The genetic aspects of berries: from field to health.

Berries are a relevant source of micronutrients and nonessential phytochemicals, such as polyphenol compounds, that play a synergistic and cumulative role in human health promotion. Several systematic analyses showed that berry phenolics are able to detoxify reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, blocking their production, to intervene in the cell cycle, participating in the transduction and expression of genes involved in apoptosis, and to repair oxidative DNA damage. As a consequence, the improvement of the nutritional quality of berries has become a new quality target of breeding and biotechnological strategies, to control or to increase the content of specific health-related compounds in fruits. This work reviews, on the basis of the in vitro and in vivo evidence, the main berries' phytochemical compounds and their possible mechanisms of action on pathways involved in several type of diseases, with particular attention to cancer, inflammation, neurodegeneration, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

[Experimental evidence on the role of different types unsaturated fats in the diet on ageing]. / Evidencias experimentales con respecto al papel de distintos tipos de grasas insaturadas de la dieta en el envejecimiento.

Nutrition has been largely related to the physiological ageing process. Several nutrients, such as certain types of dietary fat and various antioxidants have been shown to have positive effects on age-related diseases. The type of dietary fat affects mitochondrial structure and function, as well as its susceptibility to oxidative stress, all factors involved in ageing. The present review aims to summarise the studies conducted by our research group in the past 10 years, using virgin olive oil, sunflower oil, or fish oil as a source of unsaturated fat diet relative to a rat model of ageing.

Hydroxytyrosol ameliorates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats with breast cancer.

Oxidative stress is involved in several processes including cancer, aging and cardiovascular disease, and has been shown to potentiate the therapeutic effect of drugs such as doxorubicin. Doxorubicin causes significant cardiotoxicity characterized by marked increases in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Herein, we investigate whether doxorubicin-associated chronic cardiac toxicity can be ameliorated with the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol in rats with breast cancer. Thirty-six rats bearing breast tumors induced chemically were divided into 4 groups: control, hydroxytyrosol (0.5mg/kg, 5days/week), doxorubicin (1mg/kg/week), and doxorubicin plus hydroxytyrosol. Cardiac disturbances at the cellular and mitochondrial level, mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I-IV and apoptosis-inducing factor, and oxidative stress markers have been analyzed. Hydroxytyrosol improved the cardiac disturbances enhanced by doxorubicin by significantly reducing the percentage of altered mitochondria and oxidative damage. These results suggest that hydroxytyrosol improve the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This study demonstrates that hydroxytyrosol protect rat heart damage provoked by doxorubicin decreasing oxidative damage and mitochondrial alterations.

Curcumin and liver disease.

Liver diseases pose a major medical problem worldwide and a wide variety of herbs have been studied for the management of liver-related diseases. In this respect, curcumin has long been used in traditional medicine, and in recent years it has been the object of increasing research interest. In combating liver diseases, it seems clear that curcumin exerts a hypolipidic effect, which prevents the fatty acid accumulation in the hepatocytes that may result from metabolic imbalances, and which may cause nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Another crucial protective activity of curcumin, not only in the context of chronic liver diseases but also regarding carcinogenesis and other age-related processes, is its potent antioxidant activity, which affects multiple processes and signaling pathways. The effects of curcumin on NF-κß are crucial to our understanding of the potent hepatoprotective role of this herb-derived micronutrient. Because curcumin is a micronutrient that is closely related to cellular redox balance, its properties and activity give rise to a series of molecular reactions that in every case and biological situation affect the mitochondria.

Diets based on virgin olive oil or fish oil but not on sunflower oil prevent age-related alveolar bone resorption by mitochondrial-related mechanisms.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Aging enhances frequency of chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases or periodontitis. Here we reproduced an age-dependent model of the periodontium, a fully physiological approach to periodontal conditions, to evaluate the impact of dietary fat type on gingival tissue of young (6 months old) and old (24 months old) rats. METHODS/FINDINGS: Animals were fed life-long on diets based on monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) as virgin olive oil, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA), as sunflower oil, or n-3PUFA, as fish oil. Age-related alveolar bone loss was higher in n-6PUFA fed rats, probably as a consequence of the ablation of the cell capacity to adapt to aging. Gene expression analysis suggests that MUFA or n-3PUFA allowed mitochondria to maintain an adequate turnover through induction of biogenesis, autophagy and the antioxidant systems, and avoiding mitochondrial electron transport system alterations. CONCLUSIONS: The main finding is that the enhanced alveolar bone loss associated to age may be targeted by an appropriate dietary treatment. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are related with an ablation of the cell capacity to adapt to aging. Thus, MUFA or n-3PUFA might allow mitochondrial maintaining turnover through biogenesis or autophagy. They might also be able to induce the corresponding antioxidant systems to counteract age-related oxidative stress, and do not inhibit mitochondrial electron transport chain. From the nutritional and clinical point of view, it is noteworthy that the potential treatments to attenuate alveolar bone loss (a feature of periodontal disease) associated to age could be similar to some of the proposed for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, a group of pathologies recently associated with age-related periodontitis.

Long-term effects of systemic cancer treatment on DNA oxidative damage: the potential for targeted therapies.

The main pathological consequence of free radical exposure is DNA damage, which is known to induce cell transformation and to facilitate important mutations in cancer progression. It is a matter of intense discussion whether the drug-induced production of free radicals limits the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutics and enhances their toxicity or whether they may be enhanced to provoke cancer cell apoptosis. This paper reviews essential molecular processes to better understand the controversial role of free radicals in cancer development and progression, and discusses some novel therapeutic strategies based on oxidative stress induction and prevention.

Squalene ameliorates atherosclerotic lesions through the reduction of CD36 scavenger receptor expression in macrophages.

SCOPE: Anti-atherogenic features of olive oil (OO) have been attributed, in part, to minor compounds, via diverse mechanisms, although its effects on the CD36 receptor have not been examined. We investigated the effects of minor compounds of OO (squalene (SQ), tyrosol (Tyr) and hydroxytyrosol (OH-Tyr)), on the expression of the CD36 receptor, as well as on monocyte/macrophage differentiation and proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS: U937 monocytic cells and macrophages (obtained with 10 nM phorbol-myristate-acetate) were exposed to Tyr, OH-Tyr or SQ at 0, 10, 75 and 200 µM with/without native or oxidised LDL(oxLDL). Flow cytometry was used to achieve the expression of CD36 in both cell types exposed to oxLDL plus antioxidants, as well as the inhibition of monocyte/macrophage differentiation after oxLDL and apoptosis. SQ caused a dose-dependent reduction of CD36 in the presence of native and moderate LDL in monocytes and macrophages. Phenotype-dependent cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects were found for OH-Tyr (p < 0.05), while SQ affected neither monocytes nor macrophages (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: SQ does not prevent monocyte migration and activation into macrophages, but it would inhibit oxLDL uptake by macrophages, by reducing CD36 expression. This study provides new data about the role of the components of OO in the prevention of atherosclerosis.

Age-related changes in brain mitochondrial DNA deletion and oxidative stress are differentially modulated by dietary fat type and coenzyme Q10.

Mitochondria-related oxidative damage is a primary event in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Some dietary treatments, such as antioxidant supplementation or the enrichment of mitochondrial membranes with less oxidizable fatty acids, reduce lipid peroxidation and lengthen life span in rodents. This study compares life-long feeding on monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), such as virgin olive oil, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as sunflower oil, with or without coenzyme Q10 supplementation, with respect to age-related molecular changes in rat brain mitochondria. The MUFA diet led to diminished age-related phenotypic changes, with lipoxidation-derived protein markers being higher among the older animals, whereas protein carbonyl compounds were lower. It is noteworthy that the MUFA diet prevented the age-related increase in levels of mitochondrial DNA deletions in the brain mitochondria from aged animals. The findings of this study suggest that age-related oxidative stress is related, at the mitochondrial level, to other age-related features such as mitochondrial electron transport and mtDNA alterations, and it can be modulated by selecting an appropriate dietary fat type and/or by suitable supplementation with low levels of the antioxidant/electron carrier molecule coenzyme Q.

Evidencias experimentales con respecto al papel de distintos tipos de grasas insaturadas de la dieta en el envejecimiento / Experimental evidence on the role of different types unsaturated fats in the diet on ageing

La nutrición ha sido relacionada ampliamente con el proceso fisiológico del envejecimiento. Varios nutrientes, como ciertos tipos de grasa de la dieta y diversos antioxidantes, han demostrado poseer efectos positivos en enfermedades relacionadas con la edad. El tipo de grasa de la dieta afecta a la estructura y función mitocondrial, así como a su susceptibilidad al estrés oxidativo, todos, factores implicados en el envejecimiento. La presente revisión trata de resumir los estudios realizados por nuestro grupo de investigación en los últimos 10 años empleando aceite de oliva virgen, aceite de girasol o aceite de pescado como fuente de grasa insaturada de la dieta en relación con un modelo de envejecimiento en rata (AU9

Nutrition has been largely related to the physiological ageing process. Several nutrients, such as certain types of dietary fat and various antioxidants have been shown to have positive effects on age-related diseases. The type of dietary fat affects mitochondrial structure and function, as well as its susceptibility to oxidative stress, all factors involved in ageing. The present review aims to summarise the studies conducted by our research group in the past 10 years, using virgin olive oil, sunflower oil, or fish oil as a source of unsaturated fat diet relative to a rat model of ageing (AU)