Ankle fracture surgery performed by orthopaedic residents without supervision has comparable outcomes to surgery performed by fellowship trained orthopaedic surgeons.

BACKGROUND: Unstable fractures often necessitate open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), which generally yield favourable outcomes. However, the impact of surgical trainee autonomy on healthcare quality in these procedures remains uncertain. We hypothesized that surgery performed solely by residents, without supervision or participation of an attending surgeon, can provide similar outcomes to surgery performed by trauma or foot and ankle fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons. METHODS: A single-center cohort of an academic level-1 trauma center was retrospectively reviewed for all ankle ORIF between 2015 and 2019. Data were compared between surgery performed solely by post-graduate-year 4 to 6 residents, and surgery performed by trauma or foot and ankle fellowship-trained surgeons. Demographics, surgical parameters, preoperative and postoperative radiographs, and primary (mortality, complications, and revision surgery) and secondary outcome variables were collected and analyzed. Univariate analysis was performed to evaluate outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 460 ankle fractures were included in the study. Nonoperative cases and cases operated by senior orthopaedic surgeons who are not trauma or foot and ankle fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons were excluded. The average follow-up time was 58.4 months (SD ± 12.5). Univariate analysis of outcomes demonstrated no significant difference between residents and attendings in complications and reoperations rate (p = 0.690, p = 0.388). Sub-analysis by fracture pattern (Lauge-Hansen classification) and the number of malleoli involved and fixated demonstrated similar outcomes. surgery time was significantly longer in the resident group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrates that ankle fracture surgery can be performed by trained orthopaedic surgery residents, with similar results and complication rates as surgery performed by fellowship-trained attendings. These findings provide valuable insights into surgical autonomy in residency and its role in modern clinical training and surgical education. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III - retrospective cohort study.

Hemiarthroplasty for Hip Fractures: Posterior or Direct Lateral Approach? Advantages and Disadvantages.

BACKGROUND: Several approaches are used to access the hip joint; most common are the direct lateral and posterior. Little consensus exists on which to use when treating hip fractures. OBJECTIVES: To compare short-term complications, postoperative ambulation, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) of direct lateral vs. posterior approaches in hemiarthroplasty for acute hip fractures. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective clinical trial with 260 patients who underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty in the direct lateral or posterior approach (166 and 94, respectively) between January 2017 and December 2018. The clinical data included short-term complications: prosthetic dislocation, periprosthetic fractures, and infection. Postoperative ambulation was collected 6 weeks postoperatively; PROMS were collected for 173 patients at 2 years follow-up. RESULTS: There were six dislocations overall, average time to dislocation was 22 days postoperative (range 4-34). Five dislocations were after the posterior approach (5.3%) and one after direct lateral (0.6%) (P = 0.01). At 6 weeks follow-up, inability to walk was found in 16.9% of the direct lateral group and 6.4% of the posterior approach group (P = 0.02). In the posterior approach group, 76% could walk more than 20 meters; only half of the direct lateral group could (P = 0.0002). At 2 years follow-up, PROMS did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior approach for hemiarthroplasty following femoral neck fractures allows superior ambulation to the direct lateral approach only for the short-term. However, no long-term clinical advantage was found. This short-term benefit does not justify the increased dislocation rate in the posterior approach.

High complication rates following revision first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis: a retrospective analysis of 79 cases.

BACKGROUND: The most common indications for revision of first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) arthrodesis are symptomatic failures of prior arthrodesis, failed hallux valgus correction, and failed MTPJ arthroplasty implants. However, the outcomes of revision MTPJ arthrodesis have rarely been studied. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical, radiographic, and patient-reported outcomes of revision MTPJ arthrodesis following different primary procedures. METHODS: A retrospective review of revision MTPJ arthrodesis cases between January 2015 and December 2019 was performed. The radiographic results, patient-reported outcomes, and rates of complications, subsequent revisions, and nonunions, were analyzed and compared preoperatively and postoperatively. A multivariate analysis was utilized to determine risk factors for complications and reoperations. RESULTS: This study yielded a total of 79 cases of revision MTPJ arthrodesis. The mean follow-up time was 365 days (SD ± 295). The overall complication rate was 40.5%, of which the overall nonunion rate was 19.0%. Seven cases (8.9%) required further revision surgery. The multivariate analysis revealed that Diabetes mellitus was associated with significantly higher overall complication rates (p = 0.016), and nonunion was associated with "in-situ" joint preparation techniques (p = 0.042). Visual Analog Scale (VAS) significantly improved postoperatively (p < 0.001); However, PROMIS-10 physical health and PROMIS-10 mental health did not change significantly during the study period. CONCLUSION: Treatment of MTPJ surgery failures is a clinical challenge in orthopedic surgery. In our study, revision of first MTPJ surgery resulted in higher nonunion rates and overall complication rates compared to typical outcomes from primary MTPJ arthrodesis. Diabetes, Tobacco use, and "in-situ" joint preparation technique were found to be independent risk factors for complications and reoperations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III-Retrospective Cohort Study.

"In Situ" Joint Preparation Technique for First Metatarsophalangeal Arthrodesis: A Retrospective Comparative Review of 388 Cases.

"Cup-shaped power reamers" and "flat cuts" (FC) are common joint preparation techniques in first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint arthrodesis. However, the third option of an "in situ" (IS) technique has rarely been studied. This study aims to compare the clinical, radiographic, and patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) of the IS technique for various MTP pathologies with other MTP joint preparation techniques. A single-center retrospective review was performed for patients who underwent primary MTP joint arthrodesis between 2015 and 2019. In total, 388 cases were included in the study. We found higher nonunion rates in the IS group (11.1% vs 4.6%, p = .016). However, the revision rates were similar between the groups (7.1% vs 6.5%, p = .809). Multivariate analysis revealed that diabetes mellitus was associated with significantly higher overall complication rates (p < .001). The FC technique was associated with transfer metatarsalgia (p = .015) and a more first ray shortening (p < .001). Visual analog scale, PROMIS-10 physical, and PROMIS-CAT physical scores significantly improved in IS and FC groups (p < .001, p = .002, p = .001, respectively). The improvement was comparable between the joint preparation techniques (p = .806). In conclusion, the IS joint preparation technique is simple and effective for first MTP joint arthrodesis. In our series, the IS technique had a higher radiographic nonunion rate that did not correlate with a higher revision rate, and otherwise similar complication profile to the FC technique while providing similar PROMs. The IS technique resulted in significantly less first ray shortening when compared to the FC technique.

Hindfoot nailing without joint preparation for ankle fractures in extremely elderly patients: Comparison of clinical and patient-reported outcomes with standard ORIF.

INTRODUCTION: Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) nailing without joint preparation has been indicated as an alternative to open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in the treatment of unstable fragility ankle fractures. We hypothesized that primary hindfoot nailing without joint preparation, and immediate weight bearing can provide a safe and effective treatment for unstable fragility fractures of the ankle compared to ORIF. METHODS: A retrospectively single-center cohort was reviewed for all surgically treated ankle fractures in patients aged 75 years and older between 2016 and 2021. The cases were grouped by the surgical technique: ORIF or TTC nailing. Diagnosis and treatment were validated by a review of the radiographs and the patients' charts. Primary outcomes included complication rates and revision rates. The PROMs questionnaires included the Foot and Ankle-Ability Measure (FAAM-ADL) and the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS). RESULTS: Forty-six cases met the inclusion criteria during the study period. Eighteen in the TTC group and 28 in the ORIF group. The average follow-up was 46.4 months (Median 49.5, SD ± 25.3). The mean age of the TTC group was significantly higher (88.6 versus 81.8, p < 0.001). The mean surgery duration and length of stay were similar. The complication rates were 50.0 % in the ORIF group (28.6 % major) versus 22.2 % in the TTC group (5.6 % major), (p = 0.060). The revision rates were 28.6 % and 11.1 % in the ORIF and TTC groups respectively (p = 0.161). The FAAM-ADL was higher in the ORIF group (62.6 % versus 32.4 %, p = 0.020), as well as the OMAS (60.0 versus 32.8, p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: TTC nailing without joint preparation for unstable fragility fractures of the ankle in the extremely elderly provided a better complication profile compared to traditional ORIF. However, PROMs were inferior.

Outcomes following minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) application in tibial pilon fractures - A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review evaluates postoperative complications and functional outcomes of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) for distal tibial pilon fractures. This paper aims to fill a key literature gap, as no previous reviews have specifically addressed MIPO for tibial pilon fractures or fractures other than those involving the humeral shaft. METHODS: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic literature search was done using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from 2000 to 2022. Inclusion criteria were MIPO treatment in skeletally mature patients, while exclusion criteria were non-English papers, conference abstracts, papers with multiple treatment modalities that didn't analyze MIPO outcomes separately, skeletally immature patients, case reports, and cohorts smaller than five patients. Unpublished papers were also searched using Clinical Trials. Data extraction included general study information, injury specification, outcome measures, and complications. Finally, a risk of bias assessment (RoB) was performed. RESULTS: A total of 1732 studies were identified, of which 23 were included in this review, with 673 patients and 678 fractures analyzed. The mean follow-up ranged from 6 to 62.53 months, with most studies representing intermediate to long-term follow-up. Primary outcome measures showed that 87.33% achieved 'excellent to good' results, 8.67% achieved 'fair' results, and 4% achieved 'poor' results. Stratified by fracture type, 76.47%, 80.05%, and 76.92% of AO/OTA type A, B, and C fractures, respectively, achieved 'excellent to good' results. 35.06% of cases reported complications (236 in total). These included one case of deep infection (0.148%), 28 superficial wound infections (4.16%), 4 nonunion cases (0.59%), and 22 malunion instances (3.27%). RoB assessment showed that 52.17% had a moderate overall risk of bias, 39.13% had a serious overall risk of bias, and 8.7% had a critical overall risk of bias. CONCLUSION: MIPO technique for pilon fractures showed good functional outcomes and reliability, with low complication rates and should be considered in cases where proper indirect reduction is possible. However, while the evidence is promising, further high-quality studies with larger sample sizes, longer-term follow-up, and comparison to other techniques are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Orthopaedic residents' autonomy in hip fracture surgery: what is the effect on patient outcomes?

BACKGROUND: In the context of growing prevalence of hip fractures and hip fracture surgery in the elderly, it is unknown if surgical trainee autonomy in the operating room conflicts with optimal health care provision and safety of patients. We hypothesized that surgery performed solely by residents, without supervision or participation of an attending surgeon, can provide similar outcomes to surgery performed by trauma or joint reconstruction fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons. METHODS: A single-center cohort was retrospectively reviewed for all hip fracture cases, surgically treated with hemiarthroplasty or internal fixation during 2016. Data were analyzed and compared between surgery performed solely by post-graduate-year 4 to 6 residents, and surgery performed by trauma or joint replacement fellowship-trained surgeons. Demographics, time to surgery, and American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System (ASA), surgical parameters, preoperative and postoperative radiographs as well as primary (mortality, complications and revision surgery) and secondary outcome variables were collected and analyzed. Univariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to evaluate outcomes. RESULTS: Out of 478 cases, 404 (84.5%) were included in this study. Non-operative cases, techniques used solely by attending surgeons, such as total hip replacement, were excluded. The average follow-up time was 26.1 months (SD 10.9). Analysis of internal fixation and hemiarthroplasty groups demonstrated no significant difference between residents and attendings in complications (p = 0.353, 0.850, respectively), and mortality (p = 0.796, 0.734, respectively). In both groups, surgery time was significantly longer in the resident group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrates that hip fracture surgery performed by adequately trained orthopaedic surgery residents can provide similar results to surgery performed by fellowship-trained attendings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective cohort study.

Patellar Fracture Surgery Performed Autonomously by Residents, Yields Similar Short-Term Outcomes to Surgery Performed by Fellowship-Trained Surgeons.

BACKGROUND: Open reduction and internal fixation are the gold-standard treatment for displaced patellar fractures. The current literature remains inconclusive on the relationship between resident participation in the operating room and optimal patient outcomes. We hypothesize that surgeries performed solely by residents, without attending supervision, can provide similar outcomes to those performed by fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeons, providing new insights into the relationship between resident autonomy and surgical outcomes in the field of orthopedic trauma. METHODS: A tertiary trauma center cohort was retrospectively reviewed for all surgically treated patellar fractures between 2015 and 2020. The cohort was divided into 2 groups: patients operated by residents and patients operated by orthopedic trauma specialists. Demographics, surgical parameters, and radiographs were compared between the groups to evaluate complications and reoperation rates, radiographic outcomes (such as hardware failure, or loss of reduction), and clinical outcomes (including residual pain, painful hardware, decreased range of motion, and infections). RESULTS: A total of 129 patellar fractures were included in the study. Demographics and ASA were similar between the groups. There were no significant differences in complications (p = 0.900) or reoperation rates (p = 0.817), with an average follow-up time of 8 months (SD ± 5.3). Residents had significantly longer surgery duration (p =0.002). However, the overall length of stay was shorter in the resident group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The study shows patellar fracture surgery performed by adequately trained residents can provide similar outcomes to those performed by fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeons. These findings highlight the significance of surgical autonomy in residency and its role in contemporary surgical education.

Objective and subjective sexual outcomes in adult patients after hypospadias repair performed in childhood.

PURPOSE: We evaluated sexual function and psychosexual adjustment in adults who underwent hypospadias repair in childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After receiving institutional review board approval, 119 of 449 adult patients (26.6%) who underwent hypospadias repair between 1978 and 1993 responded to questionnaires on penile appearance and sexual life. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to primary meatal location in childhood, including group 1-45 (37.8%) with glanular hypospadias, group 2-56 (48.2%) with distal hypospadias and group 3-18 (14%) with proximal hypospadias. RESULTS: All group 1 and 2 patients, and 11% in group 3 were satisfied with the penile appearance. Of group 1 patients 8.9% reported mild erectile dysfunction, as did 50% and 72.2% in groups 2 and 3, respectively. A total of 99 patients (83.2%) complained of premature ejaculation. All group 1 and 2 patients reported excellent self-esteem and relationship on the Self-Esteem and Relationship questionnaire. Most group 3 patients were satisfied with their relationship and only 1 (5.6%) was not satisfied. Two-thirds of the patients in groups 1 and 2 reported that sexual quality of life was excellent and the others described it as good. In group 3 sexual quality of life was somewhat decreased in all patients and 1 (5.6%) had poor sexual quality of life. Physical and mental component summaries were satisfactory in all patients reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the high incidence of mild erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation should not be disregarded and requires appropriate counseling before surgery.

Physical Trauma Following Rocket Warning Sirens in Israel.

INTRODUCTION: Civilians constitute a significant wartime target, and trauma accounts for most of their injuries. Air raid sirens have long been used to alert civilians of incoming attacks and have since expanded to warn from natural disasters. Sirens are known to cause significant emotional distress and physiological changes. Injuries inflicted from trauma while moving for shelter have yet to be described in the medical literature. METHODS: During the recent Israel-Gaza conflict of May 2021, most of Israel's population experienced rocket warning sirens. We collected all adult (18<) patients arriving at a major tertiary medical center emergency department (ED), attesting to having suffered their injury while rushing for shelter. Clinical and demographic data were retrieved and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 48 patients were identified, with a mean age of 59.6 ± 20.0. Ten (21%) patients were admitted, and their mean length of stay was 4.4 ± 3.7 days. Women had a higher probability of being hospitalized (42.9% vs. 5.9%, P = .04), and those hospitalized tended to be older (68.8 ± 16.4 vs. 54.8 ± 20.8, P = .06). Elderly patients (65<) had a higher risk of injury. Extremity injuries were most common (50%), before head trauma (29%) and torso injuries (25%). Most patients (38/48, 79.2%) were discharged from the ED, and the rest were hospitalized for observation or surgery. One patient died from a head injury. CONCLUSIONS: This study implies that injuries while moving for shelter were a prevalent cause of physical injury to Israeli civilians during the Israel-Gaza 2021 conflict. Warning sirens injuries should be given appropriate attention-from prevention by directed media campaigns to post-conflict reimbursement.

Subtype consideration in hip fracture research: patient variances in inter- and intra-classification levels highlight the need for future research deliberation. A 2-years follow-up prospective-historical cohort.

Current research on elderly patients with hip fractures often neglects specific subtypes, either grouping all fracture types or overlooking them entirely. By categorizing elderly patients based on fracture subtypes, we observed diverse baseline characteristics but found no discrepancies in measured outcomes. This emphasizes the need for caution in future research dealing with different or broader measured outcomes that were not covered by the scope of this research. PURPOSE/INTRODUCTION: Existing research in elderly patients with hip fractures often overlooks the distinct subtypes or lumps all fracture types together. We aim to examine the differences between hip fracture subtypes to assess if these differences are meaningful for clinical outcomes and should be considered in future research. METHODS: Patients above 65 years who underwent hip fracture surgeries during a three-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were grouped based on fracture subtype: non-displaced femoral neck (nDFN), displaced femoral neck (DFN), stable intertrochanteric (sIT), and unstable intertrochanteric (uIT). RESULTS: Among the 1,285 included cases, the nDFN-group had lower ASA scores (p = 0.009) and younger patients (p < 0.001), followed by the DFN-group (p = 0.014). The uIT-group had a higher proportion of female patients (72.3%, p = 0.004). Differences in preoperative ambulation status were observed (p = 0.001). However, no significant associations were found between fracture type and postoperative outcomes, including ambulation, transfusions, complications, reoperations, or mortality. Gender and preoperative ambulation status were predictors of mortality across all time frames. ASA score predicted mortality only within the first year after surgery. Age and gender were predictors of postoperative blood transfusions, while age and preoperative ambulation status were predictors of postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in baseline characteristics of hip fractures were observed, but no significant differences were found in measured outcomes. This indicates that the hip fracture group is not homogeneous, emphasizing the need for caution in research involving this population. While grouping all types of proximal femur fractures may be acceptable depending on the outcome being studied, it's essential not to extrapolate these results to outcomes beyond the study's scope. Therefore, we recommend consider hip fracture subtypes when researching different outcomes not covered by this study.

Patient Satisfaction Following Hallux Rigidus Treatment With a Synthetic Cartilage Implant.

BACKGROUND: There remains no clear consensus on patient satisfaction and functional outcomes following synthetic cartilage implant (SCI) implantation for hallux rigidus. The purpose of this study was to review our experience at a single academic institution using an SCI for treatment of hallux rigidus. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent the SCI procedure for treatment of hallux rigidus between January 2017 and May 2019. Functional outcomes were evaluated using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Informational System (PROMIS)-10 scores as well as a survey investigating patient satisfaction, self-reported clinical improvement, and changes in sporting ability. Patients were divided into satisfied versus unsatisfied subgroups, and between-group differences in preoperative variables and complications were reviewed. A total of 90 patients (96 implants) were included in this study. The mean follow-up time was 26.4 months. RESULTS: In all, 81.2% of patients reported that their foot was "much improved" (55.2%) or "improved" (26.0%) since undergoing the SCI procedure, whereas a slightly lower percentage, 74.0%, stated that they were "extremely satisfied" (41.7%) or "satisfied" (32.3%) at final follow-up. Patients were able to tolerate higher impact sporting activities after the procedure, and 75.0% of patients stated they would have the same surgery again. PROMIS-10 T-scores averaged 54.2 points for physical health and 57.4 points for mental health. Only 2.1% of patients required conversion to arthrodesis. Significant differences between the satisfied versus unsatisfied subgroups were found in preoperative corticosteroid injection use (21.1% vs 41.1%, respectively; P = .029) and preoperative VAS pain score (8.2 vs 7.1, respectively; P = .036). CONCLUSION: The SCI procedure can be a viable option for treating hallux rigidus with high satisfaction overall, increased sport activity levels, and a very low revision rate. However, maximizing patient satisfaction may require more careful consideration of preoperative prognosticators and extensive patient counseling to ensure realistic expectations for recovery time and individual outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV: Retrospective case series.

The Efficiency of Highly Porous ß-Tricalcium Phosphate With Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate in Midfoot Joint Arthrodesis.

BACKGROUND: Nonunion is one of the most common and devastating complications following midfoot joint arthrodesis. Many different types of bone grafts and bone substitutes have been used to promote osseous fusion. However, there is no consensus on the gold standard bone grafting material and whether biologic materials should be used alone or in combination. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of highly porous ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) with bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) in midfoot joint arthrodesis. METHODS: This retrospective comparative study included patients who underwent midfoot joint arthrodesis using compression screws. Patients were classified into 2 groups: arthrodesis with highly porous ß-TCP and BMAC (group A) and arthrodesis without them (group B). The osseous union rate was compared between the 2 groups. A total of 44 patients (46 feet) including 89 joints were included in this study. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the union rate between the 2 groups: 91.5% (43/47 joints) in arthrodesis with highly porous ß-TCP and BMAC (group A) and 76.2% (32/42 joints) in arthrodesis without highly porous ß-TCP and BMAC (group B; P = .048). CONCLUSION: This study investigated the efficiency of highly porous ß-TCP and BMAC to promote bony healing in midfoot joint arthrodesis. A significantly higher union rate was shown when arthrodesis was performed with highly porous ß-TCP and BMAC, compared with arthrodesis performed without them. We suggest that highly porous ß-TCP and BMAC can be a viable and effective adjunct to the fixation in midfoot joint arthrodesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III: Retrospective comparative analysis.

Intercontinental validation of a clinical prediction model for predicting 90-day and 2-year mortality in an Israeli cohort of 2033 patients with a femoral neck fracture aged 65 or above.

PURPOSE: Mortality prediction in elderly femoral neck fracture patients is valuable in treatment decision-making. A previously developed and internally validated clinical prediction model shows promise in identifying patients at risk of 90-day and 2-year mortality. Validation in an independent cohort is required to assess the generalizability; especially in geographically distinct regions. Therefore we questioned, is the SORG Orthopaedic Research Group (SORG) femoral neck fracture mortality algorithm externally valid in an Israeli cohort to predict 90-day and 2-year mortality? METHODS: We previously developed a prediction model in 2022 for estimating the risk of mortality in femoral neck fracture patients using a multicenter institutional cohort of 2,478 patients from the USA. The model included the following input variables that are available on clinical admission: age, male gender, creatinine level, absolute neutrophil, hemoglobin level, international normalized ratio (INR), congestive heart failure (CHF), displaced fracture, hemiplegia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and beta-blocker use. To assess the generalizability, we used an intercontinental institutional cohort from the Sheba Medical Center in Israel (level I trauma center), queried between June 2008 and February 2022. Generalizability of the model was assessed using discrimination, calibration, Brier score, and decision curve analysis. RESULTS: The validation cohort included 2,033 patients, aged 65 years or above, that underwent femoral neck fracture surgery. Most patients were female 64.8% (n = 1317), the median age was 81 years (interquartile range = 75-86), and 80.4% (n = 1635) patients sustained a displaced fracture (Garden III/IV). The 90-day mortality was 9.4% (n = 190) and 2-year mortality was 30.0% (n = 610). Despite numerous baseline differences, the model performed acceptably to the validation cohort on discrimination (c-statistic 0.67 for 90-day, 0.67 for 2-year), calibration, Brier score, and decision curve analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The previously developed SORG femoral neck fracture mortality algorithm demonstrated good performance in an independent intercontinental population. Current iteration should not be relied on for patient care, though suggesting potential utility in assessing patients at low risk for 90-day or 2-year mortality. Further studies should evaluate this tool in a prospective setting and evaluate its feasibility and efficacy in clinical practice. The algorithm can be freely accessed: https://sorg-apps.shinyapps.io/hipfracturemortality/ . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Prognostic study.

Outcome of hypospadias repair in toilet-trained children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: To review a leading causes and surgical outcome of hypospadias repair in toilet-trained children and adolescents in our department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over the period from 1987 to 2010, 84 toilet-trained children and adolescents with a median age of 13 years (range 4-18) underwent hypospadias repair. Voiding symptoms were a cause for referral in 31(36%) patients, difficulties in self-appraisal or patient desire in 49(55.7%) and 4(4.8%) patients with DSD underwent male genitoplasty as a part of sex reassignment. Of those 43(51.2%) had glanular hypospadias, 36(42.9%) distal and 5(5.9%) had proximal type of hypospadias. Meatoplasty was performed in 18(21.4%) patients, MAGPI in 24(28.6%), Mathieu flip-flap in 20(23.8%), preputial pedicled flap as onlay in 2(2.4%) and as tubularized in 2(2.4%) patients, and TIP procedure was done in 16(19%). Two (2.4%) patients required two stage repair. RESULTS: Twenty-three (27.4%) developed surgery-related complications such as meatal stenosis in 3(15.5%), breakdown of primary repair in 7(8.3%), and urethral fistula in 13(15.5%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There are clear differences in terms of complications rate and overall success compared with the repair in the earlier ages.

Midfoot Joint Arthrodesis Using Compression Plate With Lag Screw Augmenting With Highly Porous ß-Tricalcium Phosphate and Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate.

BACKGROUND: There is still a controversy regarding the most optimal fixation instruments and bone graft materials for midfoot joint arthrodesis. We present the results of midfoot joint arthrodesis using compression plate with lag screw augmenting with highly porous ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing midfoot joint arthrodesis using compression plate with lag screw augmenting with highly porous ß-TCP and BMAC from January 2014 to May 2019. The radiographic bony union rate was investigated. Postoperative complications and reoperations were also reviewed. A total of 36 patients (37 feet) including 75 joints were available in this study. RESULTS: A high union rate was achieved as of 97.3% in 73 of 75 joints. Nonunion occurred in 2 patients including 2 joints. Other than nonunion, there were no major complications such as deep infection. Minor complications (5 of 75 joints, 6.7%) included hardware irritations. Reoperations were required in 1 patient for revision of arthrodesis and symptomatic hardware removal was performed in all 5 hardware irritation cases. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, the fixation construct of compression plate with lag screw augmenting with highly porous ß-TCP and BMAC is safe and effective for midfoot joint arthrodesis with an excellent union rate and a low complication rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective case series.

The Role of Weightbearing Computed Tomography Scan in Hallux Valgus.

BACKGROUND: Hyperpronation of the first metatarsal in hallux valgus (HV) is poorly understood by conventional weightbearing radiography. We aimed to evaluate this parameter using weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) and to understand its association with other standard measurements. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of WBCT and weightbearing radiographs (WBXRs) was performed for 20 patients with HV feet and 20 controls with no such deformity. Axial computed tomography images of both groups were compared for the first metatarsal pronation angle (alpha angle) and tibial sesamoid subluxation (TSS) grades. The HV angle (HVA), first-second intermetatarsal angle (IMA), first metatarsal-medial cuneiform angle (MMCA), Meary's angle, and calcaneal pitch (CP) angle of the study and control groups were compared on both WBXR and the corresponding 2-dimensional images of WBCT. All measurements were independently performed by 1 musculoskeletal radiology fellow and 1 foot and ankle surgical fellow. Measurements were averaged and interobserver reliability was calculated. RESULTS: The HV group demonstrated significantly higher values for TSS grade (P < .001) but not for alpha angle (P = .121) compared with controls. Likewise, significantly elevated HVA and IMA were noted in the HV group on both imaging modalities, while no such differences were observed for the CP angle. Higher MMCA and Meary's angle in the HV group were evident only on WBXR (MMCA, P = .039; Meary's, P = .009) but not on WBCT (MMCA, P = .183; Meary's, P = .171).Among all, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated the greatest area under the curve (AUC) for HVA, followed by IMA. The alpha angle performed only just outside the range of chance (AUC, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.52-0.69). The Pearson's correlations of the alpha angle, in the HV group, revealed a significant linear relationship with TSS grade and with HVA on WBXR, and only trended toward a weak linear relationship with IMA and with HVA on WBCT. CONCLUSION: The alpha angle, a measure of abnormal hyperpronation of the first metatarsal, was an independent factor that may coexist with other parameters in HV, but in isolation had limited diagnostic utility. "Abnormal" alpha angles were even observed in individuals without HV. Increases in IMA and MMCA were not necessarily associated with similar increases in alpha angle, despite moderate correlations with TSS grade and HVA on WBXR. Nevertheless, the WBCT was a useful method for assessing hyperpronation and guiding surgical management in individual cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Comparison of 4 Different Fixation Strategies for Midfoot Arthrodesis: A Retrospective Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND: Midfoot arthrodesis is a common procedure performed both for arthritis and correction of deformity. The optimal fixation for midfoot arthrodesis has not been established, though numerous studies have been investigating the fixation techniques of midfoot arthrodesis. The purpose of this study was to compare the union rate of midfoot arthrodesis using 4 different fixation strategies and investigate risk factors of nonunion following midfoot arthrodesis. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who underwent midfoot joint arthrodesis between January 2014 and May 2019. The rates of nonunion and postoperative complication were compared among 4 different fixation constructs: staple fixation, compression plate fixation, compression plate with lag screw fixation, and compression screw fixation. Predictors of nonunion following midfoot arthrodesis were investigated through a multivariable logistic regression analysis. A total of 95 patients (99 feet), including 240 midfoot joints were included in this study. The mean follow-up period was 78.4 weeks. RESULTS: Overall, bony union was achieved in 86 out of 99 (86.9%) patients, which included 218 out of 240 (90.8%) midfoot joints. A significant difference in the nonunion rate according to the type of fixation construct was found (P = .011); the compression screw alone fixation construct was noted to have a significantly higher nonunion rate than other fixation constructs. Diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] = 0.179 [95% CI: 0.059, 0.542]), the type of fixation construct (compression screw alone; OR =1.789 [95% CI: 1.071, 2.978]), lack of adjuvant bone graft (OR = 2.803 [95% CI: 1.081, 7.268], and postoperative nonanatomical alignment (OR = 3.937 [95% CI: 1.278, 12.126]) were identified as independent predictors of nonunion following midfoot arthrodesis. CONCLUSION: The rate of nonunion following midfoot arthrodesis among 4 different commonly used fixation constructs was compared in this study. Risk factors of nonunion were investigated revealing that diabetes mellitus, compression screw fixation alone, lack of adjuvant bone graft, and postoperative nonanatomical alignment are independent predictors of nonunion following midfoot arthrodesis. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level III: Comparative cohort study.

Patients undergoing hip arthroscopy with active workers' compensation claims do not demonstrate inferior outcomes at mid-term.

INTRODUCTION: Workers' compensation (WC) claims have been associated with poor short-term outcomes after hip arthroscopy. We aim to report mid-term outcomes and return to work (RTW) among patients with WC claims. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed for patients undergoing hip arthroscopy between September 2008 and July 2011. Inclusion criteria were an active WC claim at time of surgery with preoperatively-documented patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Exclusion criteria were a previous hip condition and preoperative Tönnis grade >1. Patient-reported WC cases were pair-matched to non-WC cases based on body mass index (BMI) ± 5, age ± 5 years, gender, preoperative LCEA, labral treatment, and capsular treatment. RESULTS: 52 patients had minimum 5-year outcomes. Mean age was 40.6 (±10.6) years and a mean BMI of 27.5 (±5.3). 9 (16.7%) hips underwent secondary arthroscopies. 5 hips (9.3%) were converted to THA. There were 5 (9.3%) reports of numbness, all of which resolved spontaneously. Work status details were available for 49 patients and 47 patients (95.9%) returned to work. 42 WC hips were matched to 42 control hips. At ⩾5-year follow-up, patient-reported outcomes, visual analogue scale (VAS) and satisfaction were not different between the groups. All magnitudes in improvement were significantly higher in the WC group (p = < 0.001) except for VAS. No significant differences were found in rates of secondary arthroscopies, conversions to THA, or complications between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: WC patients have equal favourable mid-term outcomes as non-WC patients after hip arthroscopy for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement and labral pathology.

Sub-acromial balloon spacer for irreparable rotator cuff tears: Is it an appropriate salvage procedure?

INTRODUCTION: Irreparable rotator cuff tear (RCT) presents a difficult treatment challenge for the orthopaedic surgeon. Many treatment strategies with varying degrees of success have been performed over the years. One of the suggested surgical treatment options is the use of a biodegradable sub-acromial balloon spacer. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients treated with sub-acromial balloon spacer between the years 2011 and 2016 was conducted. Mean follow-up time was 14.4 months. Patient charts were reviewed to evaluate the early clinical results and complications of sub-acromial spacer for irreparable RCTs. RESULTS: The study cohort included 24 shoulders in 22 patients. The average postoperative Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 62.4. The average preoperative University of California at Los-Angeles Shoulder score was 10.9 and improved to 15.9 ( p = 0.001). Forty-six per cent of patients were satisfied with their clinical postoperative outcome. We found moderate-strong positive correlation ( r = 0.64) between preoperative range of motion (ROM) and general satisfaction. None of the postoperative radiographs showed an improvement regarding the proximal migration of the humeral head. In total, four (16.7%) patients experienced postoperative complications, and two (8.3%) patients required an additional surgery as a consequence of a postoperative complication. CONCLUSION: Our results show unsatisfactory improvement in patients with irreparable RCT treated with the sub-acromial balloon spacer. Careful patient selection with attention to preoperative ROM should be considered. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic level IV.