Evaluation of Endoscopic Response Using Deep Neural Network in Esophageal Cancer Patients Who Received Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that endoscopic response evaluation can preoperatively predict the prognosis and distribution of residual tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). In this study, we developed artificial intelligence (AI)-guided endoscopic response evaluation using a deep neural network to discriminate endoscopic responders (ERs) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after NAC. METHOD: Surgically resectable ESCC patients who underwent esophagectomy following NAC were retrospectively analyzed in this study. Endoscopic images of the tumors were analyzed using a deep neural network. The model was validated with a test data set using 10 newly collected ERs and 10 newly collected non-ER images. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the endoscopic response evaluation by AI and endoscopists were calculated and compared. RESULTS: Of 193 patients, 40 (21%) were diagnosed as ERs. The median sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV values for ER detection in 10 models were 60%, 100%, 100%, and 71%, respectively. Similarly, the median values by the endoscopist were 80%, 80%, 81%, and 81%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This proof-of-concept study using a deep learning algorithm demonstrated that the constructed AI-guided endoscopic response evaluation after NAC could identify ER with high specificity and PPV. It would appropriately guide an individualized treatment strategy that includes an organ preservation approach in ESCC patients.

Novel Strategy for the Systemic Delivery of Furosemide Based on a New Drug Transport Mechanism.

We reported a novel transport mechanism of curcumin, independent of improved solubility, which involved direct contact of amorphous solid particles with the cell membrane. This mechanism has potential as a novel systemic delivery system of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this study, the transport mechanism of furosemide (FUR), which is transported by the same novel mechanism, was examined. In vitro cell permeation studies under air-interface conditions (AICs) revealed that the permeation from powders sprayed on cell monolayers was significantly higher than that under liquid-covered conditions (LCCs) from their solutions. The permeation from amorphous solid particles was faster than that from crystals. Similar results were derived from in vitro studies using an artificial membrane, with which the permeation of FUR could be examined without water. These findings clearly indicated that the transport mechanism of FUR is the same as that of curcumin. For the application of this new transport mechanism, the in vivo absorption of FUR was examined after pulmonary insufflation, which allows the solid particles to make direct contact with the epithelial cells. Pulmonary absorption of FUR from the amorphous powder was almost complete and was faster than that after intragastric administration of the solution, suggesting that FUR was absorbed from the lung by the same mechanism as the in vitro study. This new transport mechanism, which is independent of water dissolution, could be exploited to develop a novel delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs, using pulmonary powder inhalation.

Replacement of Tyr50 stacked on the si-face of the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin adenine dinucleotide prosthetic group modulates Bacillus subtilis ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase activity toward NADPH.

Ferredoxin-NAD(P)(+) oxidoreductases ([EC 1.18.1.2], [EC 1.18.1.3], FNRs) from green sulfur bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria and most of Firmicutes, such as Bacillus subtilis (BsFNR) are homo-dimeric flavoproteins homologous to bacterial NADPH-thioredoxin reductase. These FNRs contain two unique aromatic residues stacked on the si- and re-face of the isoalloxazine ring moiety of the FAD prosthetic group whose configurations are often found among other types of flavoproteins including plant-type FNR and flavodoxin, but not in bacterial NADPH-thioredoxin reductase. To investigate the role of the si-face Tyr50 residue in BsFNR, we replaced Tyr50 with Gly, Ser, and Trp and examined its spectroscopic properties and enzymatic activities in the presence of NADPH and ferredoxin (Fd) from B. subtilis (BsFd). The replacement of Tyr50 to Gly (Y50G), Ser (Y50S), and Trp (Y50W) in BsFNR resulted in a blue shift of the FAD transition bands. The Y50G and Y50S mutations enhanced the FAD fluorescence emission, whereas those of the wild type and Y50W mutant were quenched. All three mutants decreased thermal stabilities compared to wild type. Using a diaphorase assay, the k cat values for the Y50G and Y50S mutants in the presence of NADPH and ferricyanide were decreased to less than 5 % of the wild type activity. The Y50W mutant retained approximately 20 % reactivity in the diaphorase assay and BsFd-dependent cytochrome c reduction assay relative to wild type. The present results suggest that Tyr50 modulates the electronic properties and positioning of the prosthetic group.

Association of hypoglycemia problem-solving abilities with severe hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: a Poisson regression analysis.

Background: Severe hypoglycemia (SH) poses a significant challenge in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, the factors that offer protection other than diabetes technologies are under-studied. The primary objective of this study was to examine the association between hypoglycemia problem-solving (HPS) abilities and severe hypoglycemic events in adults with T1D using Poisson regression analysis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 287 adults with T1D (mean age: 50.3 ± 14.5 years, male: 36.2%, diabetes duration: 17.5 ± 11.2 years, mean HbA1c: 7.7 ± 0.9%) were included and categorized into two groups: non-SH (n = 262) and SH (n = 25). Data on diabetic complications, the hypoglycemia problem-solving scale (HPSS), and treatment details were collected. Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) was evaluated using Gold's method. Univariate and multivariable Poisson regression models were used for the analysis, and the findings were presented as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) at 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The incidence of SH was 16.7 (95% CI 7.5-26.0) per 100 person-years. In the univariate Poisson regression analysis, findings revealed associations between IAH, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), and HPSS1. On the other hand, the multivariate Poisson regression analysis, utilizing stepwise variable selection, identified DPN (IRR: 4.65, 95% CI 1.96-11.04; P < 0.001) and HPSS1 score (IRR: 0.51, 95% CI 0.34, 0.76; P = 0.001) as factors significantly associated with SH. Conclusion: We identified HPS abilities, in addition to DPN, were associated with SH in adults with T1D. Trial registration: University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Center: UMIN000039475), approval date: February 13, 2020.

Protective and risk factors of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the PR-IAH study.

BACKGROUND: Hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with mortality and morbidity, especially when awareness of hypoglycemia is impaired. This study aimed to investigate the protective and risk factors for impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) in adults with T1D. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 288 adults with T1D (mean age, 50.4 ± 14.6 years; male, 36.5%; diabetes duration, 17.6 ± 11.2 years; mean HbA1c level, 7.7 ± 0.9%), who were divided into IAH and non-IAH (control) groups. A survey was conducted to assess hypoglycemia awareness using the Clarke questionnaire. Diabetes histories, complications, fear of hypoglycemia, diabetes distress, hypoglycemia problem-solving abilities, and treatment data were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of IAH was 19.1%. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was associated with an increased risk of IAH (odds ratio [OR] 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-5.91; P = 0.014), while treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and hypoglycemia problem-solving perception scores were associated with a decreased risk of IAH (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.22-0.96; P = 0.030; and OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.37-0.78; P = 0.001, respectively). There was no difference in continuous glucose monitoring use between the groups. CONCLUSION: We identified protective factors in addition to risk factors for IAH in adults with T1D. This information may help manage problematic hypoglycemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: University hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Center: UMIN000039475). Approval date 13 February 2020.

Association of Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia with Driving Safety and Hypoglycemia Problem-solving Abilities among Patients with Type 1 Diabetes in Japan: The PR-IAH Study.

Objective Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) are at an elevated risk of experiencing automobile accidents. We therefore investigated the association of IAH with driving safety and hypoglycemia problem-solving abilities in adults with T1D. Methods This cross-sectional survey used Gold's method in adult patients with T1D at the National Hospital Organization (NHO) Hospital from February 14, 2020, to October 31, 2021. The participants were divided into control and IAH groups. The data included information on demographics, worries and distress regarding hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia problem-solving abilities, and adverse driving events. Patients We enrolled 233 participants (mean age: 48.5±12.8 years old, mean hemoglobin A1c level: 7.6%±0.9%) from NHO collaborating centers in Japan. Results Among a total of 233 participants (mean age: 48.5±12.8 years old, mean hemoglobin A1c level: 7.6%±0.9%), the prevalence rate of IAH was 11.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.8-16.4%]. IAH was significantly associated with near-miss car accidents (odds ratio: 5.41; 95% CI:1.64-17.80). Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was associated with an increased risk of IAH, while treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion was not associated with a decreased risk of IAH. The average hypoglycemia problem-solving perception, detection control, and seeking preventive strategies scores in the IAH group were significantly reduced compared with those in the control group. Conclusion IAH was associated with an increased risk of near-miss car accidents among adults with T1D. Furthermore, good hypoglycemia problem-solving abilities were associated with a decreased risk of IAH.