Twelve-Month Outcomes of Patients With Myocardial Injury not Due to Type-1 Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) requires a combination of elevated cardiac troponins, and clinical or echocardiographic evidence of coronary ischaemia. Identification of patients with a high likelihood of coronary plaque rupture (Type 1 myocardial infarction [MI]) is crucial as it is these patients for whom coronary intervention has been well-established to provide benefit and reduce subsequent coronary ischemic events. However, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays have increasingly identified patients with hs-cTn elevations not due to Type 1 MI where recommendations for ongoing care are currently limited. Understanding the profile and clinical outcomes for these patients may inform the development of an emerging evidence-base. METHODS: Using two previously published studies (hs-cTnT study n=1,937, RAPID-TnT study n=3,270) and the Fourth Universal Definition of MI, index presentations of patients to South Australian emergency departments with suspected AMI, defined by high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) greater than the upper reference limit (14 ng/L) and without obvious corresponding ischaemia on electrocardiogram (ECG), were classified as either Type 1 MI (T1MI), Type 2 MI (T2MI), acute myocardial injury (AI), or chronic myocardial injury (CI). Patients with non-elevated hs-cTnT (defined as <14 ng/L) were excluded. Outcomes assessed included death, MI, unstable angina, and non-coronary cardiovascular events within 12 months. RESULTS: In total, 1,192 patients comprising 164 (13.8%) T1MI, 173 (14.5%) T2MI/AI, and 855 (71.7%) CI were included. The rate of death or recurrent acute coronary syndrome was greatest in patients with T1MI, but also occurred with moderate frequency in Type 2 MI/AI and CI (T1MI: 32/164 [19.5%]; T2MI/AI: 24/173 [13.1%]; CI:116/885 [13.6%]; p=0.008). Of all the deaths observed, 74% occurred among those with an initial index diagnostic classification of CI. After adjusting for age, gender and baseline comorbidities, the relative hazard ratios for non-coronary cardiovascular readmissions were similar across all groups: Type 2 MI/AI: 1.30 (95% confidence interval 0.99-1.72, p=0.062); CI: 1.10 (95% confidence interval 0.61-2.00, p=0.75). CONCLUSIONS: Non-T1MI accounted for the majority of patients presenting with elevated hs-cTnT without ischaemia on ECG. Patients with T1MI had the highest rates of death or recurrent AMI; however patients with T2MI/AI and CI experienced a substantial rate of non-coronary cardiovascular re-hospitalisations.

Late Outcomes of the RAPID-TnT Randomized Controlled Trial: 0/1-Hour High-Sensitivity Troponin T Protocol in Suspected ACS.

BACKGROUND: High-sensitivity troponin assays are increasingly being adopted to expedite evaluation of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. Few direct comparisons have examined whether the enhanced performance of these assays at low concentrations leads to changes in care that improves longer-term outcomes. This study evaluated late outcomes of participants managed under an unmasked 0/1-hour high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) protocol compared with a 0/3-hour masked hs-cTnT protocol. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter prospective patient-level randomized comparison of care informed by unmasked 0/1-hour hs-cTnT protocol (reported to <5 ng/L) versus standard practice masked hs-cTnT testing (reported to ≤29 ng/L) assessed at 0/3 hours and followed participants for 12 months. Participants included were those presenting to metropolitan emergency departments with suspected acute coronary syndromes, without ECG evidence of coronary ischemia. The primary end point was time to all-cause death or myocardial infarction using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for clustering within hospitals. RESULTS: Between August 2015 and April 2019, we randomized 3378 participants, of whom 108 withdrew, resulting in 12-month follow-up for 3270 participants (masked: 1632; unmasked: 1638). Among these, 2993 (91.5%) had an initial troponin concentration of ≤29 ng/L. Deployment of the 0/1-hour hs-cTnT protocol was associated with reductions in functional testing. Over 12-month follow-up, there was no difference in invasive coronary angiography (0/1-hour unmasked: 232/1638 [14.2%]; 0/3-hour masked: 202/1632 [12.4%]; P=0.13), although an increase was seen among patients with hs-cTnT levels within the masked range (0/1-hour unmasked arm: 168/1507 [11.2%]; 0/3-hour masked arm: 124/1486 [8.3%]; P=0.010). By 12 months, all-cause death and myocardial infarction did not differ between study arms overall (0/1-hour: 82/1638 [5.0%] versus 0/3-hour: 62/1632 [3.8%]; hazard ratio, 1.32 [95% CI, 0.95-1.83]; P=0.10). Among participants with initial troponin T concentrations ≤29 ng/L, unmasked hs-cTnT reporting was associated with an increase in death or myocardial infarction (0/1-hour: 55/1507 [3.7%] versus 0/3-hour: 34/1486 [2.3%]; hazard ratio, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.05-2.46]; P=0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Unmasked hs-cTnT reporting deployed within a 0/1-hour protocol did not reduce ischemic events over 12-month follow-up. Changes in practice associated with the implementation of this protocol may be associated with an increase in death and myocardial infarction among those with newly identified troponin elevations. Registration: URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au; Unique identifier: ACTRN12615001379505.

A Randomized Trial of a 1-Hour Troponin T Protocol in Suspected Acute Coronary Syndromes: The Rapid Assessment of Possible Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Emergency Department With High-Sensitivity Troponin T Study (RAPID-TnT).

BACKGROUND: High-sensitivity troponin assays promise earlier discrimination of myocardial infarction. Yet, the benefits and harms of this improved discriminatory performance when incorporated within rapid testing protocols, with respect to subsequent testing and clinical events, has not been evaluated in an in-practice patient-level randomized study. This multicenter study evaluated the noninferiority of a 0/1-hour high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) protocol in comparison with a 0/3-hour masked hs-cTnT protocol in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome presenting to the emergency department (ED). METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to either a 0/1-hour hs-cTnT protocol (reported to the limit of detection [<5 ng/L]) or masked hs-cTnT reported to ≤29 ng/L evaluated at 0/3-hours (standard arm). The 30-day primary end point was all-cause death and myocardial infarction. Noninferiority was defined as an absolute margin of 0.5% determined by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In total, 3378 participants with an emergency presentation were randomly assigned between August 2015 and April 2019. Ninety participants were deemed ineligible or withdrew consent. The remaining participants received care guided either by the 0/1-hour hs-cTnT protocol (n=1646) or the 0/3-hour standard masked hs-cTnT protocol (n=1642) and were followed for 30 days. Median age was 59 (49-70) years, and 47% were female. Participants in the 0/1-hour arm were more likely to be discharged from the ED (0/1-hour arm: 45.1% versus standard arm: 32.3%, P<0.001) and median ED length of stay was shorter (0/1-hour arm: 4.6 [interquartile range, 3.4-6.4] hours versus standard arm: 5.6 (interquartile range, 4.0-7.1) hours, P<0.001). Those randomly assigned to the 0/1-hour protocol were less likely to undergo functional cardiac testing (0/1-hour arm: 7.5% versus standard arm: 11.0%, P<0.001). The 0/1-hour hs-cTnT protocol was not inferior to standard care (0/1-hour arm: 17/1646 [1.0%] versus 16/1642 [1.0%]; incidence rate ratio, 1.06 [ 0.53-2.11], noninferiority P value=0.006, superiority P value=0.867), although an increase in myocardial injury was observed. Among patients discharged from ED, the 0/1-hour protocol had a negative predictive value of 99.6% (95% CI, 99.0-99.9%) for 30-day death or myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: This in-practice evaluation of a 0/1-hour hs-cTnT protocol embedded in ED care enabled more rapid discharge of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Improving short-term outcomes among patients with newly recognized troponin T elevation will require an evolution in management strategies for these patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au. Unique identifier: ACTRN12615001379505.

A randomized trial of a 1-hour troponin T protocol in suspected acute coronary syndromes: Design of the Rapid Assessment of Possible ACS In the emergency Department with high sensitivity Troponin T (RAPID-TnT) study.

BACKGROUND: Protocols incorporating high-sensitivity troponin to guide decision making in the disposition of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in the emergency department have received a lot of attention. Traditionally, patients with chest pain have required long periods of observation in emergency department before being deemed safe for discharge. In an era of limited health service resources, a protocol that could discharge patients safely within an hour of presentation is extremely attractive. Unfortunately, despite incorporation into some guidelines, these protocols have not been subjected to randomized comparisons evaluating safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: This study is designed to provide the evidence required to allow key decision makers to implement these protocols: specifically, to provide evidence that a decision rule based on 0- and 1-hour high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) is safe, provides noninferior outcomes in all patients with suspected ACS, and that implementation of a rapid troponin protocol leads to efficient care. DESIGN: This prospective pragmatic trial (n=5,400, 5 hospitals) randomly allocates patients with suspected ACS to either a 0/1-hour hs-TnT protocol as advocated in clinical guidelines, versus usual care of standard troponin reporting evaluated at 3 and 6hours. The primary effectiveness composite end points of this study are all-cause death and new/recurrent ACS within 30days. To evaluate cost-effectiveness, follow-up will determine clinical events, quality of life, and resource utilization within 12 months. SUMMARY: Demonstrating that a 0/1-hour hs-TnT protocol improves the effectiveness and efficiency of care within a robust comparative study will fill an evidence gap that currently limits the translation of more precise hs-TnT testing into better patient and health service outcomes.

High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T Reporting, Clinical Outcomes, and Health Care Resource Use.

Importance: Despite being recommended by clinical guidelines, substantial concerns remain regarding the use of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays and whether it is associated with increased resource use, myocardial infarction (MI) or myocardial injury diagnoses, and procedural rates. Objective: To characterize the association of reporting high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) to the lowest limit of quantification vs conventional troponin reporting with clinical outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used a historically controlled baseline and follow-up design to compare clinical outcomes after changing hs-cTnT reporting to the lowest limit of quantification. All patients aged 18 years or older presenting to any public emergency department (ED) in the state of South Australia between February 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021, who had an hs-cTnT test in the 6 months before and after the change in troponin reporting practice were included. Outcomes were assessed after adjusting for patient characteristics using inverse probability treatment weighting. The data analysis was performed between May 1, 2022, and July 27, 2023. Exposure: hs-cTcnT reporting. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were frequency of diagnosed MI, coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG); hospital length of stay; and ED discharge rate as measured using time-to-event Cox regression models. The secondary outcome was the composite 12-month event rate of all-cause mortality, MI, and myocardial injury. Results: A total of 40 921 patients were included, of whom 20 206 were included in the unmasked hs-cTnT reporting group (median [IQR] age, 62.0 [46.0-77.0]; 10 120 females [50.1%]) and 20 715 were included in the conventional troponin reporting group (median [IQR] age, 63.0 [47.0-77.0] years; 10 752 males [51.9%]). Unmasked hs-cTnT reporting was associated with higher ED discharge rates (45.2% vs 39.0%; P < .001) and a shorter median hospital length of stay (7.68 [IQR, 4.32-46.80] hours vs 7.92 [IQR, 4.56-49.92] hours; P < .001). There was no difference in diagnosis of MI, coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass graft. The composite of all-cause mortality, MI, and myocardial injury at 12 months was similar (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-1.01; P = .09). Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study found that unrestricted reporting of hs-cTnT results to the lowest limit of quantification was not associated with an increase in the diagnosis of MI, invasive coronary procedures, or harm at 12 months but may be associated with improved hospital resource use.

Impacts of high sensitivity troponin T reporting on care and outcomes in clinical practice: Interactions between low troponin concentrations and participant sex within two randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: The impacts of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) reporting on downstream interventions amongst suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the emergency department (ED), especially amongst those with newly identified hs-cTn elevations and in consideration of well-established sex-related disparities, has not been critically evaluated to date. This investigation explores the impact of hs-cTnT reporting on care and outcomes, particularly by participant sex. METHODS: Two similarly ED-based randomized controlled trials conducted between July 2011 to March 2013 (n = 1988) and August 2015 to April 2019 (n = 3378) were comparatively evaluated. Clinical outcomes were adjudicated to the Fourth Universal Definition of MI. Changes in practice were assessed at 30 days, and death or MI were explored to 12 months. RESULTS: The HS-Troponin study demonstrated no difference in death or MI with unmasking amongst those with hs-cTnT <30 ng/L, whereas the RAPID TnT study demonstrated a significantly higher rate. In RAPID TnT, there was significant increase in death or MI associated with unmasking for females with hs-cTnT <30 ng/L (masked: 11[1.5%], unmasked: 25[3.4%],HR: 2.27,95%C.I.:1.87-2.77,P < 0.001). Less cardiac stress testing with unmasking amongst those <30 ng/L was observed in males in both studies, which was significant in RAPID TnT (masked: 92[12.0%], unmasked: 55[7.0%], P = 0.008). In RAPID TnT, significantly higher rates of angiography in males were observed with unmasking, with no such changes amongst females <30 ng/L (masked: 28[3.7%], unmasked: 51[6.5%],P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Compared with males, there were no evident impacts on downstream practices for females with unmasking in RAPID TnT, likely representing missed opportunities to reduce late death or MI.

Contrasting the potential benefits of early invasive coronary angiography in acute and chronic myocardial injury patterns.

BACKGROUND: In cases of evolving myocardial injury not definitively attributed to coronary ischaemia precipitated by plaque rupture, referral for invasive coronary angiography (ICA) may be influenced by observed troponin profiles. We sought to explore association between early ICA and elevated high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT) concentrations with and without dynamic changes, to examine if there may be a hs-cTnT threshold associated with benefit from an initial ICA strategy. METHODS: Using published studies (hs-cTnT study n = 1937, RAPID-TnT study n = 3270) and the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI), index presentations of patients with hs-cTnT concentrations 5-14ng/L were classified as 'non-elevated' (NE). Hs-cTnT greater than upper reference limit (14ng/L) were classified as 'elevated hs-cTnT with dynamic change' (encompassing acute myocardial injury, Type 1 MI, and Type 2 MI), or 'non-dynamic hs-cTnT elevation' (chronic myocardial injury). Patients with hs-cTnT <5ng/L and/or eGFR<15mmol/L/1.73m2 were excluded. ICA was performed within 30 days of admission. Primary outcome was defined as composite endpoint of death, MI, or unstable angina at 12 months. RESULTS: Altogether, 3620 patients comprising 837 (23.1%) with non-dynamic hs-cTnT elevations and 332 (9.2%) with dynamic hs-cTnT elevations were included. Primary outcome was significantly higher with dynamic and non-dynamic hs-cTnT elevations (Dynamic: HR: 4.13 95%CI:2.92-5.82; p<0.001 Non-dynamic: HR: 2.39 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.74-3.28, p<0.001). Hs-cTnT thresholds where benefit from initial ICA strategy appeared to emerge was observed at 110ng/L and 50ng/L in dynamic and non-dynamic elevations, respectively. CONCLUSION: Early ICA appears to portend benefit in hs-cTnT elevations with and without dynamic changes, and at lower hs-cTnT threshold in non-dynamic hs-cTnT elevation. Differences compel further investigation.

Classification performance of clinical risk scoring in suspected acute coronary syndrome beyond a rule-out troponin profile.

AIMS: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin strategies can provide risk stratification in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the emergency department (ED). This study evaluated whether clinical risk scoring improves the classification performance of a rule-out profile in suspected ACS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients presenting to ED with suspected ACS as part of the RAPID-TnT trial randomized to the intervention arm were included. Results ≥5 ng/L were available for all participants in this analysis. We evaluated the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score, History ECG Age Risk factors Troponin (HEART) score, and Emergency Department Assessment of Chest pain Score (EDACS) in addition to a rule-out profile based on the 0/1-h high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T protocol (<5 ng/L or ≤12 ng/L and a change of <3 ng/L at 1-h) using test performance parameters focusing on low-risk groups to identify the primary endpoint (TIMI ≤ 1, HEART ≤ 3, EDACS < 16). Primary endpoint was a composite of type 1/2 myocardial infarction (MI) at index presentation and all-cause mortality or type 1/2 MI at 30 days. A total of 3378 participants were enrolled between August 2015 and April 2019 of which 108 were ineligible/withdrew consent (intervention arm: n = 1638). Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the curve (AUC) of the rule-out profile was 94.4%, 76.8%, 99.6%, and 0.86, respectively with 72.9% identified as 'low-risk'. Adding the clinical risk scores did not improve the sensitivity, NPV, or AUC with significantly lower specificity and 'low-risk' classified participants. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of clinical risk scores to rule-out profile did not demonstrate improved classification performance for identifying the composite of type 1/2 MI at index presentation and all-cause mortality or type 1/2 MI at 30 days. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au. Reg. No. ACTRN12615001379505.

Predicting re-presentation following discharge from the emergency department with non-specific chest pain.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the 30 day major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and re-presentation rates of non-specific chest pain (NSCP) patients following four different disposition pathways and to contrast re-presentation rates of patients with NSCP with those for all other patients presenting to the ED. METHODS: Cases were derived from the ED database for two large teaching hospitals where patients aged 18 or over were triaged between 2009 and 2016, and their diagnosis on leaving the ED was NSCP. Statewide 30 day rates of MACE and ED re-presentations were calculated, and multivariable logistic regression analysis identified significant predictors of both. RESULTS: A total of 40 183 cases were included; 16 014 discharged directly from the ED, while the remainder were admitted under Cardiology (n = 7286), General Medicine (n = 7739) or an ED observation unit (n = 4086). Compared to discharge directly from the ED, admission was associated with a decreased 30 day re-presentation rate (OR = 0.857; 95% CI 0.795-0.923; P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in adjusted re-presentation between admitting units. The rates of 30 day MACE were higher in admitted patients, particularly in those admitted to general medicine; however, this difference was accounted for by differing patient characteristics. CONCLUSION: Despite a slightly increased rate of re-presentation in patients with NSCP sent home from the ED, we conclude that there is minimal advantage in admitting many patients who lack a diagnosis for their chest pain. For a selected patient population, discharge from the ED may become a safe and cost-effective approach. A prospective randomised study is required.