanner. Edge density images were computed utilizing fiber tractography. Principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machines (SVM) were used in an exploratory analysis to separate mild TBI and control groups. The diagnostic accuracy of edge density imaging, neurocognitive tests, and fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was computed with two-sample t-tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) metrics. RESULTS: Support vector machine-principal component analysis of edge density imaging maps identified three white matter regions distinguishing pediatric mild TBI from controls. The bilateral tapetum, sagittal stratum, and callosal splenium identified mild TBI subjects with sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 100%. Accuracy from the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 94%. Neurocognitive testing provided an AUC of 61% (CVLT) and 71% (ANT). Fractional anisotropy yielded an AUC of 48%. CONCLUSION: In this proof-of-concept study, we show that edge density imaging is a new form of connectome mapping that provides better diagnostic delineation between pediatric mild TBI and healthy controls than DTI or neurocognitive assessments of memory or attention.

Expression of existential suffering in two patients with advanced cancer in an acute palliative care unit.

BACKGROUND: Recognizing and managing existential suffering remains challenging. We present two cases demonstrating how existential suffering manifests in patients and how to manage it to alleviate suffering. CASE DESCRIPTION: Case 1: A 69-year-old man with renal cell carcinoma receiving end-of-life care expressed fear of lying down "as he may not wake up." He also expressed concerns of not being a good Christian. Supportive psychotherapy and chaplain support were provided, with anxiolytic medications as needed. He was able to express his fear of dying and concern about his family, and Edmonton Symptom Assessment System scores improved. He died peacefully with family at bedside. Case 2: A 71-year-old woman presented with follicular lymphoma and colonic obstruction requiring nasogastric drain of fecaloid matter. Initially, she felt that focusing on comfort rather than cure symbolized giving up but eventually felt at peace. Physical symptoms were well-controlled but emotionally she became more distressed, repeatedly asking angrily, "Why is it taking so long to die?." She was supported by her family through Bible readings and prayers, but she was distressed about being a burden to them. An interdisciplinary approach involving expressive supportive counseling, spiritual care, and integrative medicine resulted in limited distress relief. Owing to increasing agitation, the patient and family agreed to titrate chlorpromazine to sedation. Her family was appreciative that she was restful until her death. CONCLUSION: Existential suffering manifests through multiple domains in each patient. A combination of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic techniques may be needed to relieve end-of-life suffering.

Risk factors and prognosis for clot formation on cardiac device leads.

BACKGROUND: Clot formation on cardiac device leads is poorly understood. We sought to determine how often clot is seen on device leads by transthoracic echo (TTE), identify risk factors, and to describe the natural history of this phenomenon. METHODS: We reviewed 71,888 echocardiographic studies performed at the University of California, San Francisco from 2005 to 2011. We searched for cases where clot was found adhered to a device lead with no diagnosis of endocarditis. For every case, three age-matched controls with a device but no clot were selected from the echo database. RESULTS: We found 15 cases with clot adhered to a device lead among 1,086 patients with devices who had TTE (1.4%). In univariate analysis, females had more than four times greater odds of having a clot on their device lead and patients with a history of atrial fibrillation (AF) had an eight times greater odds. Percentage mode switch was also associated with clot formation. Only AF was still associated with clot formation after multivariate analysis. Follow-up data were available for nine of 15 patients. All nine patients had intensification of their anticoagulant/antiplatelet regimen following clot discovery. Complete resolution or shrinkage of clot was observed in eight of nine patients. The one case with no change was a patient who continued taking only aspirin (higher dose) after clot discovery. None of the nine patients had embolic phenomenon. CONCLUSION: Patients with AF are at higher risk for clot formation on device leads. After clot detection, treatment with anticoagulants usually results in resolution of the clot without embolic phenomenon.

Patterns of Opioid Prescription, Use, and Costs Among Patients With Advanced Cancer and Inpatient Palliative Care Between 2008 and 2014.

PURPOSE: An understanding of opioid prescription and cost patterns is important to optimize pain management for patients with advanced cancer. This study aimed to determine opioid prescription and cost patterns and to identify opioid prescription predictors in patients with advanced cancer who received inpatient palliative care (IPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed data from 807 consecutive patients with cancer who received IPC in each October from 2008 through 2014. Patient characteristics; opioid types; morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD) in milligrams per day of scheduled opioids before, during, and after hospitalization; and in-admission opioid cost per patient were assessed. We determined symptom changes between baseline and follow-up palliative care visits and the in-admission opioid prescription predictors. RESULTS: A total of 714 (88%) of the 807 patients were evaluable. The median MEDD per patient decreased from 150 mg/d in 2008 to 83 mg/d in 2014 ( P < .001). The median opioid cost per patient decreased and then increased from $22.97 to $40.35 over the 7 years ( P = .03). The median MEDDs increased from IPC to discharge by 67% ( P < .001). The median Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale pain improvement at follow-up was 1 ( P < .001). Younger patients with advanced cancer (odds ratio [OR[, 0.95; P < . 001) were prescribed higher preadmission MEDDs (OR, 1.01; P < .001) more often in the earlier study years (2014 v 2009: OR, 0.18 [ P = .004] v 0.30 [ P = .02]) and tended to use high MEDDs (> 75 mg/d) during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: The MEDD per person decreased from 2008 to 2014. The opioid cost per patient decreased from 2008 to 2011 and then increased from 2012 to 2014. Age, prescription year, and preadmission opioid doses were significantly associated with opioid doses prescribed to patients with advanced cancer who received IPC.

Frequency, Outcomes, and Associated Factors for Opioid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Patients with Advanced Cancer Receiving Opioids in Inpatient Palliative Care.

Context: Opioid-induced neurotoxicity (OIN) is an underdiagnosed yet distressing symptom in palliative care patients receiving opioids. However, there have been only a limited number of studies on OIN. Objectives: Our aim was to determine the frequency of and risk factors for OIN in patients receiving opioids during inpatient palliative care. Methods: We randomly selected 390 of 3014 eligible patients who had undergone palliative care consultations from January 2014 to December 2014. Delirium, drowsiness, hallucinations, myoclonus, seizures, and hyperalgesia were defined as OIN and were recorded. The other 10 common symptoms in cancer patients were assessed using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS). Patient demographics, morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD), comorbidities, OIN management, and overall survival (OS) duration were also assessed. The associations between the incidence of OIN and MEDD, the other 10 symptoms, and OS were analyzed. Results: Fifty-seven (15%) patients had OIN. The most common symptom was delirium (n = 27). On multivariate analysis, a high MEDD (p = 0.020), high ESAS pain score (p = 0.043), drowsiness (p = 0.007), and a poor appetite (p = 0.014) were significantly associated with OIN. OIN was not significantly associated with a shorter OS duration (p = 0.80). Conclusions: OIN was seen in 15% of patients receiving opioids as part of inpatient palliative care. Although OIN was not associated with OS, routine monitoring is especially needed in cancer patients.

Trainee inexperience is associated with longer procedure times but no increase in complications for cardiac device implantation.

BACKGROUND: The "July phenomenon" describes poor patient outcomes in teaching hospitals at the beginning of a new academic year when trainees begin. Whether this phenomenon truly exists is unclear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify whether trainee and attending inexperience is associated with cardiac electrophysiologic procedural outcomes including total procedure time, fluoroscopy time, and complications. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the available electronic records of 488 consecutive patients undergoing initial dual-chamber pacemaker (PM) or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantation performed at University of California, San Francisco from February 2004 through November 2011. We calculated physician's year of experience using the procedure date and the physician's job start date. Patients were stratified into two subgroups based on their device type. Procedural outcomes including procedure length, fluoroscopy time, and complications were retrieved from electronic databases. RESULTS: After multivariate analysis, fellow experience was associated with decreased procedure time (19% less procedure time/year of experience, 95% confidence interval [CI] 13%-25%, P <.001 in the PM subgroup; and 15% less procedure time/year of experience, 95% CI 7%-23%, P <.001 in the CRT subgroup). Fellow experience was associated with decreased fluoroscopy time in the CRT subgroup (19% less fluoroscopy time/experience years, 95% CI 5%-34%, P = .009). Neither fellow nor attending experience was associated with complications. CONCLUSION: Each year of fellow experience is associated with a decrease in cardiac device implantation procedure time and a decrease in fluoroscopy time during CRT implantation. No associations between fellow experience and in-hospital complications were observed.