Protocol for assessing mortality reduction with the early use of noninvasive ventilation in prehospital emergency services: A multicentre, observational cohort study in Madrid, Spain.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) has become one of the most prevalent serious pathologies encountered in the emergency medical service (EMS). In hospital settings, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) therapy prevents complications from more aggressive treatments for that condition. However, the scarce evidence on the benefits of NIV in prehospital EMS (i.e., during transport to the hospital) is inconclusive. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the administration of NIV during prehospital EMS in cases of ARF reduces in-hospital mortality compared with starting NIV on arrival to in-patient EMS. METHODS: This is a multicentre, observational, prospective cohort study. We recruited a total of 317 patients from the Madrid region (Spain) who were prescribed NIV for their ARF using a nonprobabilistic consecutive sampling method. Analyses of the main outcome (in-hospital mortality) and secondary outcomes (length of hospital stay, readmissions, percentage of intensive care unit admissions, and cost-effectiveness) will include descriptive analyses of patients' characteristics, as well as bivariate and multivariate analyses and cost-effectiveness analysis. DISCUSSION: This study will provide data on NIV management in prehospital and in-patient EMS in patients with ARF. Results will contribute to the existing evidence on the benefits of NIV in the context of prehospital EMS while underlining the importance of a standardized formal training for physicians and nurses working in prehospital and in-patient EMSs. CONCLUSION: The VentilaMadrid study will provide valuable data on the clinical factors of patients receiving NIV in prehospital EMS. Further, were our hypothesis to be confirmed, our results would strongly suggest that the administration of NIV in prehospital EMS by medical and nursing profesionals formally trained in the technique reduces mortality and improves prognoses.

Predictors of outcome in 101 patients requiring emergent thoracotomy for penetrating pulmonary injuries.

BACKGROUND: Operative interventions are uncommonly required for penetrating pulmonary injuries. Similarly, because their incidence is low, few series appear sporadically in the literature. Objectives of this study are to identify predictors of outcome for patients requiring emergent thoracotomy for penetrating pulmonary injuries and evaluate the use of tissue sparing versus resective techniques for their management. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective 169-month study of all patients with penetrating pulmonary injuries requiring thoracotomy. The main outcome measures are: physiologic parameters, AAST-OIS injury grade, surgical procedures and mortality. Statistical analysis includes univariate and stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS: 101 patients required thoracotomy for penetrating pulmonary injuries. Mechanism of injury includes: gunshot wounds (GSW)-73 (72%), stab wounds (SW)-28 (33%). Mean systolic BP 97 ± 47, mean HR 92 ± 47, and mean admission pH 7.22 ± 0.17. Mean RTS 6.25 ± 2.7, mean ISS 36 ± 22. The mean estimated blood loss (EBL) was 5277 ± 4955 mls. Predictors of outcome are: admission pH (p = 0.0014), admission base deficit (p < 0.0001), packed red blood cells (PRBCs) transfused (p = 0.023), whole blood transfused (p < 0.01). A total of 143 procedures were required in 101 patients: tissue sparing 114 (80%) versus resective procedures 29 (20%). Only pneumonectomy (p = 0.024) predicted outcome. Overall survival 64/101-64%. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Organ Injury Scale (AAST-OIS) injury grades I-III versus IV-VI predicts survival (p < 0.001). Stepwise logistic regression identified AAST-OIS injury grades IV-VI (p = 0.007; OR 6.38 [95% CI 1.64-24.78]), intraoperative dysrhythmias (p = 0.003; OR 17.38 [95% CI 2.59-116.49]) and associated cardiac injuries (p = 0.02; OR 8.74 [95% CI 1.37-55.79]) as independent predictors of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Predictors of outcome for penetrating pulmonary injuries requiring thoracotomy are identified and must be taken into account in their operative management. Tissue sparing techniques-stapled pulmonary tractotomy is once again validated, and it remains effective as the mainstay for their management; however, only pneumonectomy predicts outcome. AAST-OIS injury grades IV-VI predict outcome with higher injury grades requiring resective procedures.

Penetrating cardiac injuries: predictive model for outcomes based on 2016 patients from the National Trauma Data Bank.

BACKGROUND: Penetrating cardiac injuries are uncommon and lethal. The objectives of this study are to examine the national profile of cardiac injuries, identify independent predictors of outcome, generate, compare and validate previous predictive models for outcomes. We hypothesized that National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) given its large number of patients, would validate these models. METHODS: The NTDB was queried for data on cardiac injuries, using survival as the main outcome measure. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing univariate and stepwise logistic regression. The stepwise logistic regression model was then compared with other predictive models of outcome. RESULTS: There were 2016 patients with penetrating cardiac injuries identified from 1,310,720 patients. Incidence: 0.16%. Mechanism of injury: GSWs-1264 (63%), SWs-716 (36%), Shotgun/impalement-19/16 (1%). Mean RTS 1.75, mean ISS 27 ± 23. Overall survival 675 (33%). 830 patients (41%) underwent ED thoracotomy, 47 survived (6%). Survival stratified by mechanism: GSWs 114/1264 (10%), SWs 564/717 (76%). Predictors of outcome for mortality-univariate analysis: vital signs, RTS, ISS, GCS: Field CPR, ED intubation, ED thoracotomy and aortic cross-clamping (p < 0.001). Stepwise logistic regression identified cardiac GSW's (p < 0.001; AOR 26.85; 95% CI 17.21-41.89), field CPR (p = 0.003; AOR 3.65; 95% CI 1.53-8.69), the absence of spontaneous ventilation (p = 0.008; AOR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02-1.14), the presence of an associated abdominal GSW (p = 0.009; AOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.26-5.26) need for ED airway (p = 0.0003 AOR 1386.30; 95% CI 126.0-15251.71) and aortic cross-clamping (p = 0.0003 AOR 0.18; 95% CI 0.11-0.28) as independent predictors for mortality. Overall predictive power of model-93%. CONCLUSION: Predictors of outcome were identified. Overall survival rates are lower than prospective studies report. Predictive model from NTDB generated larger number of strong independent predictors of outcomes, correlated and validated previous predictive models.

Contemporary wars and their contributions to vascular injury management.

INTRODUCTION: Man's inhumanity for man still knows no boundaries, as we continue as a species as a whole to engage in war. According to Kohn's Dictionary of Wars [1], of over 3,700 years of recorded history, there have been a total of 3,010 wars. One is hard pressed to actually find a period of time in which here has not been an active conflict in the globe. The world has experienced two world wars: WWI (1914-1918) and WWII (1939-1945). The total number of military casualties in WWI was over 37 million, while WWII so far, has been the deadliest military conflict in history with over 60 million people killed accounting for slightly over 2.5% of the world's population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The purpose of this study is to review contemporary wars and their contributions to vascular injury management. It is precisely wartime contributions that have led to the more precise identification and management of these injuries resulting in countless lives and extremities saved. However, surgeons dealing with vascular injuries have faced a tough and arduous road. Their journey was initiated by surgical mavericks which undaunted, pressed on against all odds guided by William Stewart Halsted's classic statement in 1912: "One of the chief fascinations in surgery is the management of wounded vessels." CONCLUSION: Contemporary wars of the XX-XXI centuries gave birth, defined and advanced the field of vascular injury management.

[Our experience in the treatment of hyperhidrosis of the upper limbs by video-assisted thoracoscopy: an analysis of our first 100 procedures]. / Nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de las hiperhidrosis de los miembros superiores mediante videotoracoscopia: análisis tras las primeras 100 intervenciones.

Sympathectomy of the thoracic chain is an effective surgical procedure for treating axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis. The procedure has been performed with minimal invasion and good results in recent years through the use of videothoracoscopic surgery. This paper describes the technique and our experience with a series of 50 patients between 16 and 48 years old. The earliest approach was unilateral in successive operations. The procedure was later performed bilaterally, at first with the patients in sequential lateral decubitus positions and later in semi-seated position. Complications were 1 case of incomplete Claude-Bernard-Horner syndrome that resolved spontaneously two months after surgery; 1 failure when sympathectomy was performed without location of the chain, obliging rapid re-operation; laminar pneumothorax in 12% of the series; compensatory hyperhidrosis in 26%; 10% with chest pain due to intercostal involvement, resolving with time; and slight bleeding in 8%. Outcome was excellent, with complete disappearance of axillary and palmar perspiration. Patient satisfaction was 9.2/10 one year after surgery. Mean hospital stay was less than 36 h.

Vascular complications and special problems in vascular trauma.

The evaluation and management of patients with vascular trauma or injury often involve rapid decision making in less than ideal circumstances. Immediate consequences such as hemorrhage, ischemia, compartment syndrome, thrombosis, and embolization may be life threatening and require immediate intervention. In addition, a number of regional and systemic complications of the initial vascular pathology are possible, such as shock, acute renal failure, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Understanding the disease process, as well as the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, is critically important to minimize the risk of these highly morbid or potentially mortal complications. The managing physician must be adept and well versed at both the initial management of the specific vascular injury and the many potential complications that may subsequently arise. This article will review a number of vascular-specific complications and provide details of strategies for their prevention or optimal management. These problems include traumatic injuries to the arterial or venous system, failure of vascular repairs or reconstructions, surgical site and graft infections, anastomotic complications, and compartment syndromes. In addition, arterial and venous complications secondary to the use of illicit intravenous drug use and cocaine-related vascular injury will be discussed. Finally, the increasingly important topic of iatrogenic or procedure-related vascular injuries and complications will be reviewed.

Popliteal vessel injuries: complex anatomy, difficult problems and surgical challenges.

The incidence of popliteal vessel injuries is low, even in busy urban trauma centers. As a result of this fact, few trauma centers and trauma surgeons have developed extensive experience in the management of these injuries. Popliteal vessel injuries in both civilian and military arenas incur significant morbidity. These injuries present a difficult challenge, and, although the overall incidence of these injuries remains low, the sequelae can be devastating. Successful outcomes for limb salvage and survival result from early recognition and rapid surgical intervention by a multidisciplinary approach with a great participation of different surgical specialties. From the historical perspective, anatomy, incidence and associated injuries, to the clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and morbidity and mortality, the aim of this article is to review the various aspects of these complex injuries.

Iliac vessel injuries: difficult injuries and difficult management problems.

INTRODUCTION: Injury to the iliac vessels poses a serious and frustrating treatment dilemma for all trauma surgeons. Generally, patients present in profound shock secondary to severe hemorrhage from either iliac arterial, venous, or combined injuries. Despite improvements in our emergency medical services (EMS), rapid transport, standard training of trauma surgeons, and improved technology, the morbidity and mortality from iliac vessel injuries remain high, ranging from 25 to 40 %. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature, with emphasis placed on the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of these injuries, incorporating the author's experience. CONCLUSIONS: Injuries to the iliac vessel remain a daunting task, even after great advances in anatomic injury grading and damage control as well as advances in surgical techniques and critical care. Despite all the advances in treatment and appropriate management strategies, the morbidity and mortality from iliac vessel injuries remain high, demonstrating the complex challenge their treatment presents to even the modern-day trauma surgeon.

Femoral vessel injuries; high mortality and low morbidity injuries.

Femoral vessel injuries are amongst the most common vascular injuries admited in busy trauma centers. The evolution of violence and the increase in penetrating trauma from the urban battlefields of city streets has raised the incidence of femoral vessel injuries, which account for approximately 70% of all peripheral vascular injuries. Despite the relatively low mortality associated with these injuries, there is a high level of technical complexity required for the performance of these repairs. Similarly, they incur low mortality but are associated with significantly high morbidity. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are the keys to successful outcomes with the main goals of managing ischemia time, restoring limb perfusion, accomplishing limb salvage and instituting rehabilitation as soon as possible.

Shank vessel injuries: the forgotten vascular injuries.

INTRODUCTION: Vascular injuries in branch vessels of the popliteal artery, such as the tibioperoneal trunk, and shank vessels, such as anterior, posterior tibial, and peroneal vessels, occur in both blunt and penetrating trauma. Their management has evolved significantly in the past few decades. While their incidence is variable, limb loss and morbidity remain significant. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Physical examination, along with measuring an Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), is still sometimes all that is required for diagnosis and can expeditiously triage those that require urgent operation. Despite our technological advancements and newer algorithms for lower extremity vascular trauma, operative intervention and exposure still remain difficult and pose a great challenge for surgeons that normally do not operate on this area. CONCLUSIONS: Shank vessel injuries still comprise a significant proportion of combat and civilian vascular injuries, and modern advances have led to a dramatic decrease in amputation rates.

Brote de silicosis en trabajadores españoles de conglomerados de cuarzo / Outbreak of silicosis in Spanish quartz conglomerate workers

El objetivo del estudio es describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de un brote de silicosis ocupacional y las condiciones de trabajo asociadas. Se consideraron como casos a todos los hombres diagnosticados de silicosis entre julio de 2009 y mayo de 2012 por la unidad de neumología del Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real (Cádiz) que trabajaban en la industria del corte, tallado y acabado de la piedra. Para determinar el número potencial de trabajadores expuestos se elaboró un censo de los lugares de trabajo que utilizaban conglomerados de cuarzo. A los pacientes incluidos en el estudio se les realizó una encuesta telefónica sobre exposiciones ocupacionales y se revisaron sus historias clínicas. La silicosis se diagnosticó en 46 hombres, que tenían una edad mediana de 33 años y una mediana de 11 años trabajando en la fabricación de encimeras. De estos casos, el 91,3% fue diagnosticado de silicosis crónica simple con una tomografía axial computarizada de alta resolución (TACAR) anormal. Un paciente falleció durante el período de estudio. Se detectó tanto un incumplimiento frecuente de las medidas de prevención y control por parte del empleador, como fallas en los sistemas de protección ambientales e individuales. En conclusión, el uso de nuevos materiales de construcción tales como los conglomerados de cuarzo ha incrementado la incidencia de silicosis por exposiciones laborales intensivas en el contexto de una alta demanda impulsada por el auge en la construcción. Esta exposición generalizada representa un riesgo si no se toman medidas preventivas adecuadas

The aim of the study is to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of an outbreak of occupational silicosis and the associated working conditions. Cases were defined as men working in the stone cutting, shaping, and finishing industry in the province of Cádiz, diagnosed with silicosis between July 2009 and May 2012, and were identified and diagnosed by the department of pulmonology of the University Hospital of Puerto Real (Cádiz). A census of workplaces using quartz conglomerates was carried out to determine total numbers of potentially exposed workers. A patient telephone survey on occupational exposures and a review of medical records for all participants were conducted. Silicosis was diagnosed in 46 men with a median age of 33 years and a median of 11 years working in the manufacturing of countertops. Of these cases, 91.3% were diagnosed with simple chronic silicosis, with an abnormal high-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) scan. One patient died during the study period. Employer non-compliance in prevention and control measures was frequently reported, as were environmental and individual protection failures. In conclusion, the use of new construction materials such as quartz conglomerates has increased silicosis incidence due to intensive occupational exposures, in the context of high demand fuelled by the housing boom. This widespread exposure poses a risk if appropriate preventive measures are not undertaken

Sindrome de Reye: presentación de un caso

Se presenta un paciente de 12 meses de edad, que con sintomatología previa catarral desarrolla una dificultad respiratoria con vómitos y convulsiones, haciendo como cuadro final una Encefalopatía Aguda que se acompaña de alteraciones hepáticas e hipoglicemias y que ha pesar del tratamiento intensivo fallece a los 10 días del ingreso, con diagnóstico de Sindrome de Reye, que se corrobora por anatomía patológica. Además tiene el interés de ser el primer caso diagnósticado solo en nuestra provincia.(AU)

Influencia de las infecciones en la mortalidad Hospitalaria: estudio de un quinquenio (1984-1988)

El trabajo se realizó con el total de los fallecidos en nuestro centro en los últimos cinco años. En el estudio se pudo comprobar que las infecciones constituyen una de las principales causas de muerte en edad pediátrica en nuestro centro, constatándose enfermedad infecciosa en el 76,9 por ciento de los fallecidos, el 16,1 por ciento de estas infecciones nosocomiales. Se encontraron en los fallecidos diversos factores, la mayoria de ellos congénitos que favorecieron la infección e influenciaron en su desarrollo y fatal evolución. También se estudió la influencia de las infecciones de etiología viral y la enfermedad meningocóccica en estos casos.(AU)

Sindrome de Reye: presentación de un caso

Se presenta un paciente de 12 meses de edad, que con sintomatología previa catarral desarrolla una dificultad respiratoria con vómitos y convulsiones, haciendo como cuadro final una Encefalopatía Aguda que se acompaña de alteraciones hepáticas e hipoglicemias y que ha pesar del tratamiento intensivo fallece a los 10 días del ingreso, con diagnóstico de Sindrome de Reye, que se corrobora por anatomía patológica. Además tiene el interés de ser el primer caso diagnósticado solo en nuestra provincia.(AU)

Influencia de las infecciones en la mortalidad Hospitalaria: estudio de un quinquenio (1984-1988)

El trabajo se realizó con el total de los fallecidos en nuestro en los últimos cinco años. En el estudio se pudo comprobar que las infecciones constituyen una de las principales causas de muerte en edad pediatrica en nuestro centro, constatándose enfermedad infecciosa en el 76,9 por ciento de los fallecidos, el 16,1 por ciento de estas infecciones nosocomiales. Se encontraron en los fallecidos diversos factores, la mayoria de ellos congénitos que favorecieron la infección e influenciaron en su desarrollo y fatal evolución. También se estudió la influencia de las infecciones de etiologia viral y la enfermedad meningocóccica en estos casos.(AU)

Uso del Cateterismo Venoso Central percutáneo en cuidados intensivos pediátricos: nuestra experiencia

En los últimos años, se ha incrementado en forma notable el abordaje venoso profundo percutáneo y debido a la práctica desarrollada y los beneficios que representa se utiliza de forma frecuente en los pacientes criticamente enfermos, destacando una practicamente abolición de las disecciones y disminución de las frecuentes punturas venosas, lo qque produce en consecuencia un descenso notable de las infecciones nosocomialesy una utilización superior de la vía parenteral. En este trabajo se muestra de forma estadística la utilización de este proceder, lo que constituye un mágnifico logro.(AU)

Nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de las hiperhidrosis de los miembros superiores mediante videotoracoscopia: análisis tras las primeras 100 intervenciones / Our experience in the treatment of hyperhidrosis of the upper limbs by video-assisted thoracoscopy: an analysis of our first 100 procedures

La simpatectomía de la cadena torácica constituye un procedimiento quirúrgico efectivo en el tratamiento de las hiperhidrosis axilopalmares. La introducción de la cirugía videotoracoscópica ha permitido realizar en los últimos años este procedimiento quirúrgico de manera poco invasiva y con buenos resultados. En este artículo describimos la técnica y nuestra casuística, con una serie de 50 pacientes, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 48 años. El abordaje al principio fue unilateral en tiempos quirúrgicos sucesivos, para pasar después a efectuarlo bilateral, primero en decúbitos laterales secuenciales y luego en posición semisentada. Las complicaciones de la serie consistieron en un síndrome de Claude Bernard Horner incompleto que cedió espontáneamente a los 2 meses de la intervención; un fallo en la consecución de la simpatectomía por no localización de la cadena, lo que obligó a la reintervención temprana. Un 12 per cent de neumotórax laminares; un 26 per cent de hipersudaciones compensadoras, un 10 per cent de dolor torácico por afección de los intercostales que con el tiempo cedieron y un 8 per cent de hemorragias discretas. En todos los casos se obtuvieron excelentes resultados clínicos, con desaparición completa de la sudación tanto axilar como palmar. El grado de satisfacción de los pacientes fue calificado de 9,2/10 (puntuación obtenida en la consulta postoperatoria al año). La estancia hospitalaria media fue inferior a las 36 h (AU)