Use of oral health care services by family caregivers and care recipients: the LENTO intervention.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the impact of an individually tailored preventive oral health intervention on the use of oral health care services by older family caregivers (FCs) and their care recipients (CRs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized controlled six and 12-month oral health intervention study included FCs and CRs aged ≥65 years living in Eastern Finland. The participants were randomly assigned to an intervention (FCs n = 53, CRs n = 47) and a control (FCs n = 39, CRs n = 35) group. Individually tailored oral health interventions for the FCs provided by a dental hygienist focused on oral hygiene and self-care. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the impact of intervention on the change in the use of oral health care services. RESULTS: The intervention had no significant effect on the use of oral health care services by the FCs or their CRs. Traditional factors such as female gender, a higher number of teeth, toothache, no dental fear, and higher morbidity were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with an increased use of oral health care services in the FCs, but not among the CRs. CONCLUSIONS: Individually tailored preventive oral health intervention showed no effect on the use of oral health care services. To promote oral health among the elderly, specific interventions focusing on use of oral health care services are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04003493.

Prevalence and risk factors of frailty among older family caregivers.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of frailty and identify the demographical and clinical factors associated with frailty among older family caregivers. METHOD: The participants of this cross-sectional study were older family caregivers (n = 125) living in Eastern Finland. Data on functional and cognitive status, depressive symptoms, nutritional status, medication, chronic diseases, stroke, and oral health were obtained. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was used to evaluate nutritional status. Frailty status was evaluated using the abbreviated comprehensive geriatric assessment (aCGA) scale. RESULTS: Seventy-three percent of caregivers were identified as frail. According to multivariable logistic regression, cataract, glaucoma, or macular degeneration and the MNA score were predictors of frailty. After adjusting for age, gender, and number of own teeth, the MNA score remained a significant predictor of frailty (adjusted OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.41). As the MNA scores decreased (meaning poorer nutritional status), the risk of frailty increased. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that frailty is prevalent among older family caregivers. Recognising older family caregivers with frailty or at risk of frailty is vital. It is essential to acknowledge vision problems' role in frailty and to monitor and support the nutritional status of family caregivers regularly to prevent frailty development.

Use of oral health care services among older home care clients in the context of an intervention study.

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of care-dependent older people living at home need external support to receive regular dental care. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the use of oral health care services among old home care clients who participated in an intervention study focusing on oral self-care and nutrition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study employed data from the multidisciplinary Nutrition, Oral Health and Medication (NutOrMed) intervention study with a population-based sample of 245 home care clients (74% female) aged 75 or more divided in intervention (n = 140) and two control groups (n = 105). The data were collected through interviews at baseline and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: At baseline, 43% of participants reported visits to oral health care within the previous year. At 6-month follow-up, this proportion was 51%. In the intervention group, the corresponding figures were 46% and 53%, and in the controls 39% and 48%. Adjusted regression analyses showed that this change was statistically significant (p = 0.008). In addition, higher education and toothache or other discomfort related to teeth or dentures at baseline were associated with increased use after the 6-month follow-up (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0-1.2; OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.5-7.9) but being edentulous indicated the opposite (OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1-0.4). Belonging to the intervention group was not associated with increased use. CONCLUSIONS: In older adults, any efforts to raise awareness of oral health are of great potential to increase use of services.

Individually tailored nutritional guidance improved dietary intake of older family caregivers: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Older family caregivers (FCs) are vulnerable to insufficient dietary intake and risk of malnutrition. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of individually tailored nutritional guidance on the dietary intake and nutritional status of older FCs and their care recipients' (CRs') nutritional status. METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled 6-month nutrition intervention in Eastern Finland. The inclusion criteria for FCs were having a home-living CR aged 65 or above and a valid care allowance. The exclusion criterion was CR receiving end-of-life care at baseline. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention (FCs n = 63, CRs n = 59) and a control (FCs n = 50, CRs n = 48) group. Individually tailored nutritional guidance targeted to FCs was given to an intervention group by a clinical nutritionist. The main outcomes were dietary intake (3-day food record). RESULTS: After the 6-month intervention, 63 FCs and 59 CRs in the intervention group and 50 FCs and 48 CRs in the control group were analyzed. In the intervention group of FCs, the intakes of protein, riboflavin, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and iodine differed significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. In addition, the intake of vitamin D supplementation improved in the intervention group of the FCs and CRs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Individually tailored nutrition guidance improves the intake levels of crucial nutrients, such as the intake levels of protein, vitamin D, and calcium of the FCs. Further studies are warranted to optimize the methods to improve the nutrition of FCs. Registration number of Clinical Trials: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04003493 (1 July 2019).

Effect of individually tailored nutritional counselling on protein and energy intake among older people receiving home care at risk of or having malnutrition: a non-randomised intervention study.

BACKGROUND: With ageing, food intake may decrease and lead to an insufficient nutrient intake causing protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) which is associated with adverse health effects and increased mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of individually tailored dietary counseling focused on protein intake among home care clients with PEM or at risk of developing PEM. The secondary aim was to study the intake of energy and other nutrients. METHODS: This intervention study is part of the non-randomised population-based multidisciplinary Nutrition, Oral Health and Medication study (NutOrMed study). The intervention group comprised 112 and the control group 87 home care clients (≥75 years) with PEM or risk of PEM. PEM was defined by Mini Nutritional Assessment score < 24 and/or plasma albumin < 35 g/L. The nutrients intake was assessed from 24-hour dietary recall at the baseline and after the six-month intervention. The intervention consisted of an individually tailored dietary counseling; the persons were instructed to increase their food intake with protein and energy dense food items, the number of meals and consumption of protein-, energy- and nutrient-rich snacks for six months. RESULTS: After the six-month nutritional intervention, the mean change in protein intake increased 0.04 g/kgBW (95% CI 0.05 to 0.2), fibre 0.8 g (95% CI 0.2 to 4.3), vitamin D 8.5 µg (95% CI 0.7 to 4.4), E 0.6 mg (95% CI 0.4 to 2.2), B12 0.7 µg (95% CI 0.02 to 2.6), folate 8.7 µg (95% CI 1.5 to 46.5), iron 0.4 mg 95% CI 0.6 to 2.4), and zinc 0.5 mg (95% CI 0.6 to 2.2) in the intervention group compared with the control group. The proportion of those receiving less than 1.0 g/kg/BW protein decreased from 67 to 51% in the intervention group and from 84 to 76% in the control group. Among home care clients with a cognitive decline (MMSE< 18), protein intake increased in the intervention group by 0.2 g/kg/BW (p = 0.048) but there was no change in the control group. CONCLUSION: An individual tailored nutritional intervention improves the intake of protein and other nutrients among vulnerable home care clients with PEM or its risk and in persons with cognitive decline. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT02214758. Date of trial registration: 12/08/2014.

Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Among Family Caregivers of Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Although the academic literature has focused on family caregivers' health outcomes, little is known about the social and environmental determinants of health and the extent to which they relate to health disparities among family caregivers caring for older adults. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to describe the prevalence of diseases and the association with social and environmental determinants of health among family caregivers caring for older adults in Finland. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted. The study participants were interviewed on sociodemographic factors, comorbidity, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire. Independent-samples t-test, analysis of variance, and chi-square analyses were used to assess the social and environmental factors' association with health outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 126 family caregivers participated in this study. The mean age of study participants was 74.4 years, and most were female, married, and from an urban area. Family caregivers' older age and lower financial satisfaction were the main factors associated with the health inequalities. Older age was associated with age-related eye disorders, hearing impairment, coronary heart disease, and comorbidity. Family caregivers' lower financial satisfaction was associated with diabetes, depression, and higher body mass index. Other factors linked to health disparities were family caregivers' gender, educational attainment, and the municipality of living. DISCUSSION: This study provides evidence about family caregivers' social and environmental determinants of health. To enhance health equity, nurse-led interventions, a life course approach, and intersectional actions are required.

The association of frailty with oral cleaning habits and oral hygiene among elderly home care clients.

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of frail elderly people living at home but dependent on supportive care will face complex oral health challenges. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the associations of frailty status with oral cleaning habits and oral hygiene taking into account the effects of preventive oral health intervention among home care clients aged 75 or over. METHODS: Data were gathered by interviews and clinical oral examinations at baseline and after a 6-month follow-up. Frailty status was evaluated at baseline using the abbreviated comprehensive geriatric assessment (aCGA) scale, which consists of 15 questions from three different domains: cognitive status, functional status and depression. A total of 231 home care clients completed the aCGA at baseline and the interview and clinical oral examination both at baseline and after the follow-up. RESULTS: Using the aCGA classification with at least one score in the ≥2 domain, 62% of clients were classified as frail at baseline. They had poorer oral cleaning habits and hygiene, and they had lost more teeth than nonfrail participants. Multivariate analysis showed that being frail at baseline was statistically significantly associated with a lower frequency of toothbrushing and denture cleaning (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.1-0.9 and OR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1-0.8) at baseline, but not after the follow-up. Membership in the intervention group was associated with better oral cleaning at the follow-up. However, among the frail participants, toothbrushing frequency was still significantly lower and oral hygiene poorer than among the nonfrail group. CONCLUSIONS: Oral cleaning habits of frail elderly people were slightly improved as a result of external support, which had a positive effect on oral hygiene. Individual preventive actions in the context of oral health and hygiene should be integrated into the daily care plan of home care clients with the first signs of frailty.

The combined effect of individually tailored xerostomia and nutritional interventions on dry mouth among nutritionally compromised old home care clients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of tailored xerostomia and nutritional 6-month interventions on xerostomia among home care clients aged 75 years or over who were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. BACKGROUND: A subjective feeling of dry mouth (xerostomia) is common among older adults and affects their quality of life, nutrition and oral health. Medical conditions, polypharmacy, dehydration and malnutrition are often underlying causes of xerostomia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data are based on the NutOrMed study with a dietary intervention group of 119 patients and control group of 97 patients. In-home interviews were carried out by home care nurses, nutritionists, dental hygienists and pharmacists and tailored interventions by nutritionist and dental hygienists. Xerostomia intervention included individual counselling on dry mouth care and was applied to all those suffering occasionally or continuously from xerostomia (57%, n = 66) in the intervention group. Nutritional intervention was applied to all participants in the intervention group, and it included instructions on increasing the number of meals, energy, protein intake and liquid intake. RESULTS: Among participants who received both interventions, xerostomia decreased by 30% and malnutrition or risk of malnutrition decreased by 61%. The interventions were highly significant (OR 0.1, 95% CI: 0.06; 0.2) in reducing xerostomia. CONCLUSIONS: Home care clients suffering from xerostomia profited significantly from tailored xerostomia and dietary interventions. Evaluation and treatment of xerostomia are important among older persons who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition as a part of a comprehensive health intervention to improve their nutrition and oral health.

Chair rise capacity and associated factors in older home-care clients.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of older home-care clients to perform the five times chair rise test and associated personal characteristics, nutritional status and functioning. METHODS: The study sample included 267 home-care clients aged ≥75 years living in Eastern and Central Finland. The home-care clients were interviewed at home by home-care nurses, nutritionists and pharmacists. The collected data contained sociodemographic factors, functional ability (Barthel Index, IADL), cognitive functioning (MMSE), nutritional status (MNA), depressive symptoms (GDS-15), medical diagnoses and drug use. The primary outcome was the ability to perform the five times chair rise test. RESULTS: Fifty-one per cent ( n=135) of the home-care clients were unable to complete the five times chair rise test. Twenty-three per cent ( n=64) of the home-care clients had good chair rise capacity (≤17 seconds). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, fewer years of education (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.18), lower ADL (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.34-1.78) and low MNA scores (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.04-1.20) and a higher number of co-morbidities (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.02-1.43) were associated with inability to complete the five times chair rise test. CONCLUSIONS: Poor functional mobility, which was associated with less education, a high number of co-morbidities and poor nutritional status, was common among older home-care clients. To maintain and to prevent further decline in functional mobility, physical training and nutritional services are needed. (NutOrMed, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02214758).

Preventive oral health intervention among old home care clients.

Background: poor oral health is common among older people dependent on supportive care and it affects their quality of life. Cognitive impairment and functional dependency may increase the risk of compromised daily oral hygiene. Aim: to investigate the effectiveness of a tailored preventive oral health intervention among home care clients aged 75 years or over. Patients and methods: the intervention group comprised 151 patients (84.4 ± 5.6 years) and the control group 118 patients (84.7 ± 5.2 years). An interview and a clinical examination were carried out before a tailored intervention of oral and denture hygiene. The participants in both groups were re-interviewed and re-examined after 6 months. Results: the intervention significantly reduced the number of plaque covered teeth and improved denture hygiene. In addition, functional ability and cognitive function were significantly associated with better oral hygiene. Conclusions: the intervention had a positive effect on oral hygiene, however the number of teeth with plaque remained high, even after the intervention. Multiple approaches based on individual needs are required to improve the oral health of vulnerable older adults, including integrating dental preventive care into daily care plan carried out by home care nurses.

Prevalence and risk factors of frailty among home care clients.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a common problem among older people and it is associated with an increased risk of death and long-term institutional care. Early identification of frailty is necessary to prevent a further decline in the health status of home care clients. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of frailty and associated factors among 75-year-old or older home care clients. METHODS: The study participants were 75-year-old or older home care clients living in three cities in Eastern and Central Finland. Home care clients who had completed the abbreviated Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (aCGA) for frailty (n = 257) were included in the present study. Baseline data were obtained on functional status, cognitive status, depressive symptoms, self-rated health, ability to walk 400 m, nutritional status, drug use and comorbidities. RESULTS: Most of the home care clients (90%) were screened for frailty using the aCGA. Multivariate analysis showed that the risk of malnutrition or malnutrition (OR = 4.27, 95% CI = 1.56, 11.68) and a low level of education (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.23) were associated with frailty. CONCLUSION: Frailty is a prevalent problem among home care clients. The risk of malnutrition or malnourishment and a lower level of education increase the risk of frailty. Screening for frailty should be done to detect the most vulnerable older people for further intervention to prevent adverse health problems. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02214758 .

Discrepancies between in-home interviews and electronic medical records on regularly used drugs among home care clients.

PURPOSE: To compare discrepancies between in-home interviews and electronic medical records (EMRs) on regularly used prescription drugs among older home care clients. METHODS: The participants were home care clients aged 75 years or older living in three Finnish municipalities. In-home interview data on regular prescription drug use from 276 home care clients were compared with EMRs. Agreement between the in-home interview data and EMRs was assessed using Cohen's kappa. RESULTS: A majority (83%, n = 229) of the home care clients had discrepancies between in-home interview data and EMRs, and 40% had discrepancies that could clinically compromise their treatment. Living with a spouse or other family member, use of private health care services, diagnosed asthma/COPD or excessive polypharmacy was associated with having discrepancies. Discrepancies were more common among clients with better functioning and ability to self-manage drug use. Agreement between in-home interview data and EMRs was very good or good for other drug groups, but moderate for opioids, paracetamol, benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs and lubricant eye drops, and poor for selective beta-2-adrenoceptor agonists. The most common clinically important discrepancies were psychotropics, opioids and agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system and beta-blocking agents. CONCLUSIONS: Eight out of ten home care clients had discrepancies between in-home interview data and EMRs. Of these discrepancies, 40% were clinically important.

Use of anti-dementia drugs in home care and residential care and associations with neuropsychiatric symptoms: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The number of people with dementia is increasing alongside the aging population, and most of these patients manifest with neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS). The objective of this study was to investigate anti-dementia drug use and its associations with NPS. METHODS: Questionnaires on demographic information, current drug use, activities of daily living and NPS were sent to all municipal home care producers and to all institutions providing long-term residential care in the South Savo Hospital District, Finland. RESULTS: The study population comprised 2821 persons. Their mean age was 81 years and 68% were female. Dementia had been diagnosed in 31% (n = 410) in home care and in 56% (n = 774) in residential care. Anti-dementia drugs were used by 69% of patients with dementia. Hyperactivity symptoms were common in residential care patients (n = 456, 33%), while problems with mood and apathy dominated in home care patients (n = 486, 54%). In multivariate regression analysis, the mood symptoms and apathy subgroup was associated with use of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) (OR 1.44; 95% Cl 1.03-2.02), memantine (OR 1.77, 95% Cl 1.15-2.72) or their combinations (OR 1.56, 95% Cl 1.03-2.34). Hyperactivity symptoms were associated with combination therapy of this type (OR 2.03, 95% Cl 1.36-2.34). CONCLUSIONS: The use of anti-dementia drugs was common in both care settings. The use of any anti-dementia drug or combination was associated with the mood and apathy subgroup. The hyperactivity subgroup was associated with combination use of memantine and AChEI.

Association between frailty and dementia: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is commonly considered as a syndrome with several symptoms, including weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slow walking speed and physical inactivity. It has been suggested that cognitive impairment should be included in the frailty index, however the association between frailty and cognition has not yet been fully established. OBJECTIVE: To investigate cross-sectionally whether frailty is associated with cognitive impairment or clinically diagnosed dementia in older people. METHODS: The study included a total of 654 persons aged 76-100 years (mean 82 ± 4.6). Frailty status of the participants was assessed using the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria. Cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Clinically diagnosed dementia was assessed by specialists using diagnostic criteria. The associations between frailty and cognition were investigated using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 93 (14%) participants were classified as frail. Cognitive impairment (MMSE score <25) was observed among 171 (26%) persons and 134 (21%) persons had clinically diagnosed dementia. 97 (15%) persons had Alzheimer's disease, 19 (3%) had vascular dementia, 12 (2%) had dementia with Lewy bodies and 8 persons (1%) had some other type of dementia. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that frail persons were almost 8 times more likely to have cognitive impairment (OR 7.8, 95% CI 4.0-15.0), 8 times more likely to have some kind of dementia (OR 8.0, 95% CI 4.0-15.9), almost 6 times more likely to have vascular dementia (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.2-25.8) and over 4 times more likely to have Alzheimer's disease (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.1-9.6) than persons who were robust. CONCLUSION: Frailty is strongly associated with cognitive impairment and clinically diagnosed dementia among persons aged 76 and older. It is possible that cognitive impairment is a clinical feature of frailty and therefore should be included in the frailty definition.

Underweight, overweight, and weight change in older family caregivers and their care recipients: longitudinal evidence from a randomized controlled trial.

This study aimed to identify differences among body mass index (BMI) categories of older family caregivers (≥60 years) and their care recipients (≥65 years). Secondly, this study aimed to examine group differences and factors associated with weight change during a nutrition and oral health intervention. This secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT04003493)) involved individually tailored nutritional guidance from a clinical nutritionist and oral health guidance from a dental hygienist. Baseline BMI differences were analyzed, followed by further analyses of group differences and associated factors of weight change over a 6-month period using generalized estimating equations. Among the participants (113 family caregivers and 107 care recipients), 36.3% and 35.1% were overweight (BMI >29 kg/m2), while 18.6% and 21.6% were underweight (BMI <24 kg/m2) at baseline, respectively. For family caregivers differences in BMI categories included age, mid-arm and calf circumferences, and plasma prealbumin concentration. For care recipients differences were observed in medication use, mid-arm and calf circumferences, Mini Nutritional Assessment scores, physical function, and number of teeth. During the 6-month intervention, there were no differences in weight change between intervention and control groups for both caregivers and care recipients. Factors significantly associated (p < 0.05) with weight loss included female sex for both caregivers and care recipients, and frailty for caregivers. Family caregivers' characteristics were not significantly associated with weight change in their care recipients. In conclusion, being overweight is a prevalent among older family caregivers and care recipients. Factors such as age, medication use, physical function, number of teeth, and Mini Nutritional Assessment scores varied across BMI categories. Female sex was associated with weight loss in both older family caregivers and care recipients, and frailty was associated with weight loss in caregivers. However, the characteristics of family caregivers did not explain the weight loss of their care recipients. Clinical Trial Registration: [https://www.ClinicalTrial.gov/], identifier [NCT04003493].

Family caregivers' better nutritional status is associated with care recipients' better nutritional status.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A high proportion of older care recipients (CRs) face malnutrition and risk of malnutrition, affecting their functional abilities and posing challenges for caregiving. The aim of this study was to assess the risk for malnutrition among older CRs and the associated characteristics of both CRs and family caregivers (FCs) with nutritional status of CRs. METHODS: A cross-sectional study consisted of 120 CRs (≥65 years) and their 118 FCs (≥60 years). Nutritional status was assessed with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). RESULTS: The majority (63%) of the CRs had a risk of malnutrition (MNA score 17-23.5), and 7% had malnutrition (MNA score <17). The CRs had significantly lower MNA scores compared to their FCs (p < 0.001). The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that CRs' higher number of comorbidities (B = -0.37, p = 0.013) and higher P-hs-CRP (B = -0.10, p = 0.047) were associated with their decreased MNA scores. There was a positive association between CRs' hand grip strength (B = 0.11, p = 0.004) and FCs' MNA scores (B = 0.41, p = 0.004) with MNA scores of the CRs. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition and risk of malnutrition are common concerns in older CRs, especially those with a higher number of comorbidities and low-grade inflammation. Regular assessment of the nutritional status of both older CRs and FCs is justified, as FCs' better nutritional status is associated with better nutritional status of CR. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04003493.

Effects of comprehensive health assessment and targeted intervention on chair rise capacity in active and inactive community-dwelling older people.

BACKGROUND: Being able to rise from a chair is an important daily life activity that requires sufficient lower extremity muscle power and postural control. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of an individually tailored intervention on the chair rise capacity of active and inactive community-dwelling older men and women. METHODS: This study included a community-based sample of ≥75-year-olds who were randomized into intervention (n = 299) and control (n = 260) groups. The intervention started in 2004 and ended in December 2006; all the participants of the intervention group received individually targeted physical activity counseling annually and had an opportunity to participate in supervised strength and balance training once a week. Chair rise tests were conducted annually. The mixed model of linear regression was used for unadjusted measurements and age, and the Mini-Mental State Examination and functional comorbidity index adjusted comparisons of effects of the intervention. RESULTS: The intervention improved the chair rise capacity in physically active women (adjusted mean difference -1.67 s, 95% confidence interval -3.21 to -0.13, p = 0.02). There was no improvement in inactive women or in men, regardless of their physical activity level. CONCLUSION: Intervention showed a positive effect on the chair rise capacity of physically active community-dwelling older women.

Nutritional screening in a population-based cohort of community-dwelling older people.

BACKGROUND: The risk of malnutrition is widely recognized in institutional settings but few studies have been conducted among community-dwelling older people. The objective of this study was to describe the nutritional status and factors associated with possible malnutrition among community-dwelling older people. METHODS: A randomly selected sample (n = 696) of persons aged ≥ 75 years were included in the study. Baseline information was obtained for nutritional status (mini nutritional assessment short-form MNA-SF), depressive symptoms (15-item geriatric depression scale), cognitive status (mini-mental state examination MMSE) and daily activities (Barthel ADL index and Lawton and Brody IADL scale), self-reported health, oral health and medication use. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify demographical, clinical and functional factors associated with possible malnutrition. RESULTS: Of the 696 participants, 15% had possible malnutrition. In the univariate analysis, low MNA-SF scores were associated with advanced age, poor self-rated health, dry mouth/chewing problems, depressive symptoms and an increasing number of drugs in regular use. Higher albumin level, ADL, IADL and MMSE scores, and the ability to walk 400 m independently were inversely associated with possible malnutrition. In the multivariate analysis, dry mouth/chewing problems (OR 2.01, 95% CI: 1.14-3.54), IADL (OR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.75-0.96) and MMSE scores (OR 0.90, 95% 0.85-0.96) were independently associated with possible malnutrition. CONCLUSION: Being at risk of malnutrition was common among community-dwelling older people. Problems with mouth, IADL and cognitive impairments were linked to possible nutritional risks.

Salivary flow rate and risk of malnutrition - a study among dentate, community-dwelling older people.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the relation between unstimulated and stimulated salivary secretion and the risk of malnutrition among home-dwelling elderly people. BACKGROUND: Saliva has an important role in eating. Despite this, there are only a few studies on the role of salivary secretion in the development of malnutrition among elderly people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 157 subjects aged 75 or older. This was a part of GeMS study carried out in Kuopio, in eastern Finland. The data used in this study were collected by means of interviews and geriatric and oral clinical examinations. The risk of malnutrition was measured using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). RESULTS: Subjects with a low unstimulated salivary flow rate (<0.1 ml/min) or stimulated salivary flow rate (<1.0 ml/min) had no statistically significant increase in risk of malnutrition, OR: 1.3, CI: 0.5-3.9, OR: 1.5, CI: 0.5-4.2, respectively, when compared with those with a normal unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rate. CONCLUSION: Our results do not support the concept that low salivary secretion is an important risk factor for malnutrition among community-dwelling elders.

Lack of freedom predicted poor self-reported health among family caregivers of children with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.

AIM: We aim to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-reported health and quality of life among family caregivers of children with disabilities across Europe. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Data from the survey by the Eurocarers and IRCCS-INRCA were used. The data were collected between November 2020 and March 2021 from 16 European countries. Data analysis was done using regression analysis to identify family caregivers' self-reported health and well-being predictors. RESULTS: This study included 289 caregivers. The mean age of children was 12 years. Their family caregiver's mean age was 44, and they were mainly women. Experience of lack of freedom predicted family caregivers' poor self-reported health and quality of life. Children's interrupted health and social services also predicted family caregivers' poor self-reported mental well-being. Longitudinal evidence on the pandemic's effects and a diverse view of family caregivers of children with disabilities are needed to plan effective post-pandemic health services and nursing practice. No Patient or Public Contribution.