Effect of perioperative pain neuroscience education in people undergoing surgery for lumbar radiculopathy: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative education should be improved to decrease unfavourable outcomes after lumbar surgery. This trial aimed to compare effectiveness in terms of pain, quality of life, pain cognition, surgical experience, healthcare use, work resumption, and cost-effectiveness of perioperative pain neuroscience education (PPNE) vs traditional biomedical education (perioperative biomedical education [PBE]) in people undergoing surgery for lumbar radiculopathy. METHODS: In this multicentre RCT (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02630732), patients undergoing surgery for lumbar radiculopathy in three Belgian hospitals were randomised to receive PPNE or PBE. Both groups received one preoperative and one postoperative one-to-one education session and a booklet (balanced interventions), with an essentially different content (PPNE: biopsychosocial; PBE: biomedical). Pain was the primary outcome (Visual Analogue Scales+quantitative sensory testing). Assessments were at 3 days, 6 weeks, and 6 and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Between March 2016 and April 2020, participants were randomly assigned to PPNE (n=58) or PBE (n=62). At 12 months, PPNE did not lead to significantly better pain outcomes, but it did result in more favourable 36-item Short Form Health Survey physical component (additional increase: 46.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.16-79.73; medium effect), Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (additional decrease: 3.15; 95% CI: 0.25-6.04; small effect), and Pain Catastrophising Scale (additional decrease: 6.18; 95% CI: 1.97-10.39; medium effect) scores. Females of the PPNE group showed higher probability for work resumption (95% vs 60% in the PBE group). PPNE was cost-effective compared with PBE (incremental costs: €-2732; incremental quality-adjusted life years: 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative pain neuroscience education showed superior clinical and cost-effectiveness than perioperative biomedical education in people undergoing surgery for lumbar radiculopathy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02630732.

Experimental Pain Measurements Do Not Relate to Pain Intensity and Pain Cognitions in People Scheduled for Surgery for Lumbar Radiculopathy.

OBJECTIVE: The present cross-sectional study aims to unravel associations of pain intensity and cognitions with quantitative sensory testing in people scheduled for surgery for lumbar radiculopathy. Additionally, insight will be provided into the presence of dysfunctional nociceptive processing and maladaptive pain cognitions in this population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Data from three hospitals in Belgium. SUBJECTS: The final sample comprised 120 participants with lumbar radiculopathy scheduled for surgery, included between March 2016 and April 2019. METHODS: Self-reported pain intensity was assessed on a visual analog scale, and pain cognitions were assessed with self-reported questionnaires (Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, and Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire). Quantitative sensory testing (detection thresholds, pain thresholds, temporal summation, and conditioned pain modulation) was evaluated, as well. RESULTS: Evidence was found for the presence of an impaired inhibitory response to nociceptive stimuli and maladaptive pain cognitions in this population. Kinesiophobia was found to be present to a maladaptive degree in the majority of the patients (n = 106 [88%]). Significant, but weak, associations between electrical pain thresholds at the sural nerves and leg pain intensity (sural nerve symptomatic side: r = -0.23; P = 0.01; non-symptomatic side: r = -0.22; P = 0.02) and kinesiophobia levels (sural nerve non-symptomatic side: r = -0.26; P = 0.006) were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Electrical detection thresholds and correlates for endogenous nociceptive facilitation and inhibition were not found to be related to any of the pain cognitions or to pain intensity in people scheduled to undergo surgery for lumbar radiculopathy.

Health-related quality of life deviations from population norms in patients with lumbar radiculopathy: associations with pain, pain cognitions, and endogenous nociceptive modulation.

PURPOSE: The primary goal of this study was to compare the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of people with lumbar radiculopathy to age- and sex-adjusted population norms. Additionally, it aimed to explore the associations between the HRQoL difference scores and measures related to pain cognitions, pain intensity, and endogenous nociceptive modulation. METHODS: Using answers from the Short Form 36-item Health Survey and UK population norms, SF-6D difference scores were calculated. A one-sample t test was used to assess the SF-6D difference scores. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to assess the associations between SF-6D difference scores and pain intensity [Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for back and leg pain], pain cognitions [Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ)], and correlates for endogenous nociceptive modulation using quantitative sensory testing. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty people with lumbar radiculopathy scheduled for surgery were included in this study. The mean SF-6D difference score of - 0.26 [SD = 0.09] was found to be significantly less than 0 [95%CI: - 0.27 to - 0.24]. Univariate analyses showed a significant influence from PCS, TSK, and PVAQ on the SF-6D difference scores. The final multivariate regression model included PCS and PVAQ, with only PCS maintaining a statistically significant regression coefficient [b = - 0.002; 95% CI: - 0.004 to - 0.001]. CONCLUSION: People diagnosed with lumbar radiculopathy report significantly lower HRQoL scores when compared with age- and sex-adjusted UK norm values. Even though all examined pain cognitions were found to have a significant association, pain catastrophizing showed the most significant relation to the SF-6D difference scores. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier No. NCT02630732. Date of registration: November 25, 2015.

Cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes: a systematic review of health economic studies.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review aimed to provide an overview of the existing literature on cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes (ERSs). METHODS: A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, EconLit, Web of Science and PsycINFO. Main inclusion criteria were: (1) insufficiently active people; (2) ERSs and (3) full health economic evaluations. No publication year limits were applied. The methodological quality was assessed independently by two reviewers using the Consensus Health Economic Criteria (CHEC) checklist. RESULTS: Fifteen eligible publications were retrieved, presenting results of 12 different studies. Compared with usual care, ERSs were found to be cost-effective in a majority of the analyses, but with modest health gains and costs per individual. These cost-effectiveness results were also sensitive to small changes in input parameters. Two studies found that ERSs combined with a pedometer/accelerometer are cost-effective, compared with usual ERS practice. Two other studies found that an ERS with phone support and an ERS with face-to-face support might be equally effective, with similar costs. CONCLUSION: Although the literature demonstrated that ERSs could be cost-effective compared with usual care, these results were not robust. Based on a small number of studies, ERSs could be optimized by using tracking devices, or by providing a choice to the participants about the delivery mode. There is need for clarity on the effectiveness of and attendance to ERS, as more certainty about these key input parameters will strengthen health-economic evidence, and thus will allow to provide a clearer message to health policy-makers.

Oral healthcare delivery in institutionalised older people: A health-economic evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: This health-economic evaluation aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of a number of alternatives for preventive and curative oral health care in institutionalised older people in Flanders. METHODS: A six-state Markov model was used to compare expected costs and healthy oral years (HOYs) of four alternatives: (1) usual care; (2) on-site preventive care; (3) on-site preventive care + curative care in the community; and (4) on-site preventive care + on-site curative care. A healthcare payer perspective was adopted, and the time horizon was 10 years. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of alternatives 2, 3 and 4 (all compared to alternative 1) were as follows: (2) 7944 €/HOY gained; (3) 1576 €/HOY gained; and (4) 1132 €/HOY gained. Hence, alternatives 2 and 3 were not cost-effective compared to alternative 4. The probability that oral care interventions are more effective and cost-saving than usual care was <3% for all three interventions. CONCLUSIONS: For institutionalised older people, on-site solutions for preventive and curative oral health care might be the most cost-effective alternative. It should be kept in mind that on-site solutions require large initial investment and that the advanced age of the population and the high costs of oral health care make it unlikely that these interventions would become cost-saving, even in the long term.

Cost-effectiveness of an in-home respite care program to support informal caregivers of persons with dementia: A model-based analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cost-effectiveness of an in-home respite care program in addition to standard community-based dementia care to support informal caregivers of persons with dementia compared with standard community-based dementia care. METHODS: An age-dependent decision-analytic Markov model was applied from a third-party payer and a societal perspective projecting results of a quasi-experimental study over a time horizon of 5 years assuming a repetition of the program every 6 months. Additionally, to deal with uncertainty and to test robustness of the model scenario, one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Implementing the program resulted in a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gain of 0.14 in favor of the invention group compared with controls and an incremental cost of 1270€ from the third-party payer perspective and of 1220€ from the societal perspective. Next, an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 9042€/QALY and of 8690€/QALY was found in the base case, from the third-party payer perspective and the societal perspective, respectively. The scenario, one-way sensitivity, and probabilistic analyses demonstrated robustness of the base-case results. CONCLUSION: This cost-effectiveness analysis suggests that an in-home respite care program in addition to standard community-based dementia care is a cost-effective approach compared with standard community-based dementia care only. These findings provide more insight into the value of such services for the patient, the caregiver, and for society.

Electrical (Pain) Thresholds and Conditioned Pain Modulation in Patients with Low Back-Related Leg Pain and Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: When evaluating sensory dysfunctions and pain mechanisms in patients with low back pain (LBP), a specific subgroup of patients with radicular symptoms is often excluded. Comparative studies that evaluate sensory sensitivity in patients with a dominant nociceptive and neuropathic pain component are rarely performed. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine differences in electrical thresholds and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) between patients with low back-related leg pain (LBRLP) and patients with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: University Hospital Brussels. SUBJECTS: Twenty-one patients with LBRLP and 21 patients with FBSS were included. METHODS: Electrical detection thresholds (EDTs), electrical pain thresholds (EPTs), and CPM were evaluated on the symptomatic and nonsymptomatic sides. Within- and between-group differences were evaluated for all parameters. RESULTS: No between-group differences were found for EDT and EPT at both sides. On the nonsymptomatic side, a significantly lower CPM effect was found in the FBSS group (P = 0.04). The only significant within-group difference was an increased EDT at the symptomatic side in patients with FBSS (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: LBP patients with a primary neuropathic pain component revealed altered detection sensitivity at the symptomatic side, without severe indications for altered nociceptive processing, compared with LBP patients without a dominant neuropathic pain component. Endogenous modulation is functioning in LBP patients, although it is possible that it might only be functioning partially in patients with a dominant neuropathic pain component.

OptiBIRTH: a cluster randomised trial of a complex intervention to increase vaginal birth after caesarean section.

BACKGROUND: Despite evidence supporting the safety of vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC), rates are low in many countries. METHODS: OptiBIRTH investigated the effects of a woman-centred intervention designed to increase VBAC rates through an unblinded cluster randomised trial in 15 maternity units with VBAC rates < 35% in Germany, Ireland and Italy. Sites were matched in pairs or triplets based on annual birth numbers and VBAC rate, and randomised, 1:1 or 2:1, intervention versus control, following trial registration. The intervention involved evidence-based education of clinicians and women with one previous caesarean section (CS), appointment of opinion leaders, audit/peer review, and joint discussions by women and clinicians. Control sites provided usual care. Primary outcome was annual hospital-level VBAC rates before the trial (2012) versus final year of the trial (2016). Between April 2014 and October 2015, 2002 women were recruited (intervention 1195, control 807), with mode-of-birth data available for 1940 women. RESULTS: The OptiBIRTH intervention was feasible and safe across hospital settings in three countries. There was no statistically significant difference in the change in the proportion of women having a VBAC between intervention sites (25.6% in 2012 to 25.1% in 2016) and control sites (18.3 to 22.3%) (odds ratio adjusted for differences between intervention and control groups (2012) and for homogeneity in VBAC rates at sites in the countries: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.14, p = 0.32 based on 5674 women (2012) and 5284 (2016) with outcome data. Among recruited women with birth data, 4/1147 perinatal deaths > 24 weeks gestation occurred in the intervention group (0.34%) and 4/782 in the control group (0.51%), and two uterine ruptures (one per group), a rate of 1:1000. CONCLUSIONS: Changing clinical practice takes time. As elective repeat CS is the most common reason for CS in multiparous women, interventions that are feasible and safe and that have been shown to lead to decreasing repeat CS, should be promoted. Continued research to refine the best way of promoting VBAC is essential. This may best be done using an implementation science approach that can modify evidence-based interventions in response to changing clinical circumstances. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The OptiBIRTH trial was registered on 3/4/2013. Trial registration number ISRCTN10612254.

The Incremental Hospitalization Cost of Significant Transport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury.

AIM: This study aims to determine the incremental cost of acute hospitalization for traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared with matched controls. A second purpose is to identify the factors contributing to this hospital costs. METHODOLOGY: Analyses were performed on administrative data for injured patients, hospitalized in Belgium between 2009 and 2011 following a road traffic accident. Cases were matched to a control with similar injuries but without TBI. The incremental hospitalization cost of TBI and the factors contributing to the hospital costs were determined using multivariable regression modeling with gamma distribution and log link. RESULTS: A descriptive comparison of cases and controls shows clear differences in healthcare utilization and costs. The presence of a TBI increases the cost by a factor between 1.66 (95% confidence interval: 1.52-1.82) and 2.08 (95% confidence interval: 1.72-2.51). Regarding healthcare utilization, the most important determinants of hospital costs are surgical complexity, use of magnetic resonance imaging, intensive care unit admission, and mechanical ventilation. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first matched-control study calculating the incremental hospitalization cost of TBI. The insights provided by this study are relevant in the context of prospective payments and can be an incentive for investments in prevention policies and extramural care.

Cost-utility analysis of lifestyle interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes.

BACKGROUND: To compare estimated costs and health outcomes of lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women who had gestational diabetes. METHODS: An age-specific Markov model was applied comparing costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of three alternatives: 'doing nothing'; an annual reminder system (ARS) with an awareness campaign ('ARS-awareness'); and an ARS with an intensive lifestyle intervention ('ARS-ILS'). A healthcare payer perspective was adopted, the time horizon was 30 years and the setting was Flanders (Belgium). Sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: 'ARS-awareness' was extendedly dominated. Per 10 000 participants, 'ARS-ILS' cost €13 210 256 more and gained 496 QALYs compared with 'doing nothing' (26 632 €/QALY), with a 63% probability of being cost effective, given a cost effectiveness threshold of 35 000 €/QALY. A scenario analysis showed that 'ARS-ILS' for 15 years only offered to women with prediabetes (compared with 'doing nothing') has an 89.5% likelihood of being dominant. CONCLUSIONS: 'ARS-ILS' may be the preferred intervention. However, the probability of being cost effective was low. Based on further scenario analyses, we recommend healthcare decision makers to consider the application of a more intensive alternative, focused on the highest risk profiles and with a shorter intervention duration.

The predictive value of the multiple hop test for first-time noncontact lateral ankle sprains.

The predictive value of the multiple hop test for first-time noncontact lateral ankle sprains. BACKGROUND: Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) are very common sports injuries, cause high health care costs and are associated with postural control deficits. From a preventive point of view, clinicians should dispose valid field tests to identify athletes at risk for a LAS. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of the multiple hop test (MHT) for first-time noncontact LAS. METHODS: Non-elite athletes (n = 232) performed the MHT at baseline. During a 12-month follow-up period, all noncontact LAS related to health care costs were recorded. Outcomes of the MHT (completion time, balance errors and perceived difficulty) between the injured and uninjured group were compared and odds ratios (OR) and relative risks (RR) were calculated using a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Ten first-time noncontact LAS were recorded (4.3%). Injured athletes made significantly more change-in-support strategy (CSS) errors when compared to uninjured athletes (p = .04). The OR of the number of CSS errors was 1.14 (p = .03), the RR 4.1 (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Athletes scoring > 12 CSS errors, have a four times increased risk for a first-time noncontact LAS. The MHT is a valid field test to identify athletes at risk for a first-time noncontact LAS.

Effectiveness of an in-home respite care program to support informal dementia caregivers: A comparative study.

OBJECTIVES: Dementia is a major public health problem with important physical, psychosocial, emotional, and financial consequences for patients, their caregivers, and society. Since patients prefer to be managed at home, extensive research has been conducted into effectiveness of psychosocial interventions to support informal caregivers. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an in-home respite care program. METHODS: In a prospective quasi-experimental study, 99 dyads who received an in-home respite care program were compared at 6 months post-baseline, with 99 matched dyads receiving standard dementia care. Additionally, the short-term effect of the program was evaluated 14 to 15 days post-intervention. The primary outcome was caregiver burden. The secondary outcomes were: desire to institutionalize the patient, caregiver quality of life, and frequency and impact of behavioral problems. Mixed model analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of the intervention. RESULTS: After 6 months, no significant difference on caregiver burden was observed, but intervention group caregivers had a significant lower desire to institutionalize the patient compared with control group caregivers (adj.diff = -0.51; p = .02). Shortly after the program, intervention group caregivers also had a significant lower role strain (adj.diff = 0.75; p = .05), and a lower burden on social and family life (adj.diff = 0.55; p = .05) compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS: This study was the first comparative study to investigate effectiveness of an in-home respite care program to support informal caregivers of persons with dementia. The results partly confirm earlier positive findings from explorative studies.

The incremental cost of traumatic brain injury during the first year after a road traffic accident.

This study aims to determine the incremental cost of TBI during the first year after a traffic accident, compared to other patients with similar non-TBI injuries. Secondly, identification of factors associated with medical costs of TBI is pursued. Analyses were performed on administrative data for traffic victims hospitalised in Belgium between 2009 and 2011. Medical costs attributable to the accident are estimated over one year post-injury. Cases with TBI were matched to controls with similar non-TBI injuries to determine the incremental cost of TBI. Both aims of this research were assessed using regression analysis. The incremental cost of TBI is estimated to range between € 10 042 (95%CI [€8198; €11 887]) and €21 715 (95%CI [€13 5889; €29 540]). Age, problems with self-reliance, survival status, the occurrence of acute events and severity of TBI are significant predictors of medical costs. As to healthcare utilisation, MRI usage, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, nursing homes and readmissions to acute hospital stand out as having most influence on costs. This study reveals a considerable incremental cost of TBI. Policy-making bodies should be made aware of this phenomenon and a diversified policy should be considered when financing programs are discussed.

Return to Work of Patients Treated With Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain has a substantial negative impact on work-related outcomes, which underscores the importance of interventions to reduce the burden. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) efficiently causes pain relief in specific chronic pain syndromes. The aim of this review was to identify and summarize evidence on returning to work in patients with chronic pain treated with SCS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed including studies from PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science (up till October 2017). Risk of bias was assessed using a modified version of the Downs & Black checklist. Where possible, we pooled data using random effects meta-analysis. The study protocol was registered prior to initiation of the review process (PROSPERO CRD42017077803). RESULTS: Fifteen full-text articles (total articles screened: 2835) were included. Risk of bias for these articles was scored low. Seven trials provided sufficient data and were judged similar enough to be pooled for meta-analysis on binary outcomes. SCS intervention results in a higher prevalence of patients at work compared with before treatment (odds ratio [OR] 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-3.21; I2 = 42%; p < 0.001). SCS treatment also results in high odds to return to work (OR 29.06; 95% CI, 9.73-86.75; I2 = 0%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on available literature, SCS proved to be an effective approach to stimulate return to work in patients with specific chronic pain syndromes.

Factors Associated with the Caregivers' Desire to Institutionalize Persons with Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Dementia is one of the main reasons for institutionalization among the elderly. Few studies have explored factors associated with the caregivers' (CG) desire to institutionalize (DTI) a person with dementia (PWD). The objective of this study is to identify modifiable and non-modifiable psychosocial and sociodemographic factors associated with a caregiver's DTI. METHODS: Cross-sectional data of 355 informal CG of community-dwelling PWD were analyzed. Several characteristics were identified in CG and PWD to be included in a multivariable regression model based on the purposeful selection method. RESULTS: Positively modifiable associated factors were: higher CG burden, being affected by behavioral problems, and respite care use. Positively associated non-modifiable factors were: CG older age, being professionally active, and CG higher educational level. Cohabitation and change of professional situation were negatively associated. CONCLUSION: Although no causality can be assumed, several practical recommendations can be suggested. First of all, these results reconfirm the importance of multicomponent strategies, especially support aimed at decreasing burden and in learning coping strategies. Also, CG might benefit from information about support options, such as respite care services. Finally, special attention should be given to older and working CG. In the latter, flexible and adaptive working conditions might alleviate burden and therefore reduce the DTI of the PWD.

Vaginal birth after caesarean versus elective repeat caesarean delivery after one previous caesarean section: a cost-effectiveness analysis in four European countries.

BACKGROUND: The OptiBIRTH study incorporates a multicentre cluster randomised trial in 15 hospital sites across three European countries. The trial was designed to test a complex intervention aimed at improving vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) rates through increasing women's involvement in their care. Prior to developing a robust standardised model to conduct the health economic analysis, an analysis of a hypothetical cohort was performed to estimate the costs and health effects of VBAC compared to elective repeat caesarean delivery (ERCD) for low-risk women in four European countries. METHODS: A decision-analytic model was developed to estimate the costs and the health effects, measured using Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), of VBAC compared with ERCD. A cost-effectiveness analysis for the period from confirmation of pregnancy to 6 weeks postpartum was performed for short-term consequences and during lifetime for long-term consequences, based on a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 pregnant women in each of four different countries; Belgium, Germany, Ireland and Italy. A societal perspective was adopted. Where possible, transition probabilities, costs and health effects were adapted from national data obtained from the respective countries. Country-specific thresholds were used to determine the cost-effectiveness of VBAC compared to ERCD. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the uncertainty of model assumptions. RESULTS: Within a 6-week time horizon, VBAC resulted in a reduction in costs, ranging from €3,334,052 (Germany) to €66,162,379 (Ireland), and gains in QALYs ranging from 6399 (Italy) to 7561 (Germany) per 100,000 women birthing in each country. Compared to ERCD, VBAC is the dominant strategy in all four countries. Applying a lifetime horizon, VBAC is dominant compared to ERCD in all countries except for Germany (probabilistic analysis, ICER: €8609/QALY). In conclusion, compared to ERCD, VBAC remains cost-effective when using a lifetime time. CONCLUSIONS: In all four countries, VBAC was cost-effective compared to ERCD for low-risk women. This is important for health service managers, economists and policy makers concerned with maximising health benefits within limited and constrained resources.

Mode of birth and postnatal health-related quality of life after one previous cesarean in three European countries.

BACKGROUND: How a woman gives birth can affect her health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study explored HRQoL at 3 months postpartum in women with a history of one previous cesarean in three European countries. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal survey, embedded within a cluster randomized trial in three countries, exploring women's postnatal HRQoL up to 3 months postpartum. The Short-Form Six-Dimensions (SF-6D) was used to measure HRQoL, and multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationship with mode of birth. RESULTS: Complete data were available from 880 women. Women with a spontaneous vaginal birth had the highest HRQoL scores, whereas women with an emergency repeat cesarean (P = .01) had the lowest. Postnatal readmission of the mother (P = .03), having public health insurance (P = .04), and a low antenatal HRQoL score (P < .01) contributes to poorer HRQoL scores. More specifically, women with a spontaneous vaginal birth had significantly higher HRQoL scores on the vitality dimension compared with women with an emergency repeat cesarean (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: In women with low-risk factors, repeat cesareans result in a poorer HRQoL compared with vaginal birth. When there are no contraindications for vaginal birth, women with a history of one previous cesarean should be encouraged to give birth vaginally rather than have an elective repeat cesarean.

Is the Self-Reporting of Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Patients Treated With Spinal Cord Stimulation in Line With Objective Measurements?

OBJECTIVES: To understand the subjective pain experience of patients, healthcare providers rely heavily on self-reporting. However, to quantify this unique pain experience, objective parameters are not yet available in daily clinical practice. With regard to patients with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) treated with spinal cord stimulation (SCS), pain therapists may recover the individual functional information about the patient's posture from the implantable pulse generator (IPG) of the stimulator. The aim of this study is to investigate whether subjective self-reporting is in correlation with the functional capacities of a patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with FBSS, treated with SCS were included. The accelerometer in the IPG detects positional changes and provides an objective output of seven functional positions (lying back, lying prone, lying left, lying right, transition, upright, and upright + mobile). The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), VAS-diary, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were assessed to evaluate physical functioning, pain intensities, and subjective sleep quality. Additionally, 21 patients wore a wearable actigraph device to objectify sleep quality. The agreement and Spearman correlations between objective and subjective parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Spearman rank correlations revealed no significant correlations between the ODI (subscales walking, sitting, standing, and sleeping) and the output of the IPG (percentage upright + mobile, transition, upright, and lying, respectively). Sleep parameters measured with the Actiwatch and the PSQI were not in agreement. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that self-reporting questionnaires do not correlate with the findings of objective measurements. Therefore, we recommend using both subjective and objective parameters when determining treatment options for FBSS patients.

The health-related social costs of alcohol in Belgium.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol is associated with adverse health effects causing a considerable economic impact to society. A reliable estimate of this economic impact for Belgium is lacking. This is the aim of the study. METHODS: A prevalence-based approach estimating the direct, indirect and intangible costs for the year 2012 was used. Attributional fractions for a series of health effects were derived from literature. The human capital approach was used to estimate indirect costs, while the concept of disability-adjusted life years was used to estimate intangible costs. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to assess the uncertainty around cost estimates and to evaluate the impact of alternative modelling assumptions. RESULTS: In 2012, total alcohol-attributable direct costs were estimated at €906.1 million, of which the majority were due to hospitalization (€743.7 million, 82%). The indirect costs amounted to €642.6 million, of which 62% was caused by premature mortality. Alcohol was responsible for 157,500 disability-adjusted life years representing €6.3 billion intangible costs. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a number of limitations intrinsic to this kind of research, the study can be considered as the most comprehensive analysis thus far of the health-related social costs of alcohol in Belgium.

Development and Pilot Testing of 24/7 In-Ambulance Telemedicine for Acute Stroke: Prehospital Stroke Study at the Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel-Project.

BACKGROUND: In-ambulance telemedicine is a recently developed and a promising approach to improve emergency care. We implemented the first ever 24/7 in-ambulance telemedicine service for acute stroke. We report on our experiences with the development and pilot testing of the Prehospital Stroke Study at the Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (PreSSUB) to facilitate a wider spread of the knowledge regarding this technique. METHODS: Successful execution of the project involved the development and validation of a novel stroke scale, design and creation of specific hardware and software solutions, execution of field tests for mobile internet connectivity, design of new care processes and information flows, recurrent training of all professional caregivers involved in acute stroke management, extensive testing on healthy volunteers, organisation of a 24/7 teleconsultation service by trained stroke experts and 24/7 technical support, and resolution of several legal issues. RESULTS: In all, it took 41 months of research and development to confirm the safety, technical feasibility, reliability, and user acceptance of the PreSSUB approach. Stroke-specific key information can be collected safely and reliably before and during ambulance transportation and can adequately be communicated with the inhospital team awaiting the patient. CONCLUSION: This paper portrays the key steps required and the lessons learned for successful implementation of a 24/7 expert telemedicine service supporting patients with acute stroke during ambulance transportation to the hospital.