Safety of Continuing Anticoagulation Prior to Cardiac Catheterization in Pediatric Patients: A Los Angeles Center Experience.

This is the first report specifically describing outcomes of pediatric patients who underwent cardiac catheterization while on uninterrupted anticoagulation. One hundred forty-four cardiac catheterizations were identified that met inclusion criteria at our institution from 11/2014 to 10/2019. The median age and weight of the patients were 6.3 [0.01-20.9] years and 19.3 [2.1-172.5] kg, respectively. Seventy-eight (54%) catheterizations involved inpatients. The most common cardiac diagnoses among the cohort were single ventricle (n = 41), conotruncal defects (n = 37), and structurally normal heart (n = 16). The most common indications for anticoagulation were arterial/venous thrombus (n = 45), Fontan physiology (n = 32), and mechanical valve thrombus prophylaxis (n = 27). The anticoagulation medications used were warfarin (n = 57), heparin (n = 52), enoxaparin (n = 25), fondaparinux (n = 5), rivaroxaban (n = 2), and both heparin and warfarin (n = 3). Interventions were performed in 96 cases (67%). The median length of the procedure was 122.5 [15-760] minutes, and the median time to achieve hemostasis was 18.0 [range: 5-76, IQR: 13-25] minutes. Adverse events were present in 11 cases (7.6%), and of those only 2 cases (1.4%) were bleeding-related complications. Our single-center data suggest that performing cardiac catheterization on pediatric patients while on uninterrupted anticoagulation is safe and does not substantially increase the risk of bleeding complications based on a cohort of patients that varied in age, size, diagnosis, medical complexity, and type of intervention performed. Patients on warfarin therapy for a mechanical valve are most likely to benefit from this practice, as the ability to continue warfarin therapy avoids the need for bridging and other interruption-related complications.

Utility of Surveillance Ambulatory Rhythm Monitoring in the Pediatric Fontan Population.

Our institution established a Fontan surveillance plan, which included ambulatory rhythm monitoring (ARM) at 6, 10, 13, 16 and 19 years old, for early detection of Fontan-associated complications. We conducted a retrospective chart review of Fontan patients followed at our institution 2014-2018 to determine the utility of surveillance ARMs. 139 ARMs from 83 patients were included. ARMs with supraventricular tachycardia, sinus node dysfunction, accelerated junctional rhythm, > 1st degree atrioventricular block, and complex ventricular ectopy were classified as positive for arrhythmia. Arrhythmias were occult if detected on surveillance ARM. The ARM indication was surveillance in 78 (56%) and clinically indicated in 61 (44%). 52 (37%) ARMs in 27 (33%) patients had an arrhythmia. There was no difference in the age of patients with and without arrhythmias [median 10.9 (6.5, 17.1 years) vs. 8.8 (7, 13.6 years), p = 0.5]. Clinically indicated ARMs more frequently demonstrated arrhythmias than surveillance ARMs (52% vs. 26%, p < 0.01). Compared to patients without arrhythmias, those with arrhythmias were more likely to be female (48% vs. 23%, p = 0.02), have a single right ventricle (46% vs. 19%, p < 0.01) and longer QRS duration on ECG [100 (91, 116 ms) vs. 94 (84, 104 ms), p = 0.046]. Patients with occult arrhythmias were less likely to have moderate to severe atrioventricular valvar regurgitation (0% vs. 46%; p = 0.04) or ventricular dysfunction (0% vs. 46%; p = 0.04) than those with clinical arrhythmia(s). Arrhythmia findings resulted in change in management for 16/52 (31%) ARMs. The findings suggest the frequent presence of arrhythmias on periodic ARMs in patients following the Fontan procedure regardless of symptomatic status.

Procedural, pregnancy, and short-term outcomes after fetal aortic valvuloplasty.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the effect of technical aspects of fetal aortic valvuloplasty (FAV) on procedural risks and pregnancy outcomes. BACKGROUND: FAV is performed in cases of severe mid-gestation aortic stenosis with the goal of preventing hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). METHODS: The International Fetal Cardiac Intervention Registry was queried for fetuses who underwent FAV from 2002 to 2018, excluding one high-volume center. RESULTS: The 108 fetuses had an attempted cardiac puncture (mean gestational age [GA] 26.1 ± 3.3 weeks). 83.3% of attempted interventions were technically successful (increased forward flow/new aortic insufficiency). The interventional cannula was larger than 19 g in 70.4%. More than one cardiac puncture was performed in 25.0%. Intraprocedural complications occurred in 48.1%, including bradycardia (34.1%), pericardial (22.2%) or pleural effusion (2.7%) requiring drainage, and balloon rupture (5.6%). Death within 48 hr occurred in 16.7% of fetuses. Of the 81 patients born alive, 59 were discharged home, 34 of whom had biventricular circulation. More than one cardiac puncture was associated with higher complication rates (p < .001). Larger cannula size was associated with higher pericardial effusion rates (p = .044). On multivariate analysis, technical success (odds ratio [OR] = 10.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2-53.5, p = .003) and later GA at intervention (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2-1.9, p = .002) were associated with increased odds of live birth. CONCLUSIONS: FAV is an often successful but high-risk procedure. Multiple cardiac punctures are associated with increased complication and fetal mortality rates. Later GA at intervention and technical success were independently associated with increased odds of live birth. However, performing the procedure later in gestation may miss the window to prevent progression to HLHS.

Effect of a prospective opioid reduction intervention on opioid prescribing and use after radical prostatectomy: results of the Opioid Reduction Intervention for Open, Laparoscopic, and Endoscopic Surgery (ORIOLES) Initiative.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of a prospective opioid reduction intervention after radical prostatectomy (RP; based on a surgery-specific guideline and education) on post-discharge opioid prescribing, use, disposal, and need for additional opioid medication. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, non-randomised, pre-post interventional trial of patients undergoing RP for prostate cancer (August 2017-November 2018) was conducted as part of the Opioid Reduction Intervention for Open, Laparoscopic, and Endoscopic Surgery (ORIOLES) Initiative. An evidence-based intervention including: a discharge sheet, nursing education, and standardised prescribing guideline, was applied with the primary outcome of total oral morphine equivalents (OMEQ) used after RP. Secondary outcomes included opioid prescribing, opioid disposal, need for additional opioid medication, and presence of incisional/post-surgical abdominal pain at 30 days after RP. RESULTS: A total of 214 (Pre-Intervention arm) and 229 (Post-Intervention arm) adult patients were enrolled (100% follow-up). The intervention reduced post-discharge opioid prescribing (from 224.3 to 120.3 mg; -46.4%, P = 0.01), reduced opioid use (from 52.1 to 38.3 mg; -26.5%, P < 0.01), and increased opioid disposal (+13.5%, P < 0.01). Greater prescribing of opioids at discharge, higher body mass index, and use of opioid medication prior to surgery, were independently associated with greater post-discharge opioid use, while history of a chronic pain diagnosis was not statistically significant. In the Post-Intervention cohort, 2.2% of patients needed additional medication for post-surgical pain (0.9% obtained a prescription) and 1.3% initiated long-term use. CONCLUSIONS: A prospective, evidence-based intervention reduced post-discharge opioid prescribing and use, while increasing disposal after RP. Risk factors for increased opioid use were identified. The results support expanding the use of evidence-based opioid reduction interventions to other surgical specialties.

Routine Surveillance Catheterization is Useful in Guiding Management of Stable Fontan Patients.

We developed a Fontan surveillance catheterization protocol as part of routine assessment of stable patients 10 years after Fontan completion. The surveillance catherization includes hemodynamic assessment with inhaled nitric oxide, angiography, liver biopsy, and transcatheter intervention if indicated. We aimed to describe hemodynamic and liver biopsy findings, response to pulmonary vasoreactivity testing, rates of transcatheter intervention, and changes in medical therapy following surveillance catheterization in stable Fontan patients. A single-center retrospective review of Fontan patients undergoing surveillance catheterization between November 2014 and May 2019 was performed. Liver biopsies were independently scored by two pathologists. Sixty-three patients underwent surveillance catheterization (mean age 14.6 ± 3.0 years). The mean Fontan pressure was 11.8 ± 2.1 mmHg. The mean cardiac index was 2.9 ± 0.6 L/min/m2. In the 51 patients who underwent pulmonary vasoreactivity testing, there was a significant decrease in median pulmonary vascular resistance (1.8 [range 0.8-4.1] vs 1.4 [range 0.7-3.0] Wood units × m2; p < 0.001). The mean cardiac index increased (3.0 ± 0.6 vs 3.2 ± 0.7 L/min/m2, p = 0.009). The Fontan pressure did not change significantly. Fifty-seven patients underwent liver biopsy, and all but one showed fibrosis. Nineteen patients (33.3%) demonstrated bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. Twenty-five patients underwent 34 transcatheter interventions. Pulmonary artery or Fontan stent placement was performed in 19 patients. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors were initiated in nine patients following surveillance catheterization. Routine surveillance catheterization with liver biopsy in adolescent Fontan patients reveals information that can guide interventional and medical management. Further long-term follow-up and assessment are indicated to assess the benefit of these interventions.

Stent treatment of ostial branch pulmonary artery stenosis: initial and medium-term outcomes and technical considerations to avoid and minimise stent malposition.

OBJECTIVE: Stenting of ostial pulmonary artery stenosis presents several unique challenges. These include difficulty in defining anatomy and need for precise stent placement in order to avoid missing the ostial stenosis or jailing either the contralateral branch pulmonary artery or the ipsilateral upper lobe branch. DESIGN: A retrospective review of outcomes was conducted in 1.5 or 2-ventricle patients who underwent stent placement for ostial branch pulmonary artery stenosis. Specific catheterisation lab techniques were reviewed. RESULTS: Forty-seven branch pulmonary arteries underwent stent placement for ostial stenosis in 43 patients. The median age and weight were 3.7 (0.3-18.1) years and 14.2 (5.6-70.0) kg, respectively. Three (2-8) angiographic projections were needed to profile the ostial stenosis. Open-cell stents were used in 23 and stents were modified in 5 cases. Following stent implantation, the minimum diameter improved from 3.6 (0.8-10.5) to 8.1 (4.2-16.5) mm (p < 0.001). The gradient improved from 21 (0-66) to 4 (0-27) mmHg (p < 0.001). Stent malposition occurred in eight (17%) of the stents placed. Five migrated distally causing suboptimal ostial coverage necessitating placement of a second stent in four. Three migrated proximally and partially jailed the contralateral pulmonary artery. Intentional jailing of the upper lobe branch occurred in four additional cases. At a follow-up of 2.4 (0.3-4.9) years, 15 stents underwent further dilation and 1 had a second stent placed within the exiting stent. CONCLUSION: Ostial branch pulmonary artery stenosis may require additional angiography to accurately define the ostial stenosis. Treatment with stents is effective but carries high rates of stent malposition.

Hybrid approach to ventricular septal defect enlargement.

The need for creation or enlargement of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare occurrence. It is most frequently required in patients with double-outlet right ventricle who develop restriction of a remote muscular VSD or obstruction of a perimembranous VSD secondary to atrioventricular (AV) valve attachments to the interventricular septum. Surgical and transcatheter options for VSD creation or enlargement are associated with several risks including heart block, AV valve injury, and perforation. We report the first description of a hybrid approach to VSD creation and enlargement in two patients.

Unmasking the borderline coarctation: the utility of isoproterenol in the paediatric cardiac catheterisation laboratory.

BACKGROUND: One indication for intervention in coarctation of the aorta is a peak-to-peak gradient >20 mmHg. Gradients may be masked in patients under general anaesthesia and may be higher during exercise. Isoproterenol was given during cardiac catheterisation to simulate a more active physiologic state. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe the haemodynamic effects of isoproterenol in patients with coarctation and the impact of intervention on the elicited gradients. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on two-ventricle patients who underwent cardiac catheterisation for coarctation with isoproterenol testing. RESULTS: 25 patients received isoproterenol before and after intervention. With isoproterenol, the mean diastolic (p=0.0015) and mean arterial (p=0.0065) blood pressures proximal to the coarctation decreased significantly. The mean systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures distal to the coarctation decreased significantly (p20 mmHg. Post intervention, the median gradient decreased to 2 (0-29) mmHg, versus baseline, p=0.005, and with isoproterenol it decreased to 8 (0-27) mmHg, versus pre-intervention isoproterenol, p<0.0001. There were significant improvements in the gradients by Doppler (<0.0001) and by blood pressure cuff (p=0.0313). The gradients on isoproterenol best correlated with gradients by blood pressure cuff in the awake state (R2=0.76, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Isoproterenol can be a useful tool to assess the significance of a coarctation and the effectiveness of an intervention. Percutaneous interventions can effectively reduce the gradients elicited by isoproterenol.

Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery discovered following total anomalous pulmonary venous return repair: a rare entity.

We describe a case of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in association with total anomalous pulmonary venous return. The infant was diagnosed with total anomalous pulmonary venous return at 6 weeks of age and underwent successful surgical repair. On routine follow-up, he was found to have an anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery without evidence of mitral regurgitation or left ventricular dysfunction. The presence of the left-to-right shunt and secondary elevation in pulmonary artery pressures likely masked the usual findings associated with this coronary anomaly.

Tetralogy of Fallot with left superior vena cava and coronary sinus atrial septal defect: a rare association.

This report describes a rare case of Tetralogy of Fallot with associated left superior vena cava and coronary sinus atrial septal defect. The initial diagnosis was made by echocardiography. The patient underwent complete repair at 2 months of age. Her postoperative course was complicated by low cardiac output requiring ECMO. She was subsequently weaned off of ECMO and discharged home. She continues to do well on serial follow-up.

Atrial flutter demonstrated by M-mode echocardiography.

This report and images describe a case of atrial flutter with 2:1 conduction pattern in a 3 year-old male with d-TGA, ASD, and VSD status-post repair, which was demonstrated by M-mode echocardiography.

Single-center outcome analysis comparing reintervention rates of surgical arterioplasty with stenting for branch pulmonary artery stenosis in a pediatric population.

Although catheter-based intervention is generally accepted as the treatment of choice for branch pulmonary artery (PA) stenosis, there are no data directly comparing both the need for reintervention and time to reintervention in patients undergoing transcatheter stenting versus surgical arterioplasty. We compared children who underwent surgical branch pulmonary arterioplasty and branch PA stent placement between January 2008 and May 2012 at a single tertiary center. Need for reintervention and mean time to reintervention were assessed using chi-square and independent sample Student t test. Thirty-seven patients were included (surgery n = 18, stent n = 19). Mean weight at initial intervention was 11.3 ± 8.8 kg for surgical and 20.1 ± 15.5 kg for stent (p = 0.041). Intervention was performed on the left PA in 17 patients, the right PA in 12 patients, and both PAs in 8 patients. Five patients had undergone previous intervention. On mean follow-up of 807 ± 415 days, 50% (9 of 18) of the surgery cohort and 5.3% (1 of 19) of the stent cohort required reintervention (p = 0.002). In all but one case reintervention was catheter-based. Mean time to reintervention for the surgery cohort was 272 ± 162 days and for the single stent cohort it was 150 days. When comparable age and weight groups were analyzed, reintervention was still more common in the surgery cohort (p = 0.007). Children undergoing surgical branch pulmonary arterioplasty are more likely to require reintervention than those undergoing stent placement.

Double-outlet right ventricle with an intact ventricular septum: a unique stage 1 palliation.

This report describes a case of double-outlet right ventricle with intact ventricular septum diagnosed in a newborn male. The initial diagnosis was made by echocardiography. The baby underwent a hybrid procedure including pulmonary artery banding and stenting of the patent ductus arteriosus. He subsequently underwent stenting of the atrial communication. The patient was discharged at 55 days of life with the intent to perform palliative repair at a later date.

The Impact of Relocating a Trauma Center: Retrospective Observations on Payer Demographics and Cost-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Standardization of trauma centers improves quality of care, yet that comes with financial challenges. The decision to designate a trauma center typically focuses on access, quality of care, and the needs of the local community, but less often considers the financial viability of the trauma center. A level-1 trauma center was relocated in 2017 and this presented an opportunity to compare financial data at two separate locations in the same city. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on the local trauma registry and billing database in all patients aged ≥19 years on the trauma service before and after the move. RESULTS: 3041 patients were included (pre-move: 1151; post-move: 1890). After the move, patients were older (9.5 years), and more were females (14.9%) and white (16.5%). Increases in blunt injuries (7.6%), falls (14.8%), and motor vehicle accidents (1.7%) were observed after the move. After the move, patients were less likely to be discharged home (6.5%) and more likely to go to a skilled nursing facility (3%) or inpatient rehabilitation (5.5%). Post-move more patients had Medicare (12.6%) or commercial (8.5%) insurance and charges per patient decreased by $2,833, while charges collected per patient increased by $2425. Patients were seen from a broader distribution of zip codes post-move. DISCUSSION: Relocating a trauma center did improve financial viability for this institution. Future studies should consider the impact on the surrounding community and other trauma centers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

The Relationship Between an Individual's Birthday and Admission for Traumatic Injury.

BACKGROUND: Birthdays provide an opportunity to celebrate; however, they can also be associated with various adverse medical events. This is the first study to examine the association between birthdays and in-hospital trauma team evaluation. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed trauma registry patients 19-89 years of age, who were evaluated by in-hospital trauma services from 1/1/2011 to 12/31/2021. RESULTS: 14,796 patients were analyzed and an association between trauma evaluation and birthdays was found. The strongest incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were on the day of birth (IRR: 1.78; P < .001) followed by ±3 days of the birthday (IRR: 1.21; P = .003). When incidence was analyzed by age groups, 19-36 years of age had the strongest IRR (2.30; P < .001) on their birthday, followed by the >65 groups (IRR: 1.34; P = .008) within ±3 days. Non-significant associations were seen in the 37-55 (IRR: 1.41; P = .209) and 56-65 groups (IRR: 1.60; P = .172) on their birthday. Patient-level characteristics were only significant for the presence of ethanol at trauma evaluation (risk ratio: 1.83; P = .017). DISCUSSION: Birthdays and trauma evaluations were found to have a group-dependent association, with the greatest incidence for the youngest age group being on their birthday, and the oldest age group within ±3 days. The presence of alcohol was found to be the best patient-level predictor of trauma evaluation.

Enhancers regulate 3' end processing activity to control expression of alternative 3'UTR isoforms.

Multi-UTR genes are widely transcribed and express their alternative 3'UTR isoforms in a cell type-specific manner. As transcriptional enhancers regulate mRNA expression, we investigated if they also regulate 3'UTR isoform expression. Endogenous enhancer deletion of the multi-UTR gene PTEN did not impair transcript production but prevented 3'UTR isoform switching which was recapitulated by silencing of an enhancer-bound transcription factor. In reporter assays, enhancers increase transcript production when paired with single-UTR gene promoters. However, when combined with multi-UTR gene promoters, they change 3'UTR isoform expression by increasing 3' end processing activity of polyadenylation sites. Processing activity of polyadenylation sites is affected by transcription factors, including NF-κB and MYC, transcription elongation factors, chromatin remodelers, and histone acetyltransferases. As endogenous cell type-specific enhancers are associated with genes that increase their short 3'UTRs in a cell type-specific manner, our data suggest that transcriptional enhancers integrate cellular signals to regulate cell type-and condition-specific 3'UTR isoform expression.

In-hospital outcomes of intercostal nerve cryoablation and surgical stabilization of rib fractures.

BACKGROUND: Severe pain and pulmonary complications commonly follow rib fractures, both of which may be improved by surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRFs). However, significant postoperative pain still persists which may negatively impact in-hospital outcomes. Combining intercostal nerve cryoablation (INCA) with SSRF may improve those outcomes by further decreasing postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and pulmonary complications. The hypothesis is that INCA plus SSRF reduces opioids consumption compared with SSRF alone. METHODS: The retrospective analysis included trauma patients 18 years or older who underwent SSRF, with or without INCA, in a Level I trauma center between 2015 and 2021. Patients received INCA at the surgeons' discretion based on familiarity with the procedure and absence of contraindications. Patients without INCA were the historical control group. Reported data include demographics, mechanism and severity of injury, number of ribs stabilized, cryoablated nerves, intubation rates and duration of mechanical ventilation. The primary outcome was total morphine milligrams equivalent consumption. Secondary outcomes were intensive care unit length of stay, hospital length of stay, incidence of pneumonia, and tracheostomy rates, and discharge disposition. Long-term outcomes were examined up to 6 months for adverse events. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients were included, with 44 receiving INCA. There were no differences in rates of pneumonia ( p = 0.106) or duration of mechanical ventilation ( p = 0.687), and hospital length of stay was similar between groups ( p = 0.059). However, the INCA group demonstrated lower total morphine milligrams equivalent ( p = 0.002), shorter intensive care unit length of stay ( p = 0.021), higher likelihood of home discharge ( p = 0.044), and lower rate of intubation ( p = 0.002) and tracheostomy ( p = 0.032). CONCLUSION: Combining INCA with SSRF may further improve in-hospital outcomes for patients with traumatic rib fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.

The Impact of Relocating a Trauma Center: Observations on Patient Injury Demographics and Resident Volumes.

Introduction Changing the physical zip code location of an academic trauma center may affect the distribution and surgical volume of its trauma patients. General surgical residency case log requirements may also be affected. This study describes the impact of moving a level I trauma center to a different zip code location, on the hospital and resident trauma case volumes. Methods This retrospective analysis included all patients within the local trauma registry across two fiscal years representing the pre- and post-move timeframes. Variables collected included patient basic sociodemographic and injury information, trauma activation level and transfer status, management (operative management [OPM] versus non-operative management [NOPM]), and resident case logs. Results During fiscal years 2016-2017 and 2017-2018, 3,025 patients were included. Pre-move and post-move trauma volumes were 1,208 and 1,817 respectively. Post-move changes demonstrated differences in basic sociodemographics, with differences in age (six years older), a shift toward white and away from black (12.89%), and males being seen more frequently (11.87%). Injury severity score distribution shifted (7.72%) towards less severe trauma scores (<15), the percentage of patients with blunt trauma (4.19%) and falls increased (ground level and greater than 1 meter, 9.78%) while the number of patients considered full activations were decreased (15.67%). Proportions of OPM and NOPM trauma cases remained unchanged with the exception of a reduction in emergent operative trauma (3.1%). Resident case logs requirements were met both pre- and post-move. Conclusion Relocating the trauma center to a different zip code location did not negatively impact our resident case volumes. Total trauma volumes were increased, with a shift in the demographics and severity distribution of injuries.

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Trauma: The Role of Injuries as Physical Stressors.

INTRODUCTION: Physical stressors are common predisposing factors for takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC). However, the role of traumatic injuries in TTC has not been well defined. This study describes the characteristics of TTC in the broad spectrum of traumatic injuries using the information available in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed trauma patients ≥ 18 years old in the NTDB, from 2007 to 2018, with a diagnosis of TTC. RESULTS: A total of 95 TTC diagnoses were found. The median age was 68 years old (interquartile range: 55-80). Patients were predominantly female (67.4%), white (88.4%), and sustained blunt mechanisms of injury (90.5%). Penetrating trauma was most common in males (16%). Most diagnoses were related to extremity trauma (53.7%), followed by head injury (26.3%). The most common severity scores were Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) > 13 or < 8, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) < 15 or > 25. Males more commonly presented with GCS < 8 (68%), ISS > 25 (33%), high intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate (77.4%), and mechanical ventilation (51.6%). The median duration of the mechanical ventilation was eight days for both sexes. The ICU length of stay (LOS) was six days with a hospital LOS of nine days and a trend toward a longer LOS in males. The in-hospital mortality rate was 11.7% for both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: TTC in traumatic injuries is common at both ends of the severity spectrum and has different sex distribution. TTC patients are predominantly females and have more commonly extremity trauma than head injury. Males are more severely injured and under mechanical ventilation.

Progression in Fontan conduit stenosis and hemodynamic impact during childhood and adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize changes in Fontan conduit size over time and determine if cross-sectional area (CSA) affects cardiac output, pulmonary artery growth, and exercise capacity. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with Fontan physiology who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or cardiac catheterization between January 2013 and October 2019. We collected Fontan and pulmonary artery measurements, hemodynamic data, and cardiopulmonary exercise test data. We identified 158 patients with an extracardiac Fontan. We measured minimum and mean Fontan conduit CSA and assessed whether these correlated with Nakata index, cardiac index, or exercise capacity. RESULTS: Minimum Fontan CSA decreased by a median of 33% (24%, 40%) during a mean follow-up of 9.6 years. Median percentage decrease in Fontan CSA did not differ among 16-, 18-, and 20-mm conduits (P = .29). There was a significant decrease in the minimum Fontan CSA (33% [25%, 41%]) starting less than 1-year post-Fontan. Median Nakata index was 177.6 mm2/m2 (149.1, 210.8) and was not associated with Fontan CSA/BSA (ρ = 0.09, P = .29). Fontan CSA/BSA was not associated with cardiac index (ρ = -0.003, P = .97). A larger Fontan CSA/BSA had a modest correlation with % predicted oxygen consumption (ρ = 0.31, P = .013). CONCLUSIONS: Fontan conduit CSA decreases as early as 6 months post-Fontan. The minimum Fontan CSA/BSA was not associated with cardiac index or pulmonary artery size but did correlate with % predicted peak oxygen consumption.