Validation of a Supportive and Palliative Care Indicator Tool Among Patients Hospitalized Due to Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: Palliative care, including symptom alleviation and advance-care planning, is relevant for patients with heart failure (HF). The Supportive and Palliative Care Indicator Tool (SPICT) is a tool for identifying patients who may benefit from palliative-care assistance but has not been validated in patients hospitalized due to HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Clinical backgrounds, symptom burdens and outcomes were evaluated using the SPICT as assessed on admission in consecutive hospitalized patients with HF. SPICT-positive was defined when 2 or more general indicators and a New York Heart Association class ≥ III were present. Of 601 patients hospitalized due to HF (mean age: 79 ± 12 years; male, 314 [52%]; and mean left ventricular ejection fraction: 44 ± 18%), 100 (17%) patients were SPICT-positive. SPICT-positive patients were older (85 ± 9 vs 78 ± 12 years; P < 0.001) and had higher clinical frailty scales (6 ± 1 vs 4 ± 1 points; P < 0.001), whereas symptom burdens assessed by the Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale were not different (17 [13, 28] vs 20 [11, 26] points; P = 0.97) when compared with patients who were SPICT-negative. During the median follow-up period of 518 days, 178 patients (30%) died. Being SPICT-positive was independently associated with higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio: 3.49, 95% confidence interval: 2.41-5.05; P < 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, New York Heart Association class IV, Get-With-The-Guideline risk score, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels, and left ventricular ejection fractions. CONCLUSIONS: In patients admitted for HF, being SPICT-positive was significantly associated with higher all-cause mortality rates, suggesting the utility of the SPICT as an indicator to initiate advance-care planning for end-of-life care among patients hospitalized due to HF.

Association of Cortical Superficial Siderosis with Post-Stroke Epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) is associated with neuroimaging findings of hemosiderin in a case-control study, and whether the addition of hemosiderin markers improves the risk stratification models of PSE. METHODS: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the PROgnosis of POST-Stroke Epilepsy study enrolling PSE patients at National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan, from November 2014 to September 2019. PSE was diagnosed when one unprovoked seizure was experienced >7 days after the index stroke, as proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy. As controls, consecutive acute stroke patients with no history or absence of any late seizure or continuing antiseizure medications at least 3 months after stroke were retrospectively enrolled during the same study period. We examined cortical microbleeds and cortical superficial siderosis (cSS) using gradient-echo T2*-weighted images. A logistic regression model with ridge penalties was tuned using 10-fold cross-validation. We added the item of cSS to the existing models (SeLECT and CAVE) for predicting PSE and evaluated performance of new models. RESULTS: The study included 180 patients with PSE (67 women; median age 74 years) and 1,183 controls (440 women; median age 74 years). The cSS frequency was higher in PSE than control groups (48.9% vs 5.7%, p < 0.0001). Compared with the existing models, the new models with cSS (SeLECT-S and CAVE-S) demonstrated significantly better predictive performance of PSE (net reclassification improvement 0.63 [p = 0.004] for SeLECT-S and 0.88 [p = 0.001] for CAVE-S at the testing data). INTERPRETATION: Cortical superficial siderosis was associated with PSE, stratifying stroke survivors at high risk of PSE. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:357-370.

Tolvaptan's Association with Low Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

INTRODUCTION: Furosemide, a loop diuretic, is often empirically used to treat acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) initially. Conversely, decongestion using tolvaptan, an aquaretic, is thought to maintain renal function compared to furosemide. However, it has not been investigated in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) at high risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aimed to investigate AKI incidence using tolvaptan add-on treatment, compared to increased furosemide treatment for patients with ADHF complicated by advanced CKD. METHODS: We retrospectively studied patients with advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <45 mL/min/1.73 m2) who developed ADHF under outpatient furosemide treatment. The exposure was set to tolvaptan add-on treatment, and the control was set to increased furosemide treatment. RESULTS: Of the 163 patients enrolled, 79 were in the tolvaptan group and 84 in the furosemide group. The mean age was 71.6 years, the percentage of males was 63.8%, the mean eGFR was 15.7 mL/min/1.73 m2, and patients with CKD stage G5 were 61.9%. AKI incidence was 17.7% in the tolvaptan group and 42.9% in the furosemide group (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.34 [0.13-0.86], p = 0.023 in multivariate logistic regression analysis). Persistent AKI incidence was 11.8% in the tolvaptan group and 32.9% in the furosemide group (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.34 [0.10-1.06], p = 0.066 in the multinomial logit analysis). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that tolvaptan may be better than furosemide in patients with ADHF experiencing complicated advanced CKD.

Periodic discharges plus fast activity on electroencephalogram predict worse outcomes in poststroke epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: Postseizure functional decline is a concern in poststroke epilepsy (PSE). However, data on electroencephalogram (EEG) markers associated with functional decline are scarce. Thus, we investigated whether periodic discharges (PDs) and their specific characteristics are associated with functional decline in patients with PSE. METHODS: In this observational study, patients admitted with seizures of PSE and who had scalp EEGs were included. The association between the presence or absence of PDs and postseizure short-term functional decline lasting 7 days after admission was investigated. In patients with PD, EEG markers were explored for risk stratification of short-term functional decline, according to the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology. The association between EEG markers and imaging findings and long-term functional decline at discharge and 6 months after discharge, defined as an increase in the modified Rankin Scale score compared with the baseline, was evaluated. RESULTS: In this study, 307 patients with PSE (median age = 75 years, range = 35-97 years, 64% males; hemorrhagic stroke, 47%) were enrolled. Compared with 247 patients without PDs, 60 patients with PDs were more likely to have short-term functional decline (12 [20%] vs. 8 [3.2%], p < .001), with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 4.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44-12.6, p = .009). Patients with superimposed fast-activity PDs (PDs+F) had significantly more localized (rather than widespread) lesions (87% vs. 58%, p = .003), prolonged hyperperfusion (100% vs. 62%, p = .023), and a significantly higher risk of short-term functional decline than those with PDs without fast activity (adjusted OR = 22.0, 95% CI = 1.87-259.4, p = .014). Six months after discharge, PDs+F were significantly associated with long-term functional decline (adjusted OR = 4.21, 95% CI = 1.27-13.88, p = .018). SIGNIFICANCE: In PSE, PDs+F are associated with sustained neuronal excitation and hyperperfusion, which may be a predictor of postseizure short- and long-term functional decline.

The association between experience of COVID-19-related discrimination and psychological distress among healthcare workers for six national medical research centers in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Discrimination is an important determinant of negative mental health outcomes. This study determined the association between the experience of COVID-19-related discrimination and psychological distress among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Japan. METHODS: This cross-sectional study conducted a health survey among 5703 HCWs of six national medical and research centers in Japan from October 2020 to March 2021. COVID-19-related discrimination was defined either when participants or their family members were badmouthed or when they felt discriminated against in some way. We used the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) to assess the presence of severe psychological distress (≥ 13 points). We used logistic regression models to examine the association between discrimination and psychological distress. We also identified factors associated with discrimination. RESULTS: Of the participants, 484 (8.4%) reported COVID-19-related discrimination and 486 (8.5%) had severe psychological distress. HCWs who were female vs. male (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28-1.55), had high vs. low viral exposure (AOR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.81-2.93), and worked for 11 or more hours/day vs. 8 or less hours/day (AOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.35-1.49) were more likely to have experienced COVID-19-related discrimination. The AOR (95% CI) of severe psychological distress was 1.83 (1.29-2.59) among those who experienced discrimination. In the stratified analysis by sociodemographic and job-related factors, all the interactions did not reach statistical significance (p for interaction > 0.20). CONCLUSION: Experience of COVID-19-related discrimination was associated with severe psychological distress among HCWs. During the pandemic, effective measures should be taken to prevent the development of negative mental health outcomes in HCWs who experience discrimination.

Quantitative regional cerebral blood flow measurement using near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green in patients undergoing superficial temporal to middle cerebral artery bypass for moyamoya disease: a novel method using a frequency filter.

Measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) after revascularization for moyamoya disease, as a type of ischemic cerebrovascular disease, is crucial. This study aims to validate our novel technology that combines near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a frequency filter to extract the arterial component. We measured rCBF before and after revascularization for moyamoya disease and at the end of the surgery using NIRO-200NX (Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan) and indocyanine green (ICG). rCBF was calculated using Fick's principle, change in arterial ICG concentrations, and maximum arterial ICG concentration. rCBF measured with NIRS (rCBF_N) was compared with pre- and postoperative rCBF measured with SPECT (rCBF_S). Thirty-four procedures were analyzed. rCBF_N increased from baseline to end of the surgery (mean difference (MD), 2.99 ml/min/100 g; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.40-5.57 ml/min/100 g on the diseased side; MD, 4.94 ml/min/100 g; 95% CI, 2.35-7.52 ml/min/100 g on the non-diseased side). Similar trends were observed for rCBF_S (MD, 3.98 ml/min/100 g; 95% CI, 2.30-5.67 ml/min/100 g on the diseased side; MD, 2.77 ml/min/100 g; 95% CI, 1.09-4.45 ml/min/100 g on the non-diseased side). Intraclass correlations 3 (ICC3s) between rCBF_N and rCBF_S were weak on the diseased side (ICC3, 0.25; 95% CI, -0.03-0.5; p = 0.07) and the non-diseased side (ICC3, 0.24; 95% CI, -0.05-0.5; p = 0.08). rCBF measurements based on this novel method were weakly correlated with rCBF measurements with SPECT.

Effect of cerebrospinal fluid drainage pressure in descending and thoracoabdominal aortic repair: a prospective multicenter observational study.

PURPOSE: Cerebrospinal fluid drainage (CSFD) is recommended during open or endovascular thoracic aortic repair. However, the incidence of CSFD complications is still high. Recently, CSF pressure has been kept high to avoid complications, but the efficacy of CSFD at higher pressures has not been confirmed. We hypothesize that CSFD at higher pressures is effective for preventing motor deficits. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 14 hospitals that are members of the Japanese Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Patients who underwent thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic repair were divided into four groups: Group 1, CSF pressure around 10 mmHg; Group 2, CSF pressure around 15 mmHg; Group 3, CSFD initiated when motor evoked potential amplitudes decreased; and Group 4, no CSFD. We assessed the association between the CSFD group and motor deficits using mixed-effects logistic regression with a random intercept for the institution. RESULTS: Of 1072 patients in the study, 84 patients (open surgery, 51; thoracic endovascular aortic repair, 33) had motor deficits at discharge. Groups 1 and 2 were not associated with motor deficits (Group 1, odds ratio (OR): 1.53, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.71-3.29, p = 0.276; Group 2, OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 0.62-4.82) when compared with Group 4. Group 3 was significantly more prone to motor deficits than Group 4 (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.27-5.17, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: CSFD is not associated with motor deficits in thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic repair with CSF pressure around 10 or 15 mmHg.

Associations Between Adherence to Evidence-Based, Stroke Quality Indicators and Outcomes of Acute Reperfusion Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Quality indicators (QIs) are an accepted tool for measuring a hospital's performance in routine care. We examined national trends in adherence to the QIs developed by the Close The Gap-Stroke program by combining data from the health insurance claims database and electronic medical records, and the association between adherence to these QIs and early outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Japan. METHODS: In the present study, patients with acute ischemic stroke who received acute reperfusion therapy in 351 Close The Gap-Stroke-participating hospitals were analyzed retrospectively. The primary outcomes were changes in trends for adherence to the defined QIs by difference-in-difference analysis and the effects of adherence to distinct QIs on in-hospital outcomes at the individual level. A mixed logistic regression model was adjusted for patient and hospital characteristics (eg, age, sex, number of beds) and hospital units as random effects. RESULTS: Between 2013 and 2017, 21 651 patients (median age, 77 years; 43.0% female) were assessed. Of the 25 defined measures, marked and sustainable improvement in the adherence rates was observed for door-to-needle time, door-to-puncture time, proper use of endovascular thrombectomy, and successful revascularization. The in-hospital mortality rate was 11.6%. Adherence to 14 QIs lowered the odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [95% CI], door-to-needle <60 min, 0.80 [0.69-0.93], door-to-puncture <90 min, 0.80 [0.67-0.96], successful revascularization, 0.40 [0.34-0.48]), and adherence to 11 QIs increased the odds of functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2) at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated national marked and sustainable improvement in adherence to door-to-needle time, door-to-puncture time, and successful reperfusion from 2013 to 2017 in Japan in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Adhering to the key QIs substantially affected in-hospital outcomes, underlining the importance of monitoring the quality of care using evidence-based QIs and the nationwide Close The Gap-Stroke program.

A multiple 24-hour urine collection study indicates that kidney function decline is related to urinary sodium and potassium excretion in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Multiple 24-hour urine collections are necessary to adequately assess sodium and potassium intake. Here, we assessed kidney function decline for four years after baseline in relation to seven-time averaged 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion (UNaV, UKV), their UNaV/UKV ratio, and their categorical combination in outpatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This retrospective cohort study was based on 240 outpatients with baseline CKD stages 3-5, baseline age 20 years or more (median age 72.0 years), and a median follow-up (with interquartile range) of 2.9 (1.4-4.0) years. Outcome was the percentage change in annual slope of estimated glomerular filtration rate (delta eGFR per year). In linear mixed models, percentage changes in delta eGFR per year were -3.26% (95% confidence interval -5.85 to -0.60), +5.20% (2.34 to 8.14), and -5.20% (-7.64 to -2.69), respectively, per one standard deviation increase in the seven-time averaged UNaV and UKV, and their UNaV/UKV ratio. Additionally, percentage changes per year in delta eGFR per year were -16.27% (-23.57 to -8.27) in the middle-to-high UNaV and low UKV group, compared with the low UNaV and middle-to high UKV group. Thus, our study reinforces the observation of opposite associations between GFR decline and urinary excretion rates of sodium (positive) and potassium (negative), respectively. Whether changes in dietary sodium and potassium intake slow GFR decline still requires further study.

Characteristics, Antithrombotic Patterns, and Prognostic Outcomes in Claudication and Critical Limb-Threatening Ischemia Undergoing Endovascular Therapy.

PURPOSE: The underlying difference between intermittent claudication (IC) and critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) still remains unclear. This prospective multicenter observational study aimed to clarify differences in clinical features and prognostic outcomes between IC and CLTI, and prognostic factors in patients undergoing endovascular therapy (EVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 692 patients with 808 limbs were enrolled from 20 institutions in Japan. The primary measurements were the 3-year rates of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) and reintervention. RESULTS: Among patients, 79.0% had IC and 21.0% had CLTI. Patients with CLTI were more frequently women and more likely to have impaired functional status, undernutrition, comorbidities, hypercoagulation, hyperinflammation, distal artery disease, short single antiplatelet and long anticoagulation therapies, and late cilostazol than patients with IC. Aortoiliac and femoropopliteal diseases were dominant in patients with IC and infrapopliteal disease was dominant in patients with CLTI. Patients with CLTI underwent less frequently aortoiliac intervention and more frequently infrapopliteal intervention than patients with IC. Longitudinal change of ankle-brachial index (ABI) exhibited different patterns between IC and CLTI (pinteraction=0.002), but ABI improved after EVT both in IC and in CLTI (p<0.001), which was sustained over time. Dorsal and plantar skin perfusion pressure in CLTI showed a similar improvement pattern (pinteraction=0.181). Distribution of Rutherford category improved both in IC and in CLTI (each p<0.001). Three-year MACE rates were 20.4% and 42.3% and 3-year reintervention rates were 22.1% and 46.8% for patients with IC and CLTI, respectively (log-rank p<0.001). Elevated D-dimer (p=0.001), age (p=0.043), impaired functional status (p=0.018), and end-stage renal disease (p=0.019) were independently associated with MACE. After considering competing risks of death and major amputation for reintervention, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p=0.003) and infrainguinal intervention (p=0.002) were independently associated with reintervention. Patients with CLTI merely showed borderline significance for MACE (adjusted hazard ratio 1.700, 95% confidence interval 0.950-3.042, p=0.074) and reintervention (adjusted hazard ratio 1.976, 95% confidence interval 0.999-3.909, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The CLTI is characterized not only by more systemic comorbidities and distal disease but also by more inflammatory coagulation disorder compared with IC. Also, CLTI has approximately twice MACE and reintervention rates than IC, and the underlying inflammatory coagulation disorder per se is associated with these outcomes. CLINICAL IMPACT: The underlying difference between intermittent claudication (IC) and critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) still remains unclear. This prospective multicenter observational study, JPASSION study found that CLTI was characterized not only by more systemic comorbidities and distal disease but also by more inflammatory coagulation disorder compared to IC. Also, CLTI had approximately twice major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) and reintervention rates than IC. Intriguingly, the underlying inflammatory coagulation disorder per se was independently associated with MACE and reintervention. Further studies to clarify the role of anticoagulation and anti-inflammatory therapies will contribute to the development of post-interventional therapeutics in the context of peripheral artery disease.

Myocardial T-Lymphocytes as a Prognostic Risk-Stratifying Marker of Dilated Cardiomyopathy　- Results of the Multicenter Registry to Investigate Inflammatory Cell Infiltration in Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Tissues of Endomyocardial Biopsy (INDICATE Study).

BACKGROUND: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) associated with inflammation is diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy; patients with this have a poorer prognosis than patients without inflammation. To date, standard diagnostic criteria have not been established.Methods and Results: This study analyzed clinical records and endomyocardial biopsy samples of 261 patients with DCM (201 males, median left ventricular ejection fraction; 28%) from 8 institutions in a multicenter retrospective study. Based on the European Society of Cardiology criteria and CD3 (T-lymphocytes) and CD68 (macrophages) immunohistochemistry, 48% of patients were categorized as having inflammatory DCM. For risk-stratification, we divided patients into 3 groups using Akaike Information Criterion/log-rank tests, which can determine multiple cut-off points: CD3+-Low, <13/mm2(n=178, 68%); CD3+-Moderate, 13-24/mm2(n=58, 22%); and CD3+-High, ≥24/mm2(n=25, 10%). The survival curves for cardiac death or left ventricular assist device implantation differed significantly among the 3 groups (10-year survival rates: CD3+-Low: 83.4%; CD3+-Moderate: 68.4%; CD3+-High: 21.1%; Log-rank P<0.001). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed CD3+count as a potent independent predictive factor for survival (fully adjusted hazard ratio: CD3+-High: 5.70, P<0.001; CD3+-Moderate: 2.64, P<0.01). CD3+-High was also associated with poor left ventricular functional and morphological recovery at short-term follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial CD3+T-lymphocyte infiltration has a significant prognostic impact in DCM and a 3-tiered risk-stratification model could be helpful to refine patient categorization.

Joint effect of cognitive decline and walking ability on incidence of wandering behavior in older adults with dementia: A cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Wandering behavior is one of the most troublesome behavioral disturbances in dementia. Inconsistent associations between physical function and wandering behavior were reported, and the effect of cognitive decline may be different according to walking ability. The purposes of this study are to investigate whether high walking ability is a risk factor for wandering behavior and to investigate the interaction of walking ability and cognitive function with wandering behavior in older adults with dementia. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 3979 elderly adults with dementia. The association of cognitive function and walking ability with incidence of wandering behavior during a 5-year follow-up period were examined using a generalized linear model, and relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was calculated. RESULTS: Severe cognitive decline and high walking ability were associated with a higher risk for wandering behavior. Additionally, some joint effects of cognitive decline and walking ability decline were higher than the sum of its individual effects (RERI [95% confidence interval], severe cognitive decline × 'walk with help': 1.58 [0.35, 2.81]; severe cognitive decline × 'independent': 3.09 [1.05, 5.14]). CONCLUSIONS: Effects of cognitive decline and walking ability on incidence of wandering behavior were observed, and the effects varied depending on their combination.

Functionally validated SCN5A variants allow interpretation of pathogenicity and prediction of lethal events in Brugada syndrome.

AIMS: The prognostic value of genetic variants for predicting lethal arrhythmic events (LAEs) in Brugada syndrome (BrS) remains controversial. We investigated whether the functional curation of SCN5A variations improves prognostic predictability. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a heterologous expression system and whole-cell patch clamping, we functionally characterized 22 variants of unknown significance (VUSs) among 55 SCN5A mutations previously curated using in silico prediction algorithms in the Japanese BrS registry (n = 415). According to the loss-of-function (LOF) properties, SCN5A mutation carriers (n = 60) were divided into two groups: LOF-SCN5A mutations and non-LOF SCN5A variations. Functionally proven LOF-SCN5A mutation carriers (n = 45) showed significantly severer electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities and worse prognosis associated with earlier manifestations of LAEs (7.9%/year) than in silico algorithm-predicted SCN5A carriers (5.1%/year) or all BrS probands (2.5%/year). Notably, non-LOF SCN5A variation carriers (n = 15) exhibited no LAEs during the follow-up period. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only LOF-SCN5A mutations and a history of aborted cardiac arrest were significant predictors of LAEs. Gene-based association studies using whole-exome sequencing data on another independent SCN5A mutation-negative BrS cohort (n = 288) showed no significant enrichment of rare variants in 16 985 genes including 22 non-SCN5A BrS-associated genes as compared with controls (n = 372). Furthermore, rare variations of non-SCN5A BrS-associated genes did not affect LAE-free survival curves. CONCLUSION: In vitro functional validation is key to classifying the pathogenicity of SCN5A VUSs and for risk stratification of genetic predictors of LAEs. Functionally proven LOF-SCN5A mutations are genetic burdens of sudden death in BrS, but evidence for other BrS-associated genes is elusive.

Incidence Rate of Acute Coronary Syndrome Including Acute Myocardial Infarction, Unstable Angina, and Sudden Cardiac Death in Nobeoka City for the Super-Aged Society of Japan.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to calculate incidence rates (IR) of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina (UAP), and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in Nobeoka city, Japan.Methods and Results:This was an observational study based on a city-wide comprehensive registration between 2015 and 2017 in Nobeoka city, Japan, using 2 databases: all patients with cardiogenic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Nobeoka city and hospitalized ACS patients from Miyazaki Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital in which all ACS patients in Nobeoka city were hospitalized except for possible rare cases of patients highly unlikely to be hospitalized elsewhere. The IRs of ACS based on the population size of Nobeoka city (125,000 persons), and their age-adjusted IRs by using the direct method and the 2015 model population of Japan were calculated. There were 260 eligible patients hospitalized with first-onset ACS (age [SD]=71.1 [12.4], 34.2% women) and 107 eligible SCD patients. Crude IRs of hospitalized ACS and SCD patients, and hospitalized AMI and SCD patients, respectively, were 130.2 (183.3 for men, 85.6 for women) and 107.5 (148.4 for men, 73.2 for women) per 100,000. Crude IRs of hospitalized ACS, AMI, and UAP patients, respectively, were 92.3 (132.8 for men, 58.1 for women), 69.6 (97.9 for men, 45.7 for women), and 22.7 (35.0 for men, 12.4 for women) per 100,000. CONCLUSIONS: The calculated IRs can be useful in building a health strategy for treating ACS.

Risk Prediction Score for Cancer Development in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a known prognostic factor in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but few risk assessments of cancer development after ACS have been established.Methods and Results:Of the 573 consecutive ACS admissions between January 2015 and March 2018 in Nobeoka City, Japan, 552 were analyzed. Prevalent cancer was defined as a treatment history of cancer, and incident cancer as post-discharge cancer incidence. The primary endpoint was post-discharge cancer incidence, and the secondary endpoint was all-cause death during follow-up. All-cause death occurred in 9 (23.1%) patients with prevalent cancer, and in 17 (3.5%) without cancer. In the multivariable analysis, prevalent cancer was associated with all-cause death. To develop the prediction model for cancer incidence, 21 patients with incident cancer and 492 without cancer were analyzed. We compared the performance of D-dimer with that of the prediction model, which added age (≥65 years), smoking history, and high red blood cell distribution width to albumin ratio (RAR) to D-dimer. The areas under the receiver-operating characteristics curves of D-dimer and the prediction model were 0.619 (95% confidence interval: 0.512-0.725) and 0.774 (0.676-0.873), respectively. Decision curve analysis showed superior net benefits of the prediction model. CONCLUSIONS: By adding elderly, smoking, and high RAR to D-dimer to the prediction model it became clinically useful for predicting cancer incidence after ACS.

Estimating Incidence of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes in Japan　- An Analysis From the KUNIUMI Registry.

BACKGROUND: Few registries have provided precise information concerning incidence rates for acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) in Japan.Methods and Results:All hospitals with acute care beds in Awaji Island participated in the Kobe University heart failure registry in Awaji Medical Center (KUNIUMI Registry), a retrospective, population-based AHFS registration study, enabling almost every patient with AHFS in Awaji Island to be registered. From 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2017, 743 patients with de novo AHFS had been registered. Mean age was 82.1±11.5 years. Using the general population of Japan as of 2015 as a standard, age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates for AHFS were 133.8 per 100,000 person-years for male and 120.0 for female. In 2015, there were an estimated 159,702 new-onset patients with AHFS, which was predicted to increase to 252,153 by 2040, and reach a plateau. The proportion of patients aged >85 years accounted for 42.6% in 2015, which was predicted to increase up to 62.5% in 2040. The proportion of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was estimated at 52.0% in 2015, which was predicted to increase gradually to 57.3% in 2055. CONCLUSIONS: The present analysis suggested that the number of patients with de novo AHFS keeps increasing with progressive aging in Japan. Establishment of countermeasures against the expanding burden of HF is urgently required.

Telomere length and its relationships with lifestyle and behavioural factors: variations by sex and race/ethnicity.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to healthy lifestyles/behaviours promotes healthy ageing. However, little is known about whether age, sex and/or race/ethnicity moderate associations of lifestyle/behavioural factors with relative telomere length (RTL), a potential biomarker of ageing. METHODS: We included 749 midlife to older non-Hispanic White (n = 254), Black (n = 248) and Hispanic (n = 247) US participants [mean (standard deviation) age = 69.3 (7.2) years; women: 50.5%]. We extracted genomic DNA from peripheral leucocytes. RTL was assayed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Multivariable regression was used to examine associations between lifestyle/behavioural exposures (i.e. physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking and depression) with RTL. RESULTS: Increasing chronological age was associated with shorter RTL (P < 0.01). Higher physical activity was associated with longer RTL (P-trend = 0.03); daily versus never/rare alcohol consumption and 30+ versus <5 smoking pack-year were associated with shorter RTLs (P-trend = 0.02). Associations varied significantly by sex and race/ethnicity. The association between physical activity and longer RTL appeared strongest among non-Hispanic Whites (P-interaction = 0.01). Compared to men, women had stronger associations between heavy smoking and shorter RTLs (P-interaction = 0.03). Light/moderate alcohol consumption (monthly/weekly) was associated with longer RTL among non-Hispanic Whites, while daily consumption was related to shorter RTLs among Blacks and Hispanics (P-interactions < 0.01). Associations of daily alcohol and heavy smoking with shorter RTLs were particularly apparent among Black women. CONCLUSION: We observed novel variations by sex and race/ethnicity in associations between lifestyle/behavioural factors and RTL. Further work is needed to replicate these findings and to address potential public health implications for modifying strategies by sex or across racial/ethnic groups to optimise lifestyles/behaviours for healthy ageing.

Impact of Balloon Postdilation on Six-Year Mortality After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

OBJECTIVES: Balloon postdilation (BPD) is one strategy for decreasing paravalvular leakage, but its effect on long-term mortality remains unclear. The authors sought to clarify whether BPD influences long-term mortality of patients with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). DESIGN: Single-center retrospective study. SETTING: National heart center; single institution. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were patients who underwent TAVR in the authors' hospital from January 2014 to December 2016. A balloon-expandable Sapien XT or Sapien3, or self-expandable CoreValve or Evolute R, was implanted according to the decision of the surgeon considering degree of calcification of the aortic valve. INTERVENTIONS: No interventions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Multivariate Cox regression analysis and inverse probability weighted estimation were performed using a propensity score to examine whether BPD influenced six-year mortality. Ultimately, 180 patients were analyzed. During the follow-up period, with a median of 1104 (interquartile range: 730-1463) days, 41 patients died and cumulative incidence of mortality at six years was 22.8%. Society of Thoracic Surgeons score (odds ratio [OR]: 2.257, 95% CI: 1.213-4.197, p = 0.010)], BPD (OR: 0.306, 95% CI: 0.098-0.953, p = 0.041), and paravalvular regurgitation of at least moderate-to-mild severity after deploying (OR: 5.407, 95% CI: 1.626-17.978, p = 0.006) were significant factors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: BPD is associated with reduced six-year mortality.

Anesthesia for Cesarean Section and Postpartum Cardiovascular Events in Congenital Heart Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the association between anesthetic technique and maternal and neonatal outcomes in parturients with congenital heart disease (CHD). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational cohort study. SETTING: An academic hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 263 consecutive parturients with CHD who underwent cesarean section from 1994 to 2019. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The authors compared postpartum cardiovascular events (composite of heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmia, and thromboembolic complications) and neonatal outcomes (intubation and Apgar score <7 at one or five minutes) by anesthetic technique. Among 263 cesarean sections, general anesthesia was performed in 47 (17.9%) parturients and neuraxial anesthesia in 214 (81.3%) parturients. Cardiovascular events were more common in the general anesthesia group (n = 7; 14.9%) than in the neuraxial anesthesia group (n = 17; 7.9%). Generalized linear mixed models assuming a binomial distribution (ie, mixed-effects logistic regression), with a random intercept for each modified World Health Organization classification for maternal cardiovascular risk, revealed that general anesthesia was not significantly associated with cardiovascular events (odds ratio [OR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-3.29). In addition, general anesthesia was associated with composite neonatal outcomes (Apgar score <7 at one or five minutes or need for neonatal intubation; OR, 13.3; 95% CI, 5.52-32.0). CONCLUSION: Anesthetic technique is not significantly associated with postpartum composite cardiovascular events. General anesthesia is significantly associated with increased need for neonatal intubation and lower Apgar scores.

AI-Assisted In-House Power Monitoring for the Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults.

In-home monitoring systems have been used to detect cognitive decline in older adults by allowing continuous monitoring of routine activities. In this study, we investigated whether unobtrusive in-house power monitoring technologies could be used to predict cognitive impairment. A total of 94 older adults aged ≥65 years were enrolled in this study. Generalized linear mixed models with subject-specific random intercepts were used to evaluate differences in the usage time of home appliances between people with and without cognitive impairment. Three independent power monitoring parameters representing activity behavior were found to be associated with cognitive impairment. Representative values of mean differences between those with cognitive impairment relative to those without were -13.5 min for induction heating in the spring, -1.80 min for microwave oven in the winter, and -0.82 h for air conditioner in the winter. We developed two prediction models for cognitive impairment, one with power monitoring data and the other without, and found that the former had better predictive ability (accuracy, 0.82; sensitivity, 0.48; specificity, 0.96) compared to the latter (accuracy, 0.76; sensitivity, 0.30; specificity, 0.95). In summary, in-house power monitoring technologies can be used to detect cognitive impairment.