Liver Histology Predicts Liver Regeneration and Outcome in ALPPS: Novel Findings From A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Alterations in liver histology influence the liver's capacity to regenerate, but the relevance of each of the different changes in rapid liver growth induction is unknown. This study aimed to analyze the influence of the degree of histological alterations during the first and second stages on the ability of the liver to regenerate. METHODS: This cohort study included data obtained from the International ALPPS Registry between November 2011 and October 2020. Only patients with colorectal liver metastases were included in the study. We developed a histological risk score based on histological changes (stages 1 and 2) and a tumor pathology score based on the histological factors associated with poor tumor prognosis. RESULTS: In total, 395 patients were included. The time to reach stage 2 was shorter in patients with a low histological risk stage 1 (13 vs 17 days, P ˂0.01), low histological risk stage 2 (13 vs 15 days, P <0.01), and low pathological tumor risk (13 vs 15 days, P <0.01). Regarding interval stage, there was a higher inverse correlation in high histological risk stage 1 group compared to low histological risk 1 group in relation with future liver remnant body weight ( r =-0.1 and r =-0.08, respectively), and future liver remnant ( r =-0.15 and r =-0.06, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: ALPPS is associated with increased histological alterations in the liver parenchyma. It seems that the more histological alterations present and the higher the number of poor prognostic factors in the tumor histology, the longer the time to reach the second stage.

Full robotic versus open ALPPS: a bi-institutional comparison of perioperative outcomes.

BACKGROUND: In primarily unresectable liver tumors, ALPPS (Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged hepatectomy) may offer curative two-stage hepatectomy trough a fast and extensive hypertrophy. However, concerns have been raised about the invasiveness of the procedure. Full robotic ALPPS has the potential to reduce the postoperative morbidity trough a less invasive access. The aim of this study was to compare the perioperative outcomes of open and full robotic ALPPS. METHODS: The bicentric study included open ALPPS cases from the University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland and robotic ALPPS cases from the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy from 01/2015 to 07/2022. Main outcomes were intraoperative parameters and overall complications. RESULTS: Open and full robotic ALPPS were performed in 36 and 7 cases. Robotic ALPPS was associated with less blood loss after both stages (418 ± 237 ml vs. 319 ± 197 ml; P = 0.04 and 631 ± 354 ml vs. 258 ± 53 ml; P = 0.01) as well as a higher rate of interstage discharge (86% vs. 37%; P = 0.02). OT was longer with robotic ALPPS after both stages (371 ± 70 min vs. 449 ± 81 min; P = 0.01 and 282 ± 87 min vs. 373 ± 90 min; P = 0.02). After ALPPS stage 2, there was no difference for overall complications (86% vs. 86%; P = 1.00) and major complications (43% vs. 39%; P = 0.86). The total length of hospital stay was similar (23 ± 17 days vs. 26 ± 13; P = 0.56). CONCLUSION: Robotic ALPPS was safely implemented and showed potential for improved perioperative outcomes compared to open ALPPS in an experienced robotic center. The robotic approach might bring the perioperative risk profile of ALPPS closer to interventional techniques of portal vein embolization/liver venous deprivation.

Early Postoperative Serum Phosphate Drop Predicts Sufficient Hypertrophy After Liver Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of postoperative hypophosphatemia on liver regeneration after major liver surgery in the scenario of Associating Liver Partition with Portal vein ligation for Staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) and living liver donation (LLD). BACKGROUND: Hypophosphatemia has been described to reflect the metabolic demands of regenerating hepatocytes. Both ALPPS and LLD are characterized by an exceptionally strong liver regeneration and may be of particular interest in the context of posthepatectomy hypophosphatemia. METHODS: Serum phosphate changes within the first 7 postoperative days after ALPPS (n=61) and LLD (n=54) were prospectively assessed and correlated with standardized volumetry after 1 week. In a translational approach, postoperative phosphate changes were investigated in mice and in vitro . RESULTS: After ALPPS stage 1 and LLD, serum phosphate levels significantly dropped from a preoperative median of 1.08 mmol/L [interquartile range (IQR) 0.92-1.23] and 1.07 mmol/L (IQR 0.91-1.21) to a postoperative median nadir of 0.68 and 0.52 mmol/L, respectively. A pronounced phosphate drop correlated well with increased liver hypertrophy ( P <0.001). Patients with a low drop of phosphate showed a higher incidence of posthepatectomy liver failure after ALPPS (7% vs 31%, P =0.041). Like in humans, phosphate drop correlated significantly with degree of hypertrophy in murine ALPPS and hepatectomy models ( P <0.001). Blocking phosphate transporter (Slc20a1) inhibited cellular phosphate uptake and hepatocyte proliferation in vitro. CONCLUSION: Phosphate drop after hepatectomy is a direct surrogate marker for liver hypertrophy. Perioperative implementation of serum phosphate analysis has the potential to detect patients with insufficient regenerative capacity at an early stage.

Defatting of Human Livers During Long-Term e x situ Normothermic Perfusion: Novel Strategy to Rescue Discarded Organs for Transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a protocol for the defatting of steatotic liver grafts during long-term ex situ normothermic machine perfusion. BACKGROUND: Despite the alarming increase in donor organ shortage, the highly prevalent fatty liver grafts are often discarded due to the risk of primary nonfunction. Effective strategies preventing such outcomes are currently lacking. An exciting new avenue is the introduction of ex situ normothermic machine perfusion (NMP), enabling a liver to remain fully functional for up to 2 weeks and providing a unique window of opportunity for defatting before transplantation. METHODS: Over a 5-year period, 23 discarded liver grafts and 28 partial livers from our resection program were tested during ex situ normothermic machine perfusion. The steatosis degree was determined on serial biopsies by expert pathologists, and triglyceride contents were measured simultaneously. RESULTS: Of 51 liver grafts, 20 were steatotic, with up to 85% macrovesicular steatosis, and were perfused for up to 12 days. Ten livers displayed marked (5 of which almost complete) loss of fat, while the other 10 did not respond to long-term perfusion. Successful defatting was related to prolonged perfusion, automated glucose control, circadian nutrition, and L-carnitine/fenofibrate supplementation. Pseudopeliotic steatosis and the associated activation of Kupffer/stellate cells were unexpected processes that might contribute to defatting. Synthetic and metabolic functions remained preserved for most grafts until perfusion ended. CONCLUSION: Ex situ long-term perfusion effectively reduces steatosis while preserving organ viability and may in the future allow transplantation of primarily unusable high-risk grafts, significantly increasing the number of organs available for transplantation.

Controversy Over Liver Transplantation or Resection for Neuroendocrine Liver Metastasis: Tumor Biology Cuts the Deal.

BACKGROUND: In patients with neuroendocrine liver metastasis (NELM), liver transplantation (LT) is an alternative to liver resection (LR), although the choice of therapy remains controversial. In this multicenter study, we aim to provide novel insight in this dispute. METHODS: Following a systematic literature search, 15 large international centers were contacted to provide comprehensive data on their patients after LR or LT for NELM. Survival analyses were performed with the Kaplan-Meier method, while multivariable Cox regression served to identify factors influencing survival after either transplantation or resection. Inverse probability weighting and propensity score matching was used for analyses with balanced and equalized baseline characteristics. RESULTS: Overall, 455 patients were analyzed, including 230 after LR and 225 after LT, with a median follow-up of 97 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 85-110 months]. Multivariable analysis revealed G3 grading as a negative prognostic factor for LR [hazard ratio (HR)=2.22, 95% CI: 1.04-4.77, P =0.040], while G2 grading (HR=2.52, 95% CI: 1.15-5.52, P =0.021) and LT outside Milan criteria (HR=2.40, 95% CI: 1.16-4.92, P =0.018) were negative prognostic factors in transplanted patients. Inverse probability-weighted multivariate analyses revealed a distinct survival benefit after LT. Matched patients presented a median overall survival (OS) of 197 months (95% CI: 143-not reached) and a 73% 5-year OS after LT, and 119 months (95% CI: 74-133 months) and a 52.8% 5-year OS after LR (HR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9, P =0.022). However, the survival benefit after LT was lost if patients were transplanted outside Milan criteria. CONCLUSIONS: This multicentric study in patients with NELM demonstrates a survival benefit of LT over LR. This benefit depends on adherence to selection criteria, in particular low-grade tumor biology and Milan criteria, and must be balanced against potential risks of LT.

Robotic Distal Pancreatectomy: A Novel Standard of Care? Benchmark Values for Surgical Outcomes From 16 International Expert Centers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Robotic distal pancreatectomy (DP) is an emerging attractive approach, but its role compared with laparoscopic or open surgery remains unclear. Benchmark values are novel and objective tools for such comparisons. The aim of this study was to identify benchmark cutoffs for many outcome parameters for DP with or without splenectomy beyond the learning curve. METHODS: This study analyzed outcomes from international expert centers from patients undergoing robotic DP for malignant or benign lesions. After excluding the first 10 cases in each center to reduce the effect of the learning curve, consecutive patients were included from the start of robotic DP up to June 2020. Benchmark patients had no significant comorbidities. Benchmark cutoff values were derived from the 75th or the 25th percentile of the median values of all benchmark centers. Benchmark values were compared with a laparoscopic control group from 4 high-volume centers and published open DP landmark series. RESULTS: Sixteen centers contributed 755 cases, whereof 345 benchmark patients (46%) were included the analysis. Benchmark cutoffs included: operation time ≤300 minutes, conversion rate ≤3%, clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula ≤32%, 3 months major complication rate ≤26.7%, and lymph node retrieval ≥9. The comprehensive complication index at 3 months was ≤8.7 without deterioration thereafter. Compared with robotic DP, laparoscopy had significantly higher conversion rates (5×) and overall complications, while open DP was associated with more blood loss and longer hospital stay. CONCLUSION: This first benchmark study demonstrates that robotic DP provides superior postoperative outcomes compared with laparoscopic and open DP. Robotic DP may be expected to become the approach of choice in minimally invasive DP.

Current Practices in Hepatic Artery Infusion (HAI) Chemotherapy: An International Survey of the HAI Consortium Research Network.

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of hepatic artery infusion (HAI) programs have been established worldwide. Practice patterns for this complex therapy across these programs have not been reported. This survey aimed to identify current practice patterns in HAI therapy with the long-term goal of defining best practices and performing prospective studies. METHODS: Using SurveyMonkeyTM, a 28-question survey assessing current practices in HAI was developed by 12 HAI Consortium Research Network (HCRN) surgical oncologists. Content analysis was used to code textual responses, and the frequency of categories was calculated. Scores for rank-order questions were generated by calculating average ranking for each answer choice. RESULTS: Thirty-six (72%) HCRN members responded to the survey. The most common intended initial indications for HAI at new programs were unresectable colorectal liver metastases (uCRLM; 100%) and unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (uIHC; 56%). Practice patterns evolved such that uCRLM (94%) and adjuvant therapy for CRLM (adjCRLM; 72%) have become the most common current indications for HAI at established centers. Referral patterns for pump placement differed between uCRLM and uIHC, with most patients referred while receiving second- and first-line therapy, respectively, with physicians preferring to evaluate patients for HAI while receiving first-line therapy for CRLM. Concern for extrahepatic disease was ranked as the most important factor when considering a patient for HAI. CONCLUSIONS: Indication and patient selection factors for HAI therapy are relatively uniform across most HCRN centers. The increasing use of adjuvant HAI therapy and overall consistency of practice patterns among HCRN centers provides a robust environment for prospective data collection and randomized clinical trials.

The value of intraoperative dynamic liver function test ICG in predicting postoperative complications in patients undergoing staged hepatectomy: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: To assess the predictive value of intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) test in patients undergoing staged hepatectomy. METHODS: We analyzed intraoperative ICG measurements of future liver remnant (FLR), preoperative ICG, volumetry, and hepatobiliary scintigraphy in 15 patients undergoing associated liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS). Main endpoints were the correlation of intraoperative ICG values to postoperative complications (Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI®)) at discharge and 90 days after surgery, and to postoperative liver function. RESULTS: Median intraoperative R15 (ICG retention rate at 15 min) correlated significantly with CCI® at discharge (p = 0.05) and with CCI® at 90 days (p = 0.0036). Preoperative ICG, volumetry, and scintigraphy did not correlate to postoperative outcome. ROC curve analysis revealed a cutoff value of 11.4 for the intraoperative R15 to predict major complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ III) with 100% sensitivity and 63% specificity. No patient with R15 ≤ 11 developed major complications. CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggests that intraoperative ICG clearance determines the functional capacity of the future liver remnant more accurately than preoperative tests. This may further reduce the number of postoperative liver failures, even if it means intraoperative abortion of hepatectomy in individual cases.

Low-dose aspirin confers protection against acute cellular allograft rejection after primary liver transplantation.

This study investigated the effect of low-dose aspirin in primary adult liver transplantation (LT) on acute cellular rejection (ACR) as well as arterial patency rates. The use of low-dose aspirin after LT is practiced by many transplant centers to minimize the risk of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), although solid recommendations do not exist. However, aspirin also possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties and might mitigate inflammatory processes after LT, such as rejection. Therefore, we hypothesized that the use of aspirin after LT has a protective effect against ACR. This is an international, multicenter cohort study of primary adult deceased donor LT. The study included 17 high-volume LT centers and covered the 3-year period from 2013 to 2015 to allow a minimum 5-year follow-up. In this cohort of 2365 patients, prophylactic antiplatelet therapy with low-dose aspirin was administered in 1436 recipients (61%). The 1-year rejection-free survival rate was 89% in the aspirin group versus 82% in the no-aspirin group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.94; p = 0.01). The 1-year primary arterial patency rates were 99% in the aspirin group and 96% in the no-aspirin group with an HR of 0.23 (95% CI, 0.13-0.40; p < 0.001). Low-dose aspirin was associated with a lower risk of ACR and HAT after LT, especially in the first vulnerable year after transplantation. Therefore, low-dose aspirin use after primary LT should be evaluated to protect the liver graft from ACR and to maintain arterial patency.

Liver growth prediction in ALPPS - A multicenter analysis from the international ALPPS registry.

BACKGROUND: While ALPPS triggers a fast liver hypertrophy, it is still unclear which factors matter most to achieve accelerated hypertrophy within a short period of time. The aim of the study was to identify patient-intrinsic factors related to the growth of the future liver remnant (FLR). METHODS: This cohort study is composed of data derived from the International ALPPS Registry from November 2011 and October 2018. We analyse the influence of demographic, tumour type and perioperative data on the growth of the FLR. The volume of the FLR was calculated in millilitre and percentage using computed-tomography (CT) scans before and after stage 1, both according to Vauthey formula. RESULTS: A total of 734 patients were included from 99 centres. The median sFLR at stage 1 and stage 2 was 0.23 (IQR, 0.18-0.28) and 0.39 (IQR: 0.31-0.46), respectively. The variables associated with a lower increase from sFLR1 to sFLR2 were age˃68 years (p = .02), height ˃1.76 m (p ˂ .01), weight ˃83 kg (p ˂ .01), BMI˃28 (p ˂ .01), male gender (p ˂ .01), antihypertensive therapy (p ˂ .01), operation time ˃370 minutes (p ˂ .01) and hospital stay˃14 days (p ˂ .01). The time required to reach sufficient volume for stage 2, male gender accounts 40.3% in group ˂7 days, compared with 50% of female, and female present 15.3% in group ˃14 days compared with 20.6% of male. CONCLUSIONS: Height, weight, FLR size and gender could be the variables that most constantly influence both daily growths, the interstage increase and the standardized FLR before the second stage.

Are short-term complications associated with poor allograft and patient survival after liver transplantation? A systematic review of the literature and expert panel recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Maximizing patient and allograft survival after liver transplant (LT) is important from both a patient care and organ utilization perspective. Although individual studies have addressed the effects of short-term post-LT complications on a limited scale, there has not been a systematic review of the literature formally assessing the potential effects of early complications on long-term outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To identify whether short-term complications after LT affect allograft and overall survival, to identify short-term complications of particular clinical interest and significance, and to provide recommendations to improve post-LT graft and patient survival. DATA SOURCES: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central. METHODS: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and recommendations using the GRADE approach derived from an international expert panel. RESULTS: The literature review and analysis provided show that short-term complications have a large impact on allograft and patient survival after LT. The complications with the strongest effect on survival are acute kidney injury (AKI), biliary complications, and early allograft dysfunction (EAD). CONCLUSION: This panel recommends taking measures to reduce the risk and incidence of short-term complications post-LT. Clinicians should pay particular attention to preventing or ameliorating AKI, biliary complications, and EAD (Quality of evidence; Moderate | Grade of Recommendation; Strong).

Patient Selection for Downstaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prior to Liver Transplantation-Adjusting the Odds?

Background and Aims: Morphometric features such as the Milan criteria serve as standard criteria for liver transplantation (LT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since it has been recognized that these criteria are too restrictive and do not adequately display the tumor biology, additional selection parameters are emerging. Methods: Concise review of the current literature on patient selection for downstaging and LT for HCC outside the Milan criteria. Results: The major task in patients outside the Milan criteria is the need for higher granularity with patient selection, since the benefit through LT is not uniform. The recent literature clearly shows that beneath tumor size and number, additional selection parameters are useful in the process of patient selection for and during downstaging. For initial patient selection, the alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level adds additional information to the size and number of HCC nodules concerning the chance of successful downstaging and LT. This effect is quantifiable using newer selection tools like the WE (West-Eastern) downstaging criteria or the Metroticket 2.0 criteria. Also an initial PET-scan and/or tumor biopsy can be helpful, especially in the high risk group of patients outside the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) criteria. After this entry selection, the clinical course during downstaging procedures concerning the tumor and the AFP response is of paramount importance and serves as an additional final selection tool. Conclusion: Selection criteria for liver transplantation in HCC patients are becoming more and more sophisticated, but are still imperfect. The implementation of molecular knowledge will hopefully support a more specific risk prediction for HCC patients in the future, but do not provide a profound basis for clinical decision-making at present.

Limitations of current liver donor allocation systems and the impact of newer indications for liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation represents a life-saving treatment for patients with decompensated cirrhosis, a severe condition associated with a high risk of waiting list mortality. When decompensation occurs rapidly in the presence of extrahepatic organ failures, the condition is called acute-on-chronic liver failure, which is associated with an even higher risk of death, though liver transplantation can also markedly improve survival in affected patients. However, there are still gaps in our understanding of how to optimise prioritisation and organ allocation, as well as survival among patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (both before and after transplant). Moreover, it is urgent to address inequalities in access to liver transplantation in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Several controversies still exist regarding gender and regional disparities, as well as the use of suboptimal donor grafts. In this review, we aim to provide a critical perspective on the role of liver transplantation in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and address areas of ongoing uncertainty.

Long-term Normothermic Machine Preservation of Partial Livers: First Experience With 21 Human Hemi-livers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to maintain long-term full function and viability of partial livers perfused ex situ for sufficient duration to enable ex situ treatment, repair, and regeneration. BACKGROUND: Organ shortage remains the single most important factor limiting the success of transplantation. Autotransplantation in patients with nonresectable liver tumors is rarely feasible due to insufficient tumor-free remnant tissue. This limitation could be solved by the availability of long-term preservation of partial livers that enables functional regeneration and subsequent transplantation. METHODS: Partial swine livers were perfused with autologous blood after being procured from healthy pigs following 70% in-vivo resection, leaving only the right lateral lobe. Partial human livers were recovered from patients undergoing anatomic right or left hepatectomies and perfused with a blood based perfusate together with various medical additives. Assessment of physiologic function during perfusion was based on markers of hepatocyte, cholangiocyte, vascular and immune compartments, as well as histology. RESULTS: Following the development phase with partial swine livers, 21 partial human livers (14 right and 7 left hemi-livers) were perfused, eventually reaching the targeted perfusion duration of 1 week with the final protocol. These partial livers disclosed a stable perfusion with normal hepatic function including bile production (5-10 mL/h), lactate clearance, and maintenance of energy exhibited by normal of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glycogen levels, and preserved liver architecture for up to 1 week. CONCLUSION: This pioneering research presents the inaugural evidence for long-term machine perfusion of partial livers and provides a pathway for innovative and relevant clinical applications to increase the availability of organs and provide novel approaches in hepatic oncology.

Neoadjuvant Therapy for Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: A New Standard of Care. Pooled Data From 3 Randomized Controlled Trials.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to pool data from randomized controlled trials (RCT) limited to resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) to determine whether a neoadjuvant therapy impacts on disease-free survival (DFS) and surgical outcome. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Few underpowered studies have suggested benefits from neoadjuvant chemo (± radiation) for strictly resectable PDAC without offering conclusive recommendations. METHODS: Three RCTs were identified comparing neoadjuvant chemo (± radio) therapy vs. upfront surgery followed by adjuvant therapy in all cases. Data were pooled targeting DFS as primary endpoint, whereas overall survival (OS), postoperative morbidity, and mortality were investigated as secondary endpoints. Survival endpoints DFS and OS were compared using Cox proportional hazards regression with study-specific baseline hazards. RESULTS: A total of 130 patients were randomized (56 in the neoadjuvant and 74 in the control group). DFS was significantly longer in the neoadjuvant treatment group compared to surgery only [hazard ratio (HR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4-0.9] (P = 0.01). Furthermore, DFS for the subgroup of R0 resections was similarly longer in the neoadjuvant treated group (HR 0.6, 95% CI 0.35-0.9, P = 0.045). Although postoperative complications (Comprehensive Complication Index, CCI®) occurred less frequently (P = 0.008), patients after neoadjuvant therapy experienced a higher toxicity, but without negative impact on oncological or surgical outcome parameters. CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant therapy can be offered as an acceptable standard of care for patients with purely resectable PDAC. Future research with the advances of precision oncology should now focus on the definition of the optimal regimen.

How to Handle Arterial Conduits in Liver Transplantation? Evidence From the First Multicenter Risk Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of the present study were to identify independent risk factors for conduit occlusion, compare outcomes of different AC placement sites, and investigate whether postoperative platelet antiaggregation is protective. BACKGROUND: Arterial conduits (AC) in liver transplantation (LT) offer an effective rescue option when regular arterial graft revascularization is not feasible. However, the role of the conduit placement site and postoperative antiaggregation is insufficiently answered in the literature. STUDY DESIGN: This is an international, multicenter cohort study of adult deceased donor LT requiring AC. The study included 14 LT centers and covered the period from January 2007 to December 2016. Primary endpoint was arterial occlusion/patency. Secondary endpoints included intra- and perioperative outcomes and graft and patient survival. RESULTS: The cohort was composed of 565 LT. Infrarenal aortic placement was performed in 77% of ACs whereas supraceliac placement in 20%. Early occlusion (≤30 days) occurred in 8% of cases. Primary patency was equivalent for supraceliac, infrarenal, and iliac conduits. Multivariate analysis identified donor age >40 years, coronary artery bypass, and no aspirin after LT as independent risk factors for early occlusion. Postoperative antiaggregation regimen differed among centers and was given in 49% of cases. Graft survival was significantly superior for patients receiving aggregation inhibitors after LT. CONCLUSION: When AC is required for rescue graft revascularization, the conduit placement site seems to be negligible and should follow the surgeon's preference. In this high-risk group, the study supports the concept of postoperative antiaggregation in LT requiring AC.

Combination of HAI-FUDR and Systemic Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma: A Dose Finding Single Center Study.

BACKGROUND: Unresectable cholangiocarcinoma has a poor prognosis and treatment options are limited. Combined systemic and intrahepatic chemotherapy may improve local control and enable downsizing. The aim of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of intravenous gemcitabine combined with intravenous cisplatin and hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) with floxuridine (FUDR) in patients with unresectable intrahepatic or hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS: Twelve patients were treated within a 3 + 3 dose escalation algorithm with 600, 800, or 1,000 mg/m2 gemcitabine and predefined doses of cisplatin 25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, q21, for 4 cycles, and FUDR 0.2 mg/kg on days 1-14 as continuous HAI, q28, for 3 cycles. Safety and toxicity as well as resectability rates after 3 months and preliminary survival data are reported. RESULTS: The determined MTD for gemcitabine was 800 mg/m2. Dose limiting toxicities were neutropenic fever and biliary tract infections. In total, 27% of the patients showed partial remission and 73% stable disease. Although none of the patients achieved resectability after 3 months, the 3-year overall survival rate was 33%, median overall survival 23.9 months (range 1-49), and median progression-free survival 10.1 months (range 2-40). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous gemcitabine/cisplatin plus HAI-FUDR is feasible and appears effective for disease control. Larger prospective studies evaluating this triplet combination are warranted.

Pancreatic fistulas following distal pancreatectomy are unrelated to the texture quality of the pancreas.

PURPOSE: The relevance of pancreatic texture for pancreatic fistula (POPF) formation after distal pancreatectomy (DP) remains ill defined. Recent POPF definition adjustments and common subjective pancreatic texture assessment are further drawbacks in the investigation of pancreatic texture as a factor for POPF development after DP. METHODS: The predictive value of pancreatic texture by histologic assessment was investigated for POPF formation after DP, respecting the updated 2016 fistula definition. Histologic evaluation at the resection margin included amount of steatosis, degree of fibrosis, and pancreatic duct size. RESULTS: A total of 102 patients who underwent DP were included. Thirty-six patients developed POPF. There was no difference in histologic variables in patients with and without POPF. In the univariate analysis, none of the three histologic features showed significant correlation with POPF formation. The ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve demonstrated poor utility for the grade of steatosis 0.481 ± 0.058 (p = 0.75) and grade of fibrosis 0.466 ± 0.058 (p = 0.57) as predictive factors for POPF formation. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that pancreatic texture does not predict POPF formation following DP. This is particularly relevant in the context of the increasing use of robotic and laparoscopic approaches for DPs with limited clinical pancreatic texture assessment by palpation.

Induction of liver hypertrophy for extended liver surgery and partial liver transplantation: State of the art of parenchyma augmentation-assisted liver surgery.

BACKGROUND: Liver surgery and transplantation currently represent the only curative treatment options for primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. Despite the ability of the liver to regenerate after tissue loss, 25-30% future liver remnant is considered the minimum requirement to prevent serious risk for post-hepatectomy liver failure. PURPOSE: The aim of this review is to depict the various interventions for liver parenchyma augmentation-assisting surgery enabling extended liver resections. The article summarizes one- and two-stage procedures with a focus on hypertrophy- and corresponding resection rates. CONCLUSIONS: To induce liver parenchymal augmentation prior to hepatectomy, most techniques rely on portal vein occlusion, but more recently inclusion of parenchymal splitting, hepatic vein occlusion, and partial liver transplantation has extended the technical armamentarium. Safely accomplishing major and ultimately total hepatectomy by these techniques requires integration into a meaningful oncological concept. The advent of highly effective chemotherapeutic regimen in the neo-adjuvant, interstage, and adjuvant setting has underlined an aggressive surgical approach in the given setting to convert formerly "palliative" disease into a curative and sometimes in a "chronic" disease.

Repeated hepatectomy after ALPPS for recurrence of colorectal liver metastasis: the edge of limits?

BACKGROUND: Repeated liver resections for the recurrence of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) are described as safe and have similar oncological outcomes compared to first hepatectomy. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is performed in patients with conventionally non-resectable CRLM. Repeated resections after ALPPS has not yet been described. METHODS: Patients that underwent repeated liver resection in recurrence of CRLM after ALPPS were included in this study. The primary endpoint was morbidity and secondary endpoints were mortality, resection margin and survival. RESULTS: Thirty patients were included in this study. During ALPPS, most of the patients had classical split (60%, n = 18) and clearance of the FLR (77%, n = 23). Hepatic recurrence was treated with non-anatomical resection (57%, n = 17), resection combined with local ablation (13%, n = 4), open ablation (13%, n = 4), segmentectomy (10%, n = 3) or subtotal segmentectomy (7%, n = 2). Six patients (20%) developed complications (10% minor complications). No post-hepatectomy liver failure or perioperative mortality was observed. One-year patient survival was 87%. Five patients received a third hepatectomy. CONCLUSION: Repeated resections after ALPPS for CRLM in selected patients are safe and feasible with low morbidity and no mortality. Survival seems to be comparable with repeated resections after conventional hepatectomy.