Analyzing the Performance of a Miniature 3D Wind Sensor for Mars.

This paper analyzes the behavior of a miniature 3D wind sensor designed for Mars atmosphere. The sensor is a spherical structure of 10 mm diameter divided in four sectors. By setting all the sectors to constant temperature, above that of the air, the 3D wind velocity vector can be measured. Two sets of experiments have been performed. First, an experimental campaign made under typical Mars conditions at the Aarhus Wind Tunnel Simulator is presented. The results demonstrate that both wind speed and angle can be efficiently measured, using a simple inverse algorithm. The effect of sudden wind changes is also analyzed and fast response times in the range of 0.7 s are obtained. The second set of experiments is focused on analyzing the performance of the sensor under extreme Martian wind conditions, reaching and going beyond the Dust Devil scale. To this purpose, both high-fidelity numerical simulations of fluid dynamics and heat transfer and experiments with the sensor have been performed. The results of the experiments, made for winds in the Reynolds number 1000-2000 range, which represent 65-130 m/s of wind speed under typical Mars conditions, further confirm the simulation predictions and show that it will be possible to successfully measure wind speed and direction even under these extreme regimes.

A Miniaturized 3D Heat Flux Sensor to Characterize Heat Transfer in Regolith of Planets and Small Bodies.

The objective of this work is to present the first analytical and experimental results obtained with a 3D heat flux sensor for planetary regolith. The proposed structure, a sphere divided in four sectors, is sensible to heat flow magnitude and angle. Each sector includes a platinum resistor that is used both to sense its temperature and provide heating power. By operating the sectors at constant temperature, the sensor gives a response that is proportional to the heat flux vector in the regolith. The response of the sensor is therefore independent of the thermal conductivity of the regolith. A complete analytical solution of the response of the sensor is presented. The sensor may be used to provide information on the instantaneous local thermal environment surrounding a lander in planetary exploration or in small bodies like asteroids. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first sensor capable of measuring local 3D heat flux.

Standards of Practice in Acute Ischemic Stroke Intervention International Recommendations.

After five positive randomized controlled trials showed benefit of mechanical thrombectomy in the management of acute ischemic stroke with emergent large-vessel occlusion, a multi-society meeting was organized during the 17th Congress of the World Federation of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology in October 2017 in Budapest, Hungary. This multi-society meeting was dedicated to establish standards of practice in acute ischemic stroke intervention aiming for a consensus on the minimum requirements for centers providing such treatment. In an ideal situation, all patients would be treated at a center offering a full spectrum of neuroendovascular care (a level 1 center). However, for geographical reasons, some patients are unable to reach such a center in a reasonable period of time. With this in mind, the group paid special attention to define recommendations on the prerequisites of organizing stroke centers providing medical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke, but not for other neurovascular diseases (level 2 centers). Finally, some centers will have a stroke unit and offer intravenous thrombolysis, but not any endovascular stroke therapy (level 3 centers). Together, these level 1, 2, and 3 centers form a complete stroke system of care. The multi-society group provides recommendations and a framework for the development of medical thrombectomy services worldwide.

Acceleration of the Measurement Time of Thermopiles Using Sigma-Delta Control.

This work presents a double sliding mode control designed for accelerating the measurement of heat fluxes using thermopiles. The slow transient response generated in the thermopile, when it is placed in contact with the surface to be measured, is due to the changes in the temperature distributions that this operation triggers. It is shown that under some conditions the proposed controls keep the temperature distribution of the whole system constant and that changes in the heat flux at the thermopile are almost instantaneously compensated by the controls. One-dimensional simulations and experimental results using a commercial thermopile, showing the goodness of the proposed approach, are presented. A first rigorous analysis of the control using the Sliding Mode Control and Diffusive Representation theories is also made.

Using a Second Order Sigma-Delta Control to Improve the Performance of Metal-Oxide Gas Sensors.

Controls of surface potential have been proposed to accelerate the time response of MOX gas sensors. These controls use temperature modulations and a feedback loop based on first-order sigma-delta modulators to keep constant the surface potential. Changes in the surrounding gases, therefore, must be compensated by average temperature produced by the control loop, which is the new output signal. The purpose of this paper is to present a second order sigma-delta control of the surface potential for gas sensors. With this new control strategy, it is possible to obtain a second order zero of the quantization noise in the output signal. This provides a less noisy control of the surface potential, while at the same time some undesired effects of first order modulators, such as the presence of plateaus, are avoided. Experiments proving these performance improvements are presented using a gas sensor made of tungsten oxide nanowires. Plateau avoidance and second order noise shaping is shown with ethanol measurements.

Boosting the Sensitivity and Hysteresis of a Gel Polymer Electrolyte by Embedding SiO2 Nanoparticles and PVP for Humidity Applications.

Enhancing sensitivity and hysteresis in capacitance humidity sensors is vital for precise, reliable, and consistent humidity control. This study explores this concern by incorporating polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and SiO2 nanoparticles into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte (ILGPE), studying two capacitor types: ILGPE and SiO2 composite ILGPE (CILGPE) capacitors. These novel electrolytes use ammonium acetate as a plasticiser, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide as an ionic liquid, SiO2 nanoparticles as a composite, and PVA and PVP as host polymers. Capacitors were characterised and modelled using impedance spectroscopy (IS), providing an electrophysical insight into their working principle. Sensitivity and hysteresis were evaluated within a 20-90% relative humidity (RH) range at 25 °C. The SiO2 CILGPE capacitor with PVP presented superior sensitivity and hysteresis, revealing the beneficial combination of SiO2 nanoparticles and PVP. These benefits are due to the creation of pathways that facilitate water molecule diffusion and crystallinity reduction in PVA-ILGPE. In particular, at 10 kHz, it demonstrates a calibrated capacitance sensitivity of 2660 pF/%RH and a hysteresis of 3.28 %RH. This optimised capacitor outperforms some previous humidity capacitive sensors in sensitivity while exhibiting low hysteresis.

[Self-control. Training to trainers and patients]. / Autocontrol. Formación a formadores y a pacientes.

OAT self-managament, based on autonomous analysis practice using portable systems and dose auto adjustment guided by algorithms, has shown to have superiority over all other management systems, including anticoagulation centralized units. This system has successfully reduced thromboembolic events, major bleeding and, more importantly, mortality from any cause. The patient education for self-management is probably the essential key to the success of this model. Proper patient selection and relevant training ensure the effectiveness and reliability of self- management.

Autocontrol. Formación a formadores y a pacientes / Self-control. Training to trainers and a patients

El autocontrol del TAO, basado en la práctica autónoma del análisis mediante sistemas portátiles y en autoajuste de dosis guiado por algoritmos, ha demostrado presentar superioridad frente a todos los demás sistemas de gestión, incluidas las unidades centralizadas de anticoagulación. Con él se ha conseguido reducir los accidentes tromboembólicos, las hemorragias mayores y, lo que es más importante, la mortalidad por cualquier causa. La educación de los pacientes para realizar autocontrol es probablemente la clave fundamental para el éxito de este modelo. Una selección adecuada de los individuos candidatos y la pertinente formación garantizan con gran fiabilidad la eficacia y la seguridad del autocontrol (AU)

OAT self-managament, based on autonomous analysis practice using portable systems and dose auto adjustment guided by algorithms, has shown to have superiority over all other management systems, including anticoagulation centralized units. This system has successfully reduced thromboembolic events, major bleeding and, more importantly, mortality from any cause. The patient education for self-management is probably the essential key to the success of this model. Proper patient selection and relevant training ensure the effectiveness and reliability of self- management (AU)