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In this work we study the deposition phenomena on a modified electrode in the framework of the mean field theory. The electrode surface is modified by irreversible deposition of impurities which can block a fraction of the adsorption sites. Then, an electroactive species is allowed to adsorb on the accessible sites, transferring electric charge and generating a current that can be calculated and measured. Nearest-neighbor lateral interactions are considered both between electroactive particles and between particles and impurities. A modified Bragg-Williams theoretical approach considers both the blocking effects of impurities and the lateral interactions, through different concentrations of impurities and particles. The analysis is based on the study of adsorption isotherms and voltammograms, considering different interaction energies and impurity concentrations. The potentialities and limitations of the analytical approximation are discussed by comparing theoretical predictions with Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements in which artificial clay represents the impurity and a [Fe(CN)6]4 redox probe is the species that transfers the charge.
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The statistical thermodynamics of binary mixtures of polyatomic species was developed based on a generalization in the spirit of the lattice-gas model and the quasi-chemical approximation (QCA). The new theoretical framework is obtained by combining: (i) the exact analytical expression for the partition function of non-interacting mixtures of linear k-mers and l-mers (species occupying k sites and l sites, respectively) adsorbed in one dimension, and its extension to higher dimensions; and (ii) a generalization of the classical QCA for multicomponent adsorbates and multisite-occupancy adsorption. This process is analyzed using the partial adsorption isotherms corresponding to both species of the mixture. Comparisons with analytical data from Bragg-Williams approximation (BWA) and Monte Carlo simulations are performed in order to test the validity of the theoretical model. Even though a good fitting is obtained from BWA, it is found that QCA provides a more accurate description of the phenomenon of adsorption of interacting polyatomic mixtures.
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The adsorption of binary mixtures with non-additive lateral interactions has been studied through grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations in the framework of the lattice-gas model. The traditional assumption of additive lateral interactions is replaced with a more general one including non-pairwise interactions. It is assumed that the energy linking a certain atom with any of its nearest neighbors strongly depends on the state of occupancy in the first coordination sphere of such an adatom. The process has been monitored through the adsorption isotherms and the differential heats of adsorption. Different combinations of both inter- and intra-species interactions have been considered in the analysis. Interesting behaviors were observed and discussed in terms of the low temperature phases formed in the system.
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The statistical thermodynamics of polyatomic species mixtures adsorbed on two-dimensional lattices was developed based on generalization of the semiempirical approximation for the adsorption of single components [Romá, F. et al., Langmuir, 2006, 22, 3192-3197]. In this scheme, the partial adsorption isotherms are obtained using a correction function C[combining tilde], which relates to the conditional probability of finding the ith empty site to a lattice with i- 1 already vacant sites. This approximation allows us to write a new theoretical model using a combination of the correction functions corresponding to exact 1-D calculations and the Guggenheim-DiMarzio approach. Finally, comparisons with MC simulations and experimental data of methane-ethane and ethane-propylene mixtures on activated carbon are used to test the accuracy and reliability of the proposed model. The obtained results indicate that the new thermodynamic description is significantly better than the existing theoretical models developed to treat adsorption of interacting binary mixtures of polyatomics.
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Numerical simulations and finite-size scaling analysis have been carried out to study standard and inverse percolation of triangular tiles of side k (k-tiles) on triangular lattices. In the case of standard percolation, the lattice is initially empty. Then, k-tiles are randomly and sequentially deposited on the lattice. In the case of inverse percolation, the process starts with an initial configuration where all lattice sites are occupied by single monomers (each monomer occupies one lattice site) and, consequently, the opposite sides of the lattice are connected by nearest-neighbor occupied sites. Then, the system is diluted by randomly removing k-tiles [composed by k(k+1)/2 monomers] from the lattice. Two schemes are used for the depositing and removing process: the isotropic scheme, where the deposition (removal) of the objects occurs with the same probability in any lattice direction; and the anisotropic (perfectly oriented or nematic) scheme, where one lattice direction is privileged for depositing (removing) the tiles. The study is conducted by following the behavior of four critical concentrations with the size k: (i) [(ii)] standard isotropic (oriented) percolation threshold θ_{c,k} (Ï_{c,k}), which represents the minimum concentration of occupied sites at which an infinite cluster of occupied nearest-neighbor sites extends from one side of the system to the other. θ_{c,k} (Ï_{c,k}) is reached by isotropic (oriented) deposition of k-tiles on an initially empty lattice; and (iii) [(iv)] inverse isotropic (oriented) percolation threshold θ_{c,k}^{i} (Ï_{c,k}^{i}), which corresponds to the maximum concentration of occupied sites for which connectivity disappears. θ_{c,k}^{i} (Ï_{c,k}^{i}) is reached after removing isotropic (completely aligned) k-tiles from an initially fully occupied lattice. The obtained results indicate that (1)θ_{c,k} (θ_{c,k}^{i}) is an increasing (decreasing) function of k in the range 1≤k≤6. For k≥7, all jammed configurations are nonpercolating (percolating) states and, consequently, the percolation phase transition disappears. (2)Ï_{c,k} (Ï_{c,k}^{i}) show a behavior qualitatively similar to that observed for isotropic deposition. In this case, the minimum value of k at which the phase transition disappears is k=5. (3) For both isotropic and perfectly oriented models, the curves of standard and inverse percolation thresholds are symmetric to each other with respect to the line θ(Ï)=0.5. Thus, a complementary property is found θ_{c,k}+θ_{c,k}^{i}=1 (and Ï_{c,k}+Ï_{c,k}^{i}=1), which has not been observed in other regular lattices. (4) Finally, in all cases, the jamming exponent ν_{j} was measured, being ν_{j}=1 regardless of the orientation (isotropic or nematic) or the size k considered. In addition, the accurate determination of the critical exponents ν, ß, and γ reveals that the percolation phase transition involved in the system, which occurs for k varying between one and five (three) for isotropic (nematic) deposition scheme, has the same universality class as the standard percolation problem.
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The critical behavior of adsorbed monomers that reversibly polymerize into linear chains with restricted orientations relative to the substrate has been studied. In the model considered here, which is known as self-assembled rigid rods (SARRs) model, the surface is represented by a two-dimensional lattice and a continuous orientational transition occurs as a function of temperature and coverage. The phase diagrams were obtained for the square, triangular, and honeycomb lattices by means of Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling analysis. The numerical results were compared with Bethe-Peierls analytical predictions about the orientational transition for the square and triangular lattices. The analysis of the phase diagrams, along with the behavior of the critical average rod lengths, showed that the critical properties of the model do not depend on the structure of the lattice at low temperatures (coverage), revealing a quasi-one-dimensional behavior in this regime. Finally, the universality class of the SARRs model, which has been subject of controversy, has been revisited.
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Random sequential adsorption of extended objects deposited on two-dimensional regular lattices is studied. The depositing objects are chains formed by occupying adsorption sites on the substrate through a self-avoiding walk of k lattice steps; these objects are also called "tortuous k-mers." We study how the jamming coverage, θ_{j,k}, depends on k for lattices with different connectivity (honeycomb, square, and triangular). The dependence can be fitted by the function θ_{j,k}=θ_{j,kâ∞}+B/k+C/k^{2}, where B and C are found to be shared parameters by the three lattices and θ_{j,kâ∞} (>0) is the jamming coverage for infinitely long k-mers for each of them. The jamming coverage is found to have a growing behavior with the connectivity of the lattice. In addition, θ_{j,k} is found to be higher for tortuous k-mers than for the previously reported for linear k-mers in each lattice. The results were obtained by means of numerical simulation through an efficient algorithm whose characteristics are discussed in detail. The computational method introduced here also allows us to investigate the full-time kinetics of the surface coverage θ_{k}(t) [θ_{j,k}≡θ_{k}(tâ∞)]. Along this line, different time regimes are identified and characterized.
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Combining Monte Carlo simulations and thermodynamic integration method, we study the configurational entropy per site of straight rigid rods of length k (k-mers) adsorbed on three-dimensional (3D) simple cubic lattices. The process is monitored by following the dependence of the lattice coverage θ on the chemical potential µ (adsorption isotherm). Then, we perform the integration of µ(θ) over θ to calculate the configurational entropy per site of the adsorbed phase s(k,θ) as a function of the coverage. Based on the behavior of the function s(k,θ), different phase diagrams are obtained according to the k values: k≤4, disordered phase; k=5,6, disordered and layered-disordered phases; and k≥7, disordered, nematic and layered-disordered phases. In the limit of θâ1 (full coverage), the configurational entropy per site is determined for values of k ranging between 2 and 8. For k≥6, MC data coincide (within the statistical uncertainty) with recent analytical predictions [D. Dhar and R. Rajesh, Phys. Rev. E 103, 042130 (2021)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.103.042130] for very large rods. This finding represents the first numerical validation of the expression obtained by Dhar and Rajesh for d-dimensional lattices with d>2. In addition, for k≥5, the values of s(k,θâ1) for simple cubic lattices are coincident with those values reported in [P. M. Pasinetti et al., Phys. Rev. E 104, 054136 (2021)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.104.054136] for two-dimensional (2D) square lattices. This is consistent with the picture that at high densities and k≥5, the layered-disordered phase is formed on the lattice. Under these conditions, the system breaks to 2D layers, and the adsorbed phase becomes essentially 2D. The 2D behavior of the fully covered lattice reinforces the conjecture that the large-k behavior of entropy per site is superuniversal, and holds on d-dimensional hypercubical lattices for all d≥2.
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Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling theory have been carried out to study the critical behavior and universality for the isotropic-nematic (IN) phase transition in a system of straight rigid pentamers adsorbed on a triangular lattice with polarized nonhomogeneous intermolecular interactions. The model was inspired by the deposition of 2-thiophene molecules over the Au(111) surface, which was previously characterized by experimental techniques and density functional theory. A nematic phase, observed experimentally by the formation of a self-assembled monolayer of parallel molecules, is separated from the isotropic state by a continuous transition occurring at a finite density. The precise determination of the critical exponents indicates that the transition belongs to the three-state Potts universality class. The finite-size scaling analysis includes the study of mutability and diversity. These two quantities are derived from information theory and they have not previously been considered as part of the conventional treatment of critical phenomena for the determination of critical exponents. The results obtained here contribute to the understanding of formation processes of self-assembled monolayers, phase transitions, and critical phenomena from novel compression algorithms for studying mutual information in sequences of data.
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Numerical simulations and finite-size scaling analysis have been carried out to study the problem of inverse percolation by removing semirigid rods from a L×L square lattice that contains two layers (and M=L×L×2 sites). The process starts with an initial configuration where all lattice sites are occupied by single monomers (each monomer occupies one lattice site) and, consequently, the opposite sides of the lattice are connected by nearest-neighbor occupied sites. Then the system is diluted by removing groups of k consecutive monomers according to a generalized random sequential adsorption mechanism. The study is conducted by following the behavior of two critical concentrations with size k: (1) jamming coverage θ_{j,k}, which represents the concentration of occupied sites at which the jamming state is reached, and (2) inverse percolation threshold θ_{c,k}, which corresponds to the maximum concentration of occupied sites for which connectivity disappears. The obtained results indicate that (1) the jamming coverage exhibits an increasing dependence on the size k-it rapidly increases for small values of k and asymptotically converges towards a definite value for infinitely large k sizes θ_{j,kâ∞}≈0.2701-and (2) the inverse percolation threshold is a decreasing function of k in the range 1≤k≤17. For k≥18, all jammed configurations are percolating states (the lattice remains connected even when the highest allowed concentration of removed sites is reached) and, consequently, there is no nonpercolating phase. This finding contrasts with the results obtained in literature for a complementary problem, where straight rigid k-mers are randomly and irreversibly deposited on a square lattice forming two layers. In this case, percolating and nonpercolating phases extend to infinity in the space of the parameter k and the model presents percolation transition for the whole range of k. The results obtained in the present study were also compared with those reported for the case of inverse percolation by removal of rigid linear k-mers from a square monolayer. The differences observed between monolayer and bilayer problems were discussed in terms of vulnerability and network robustness. Finally, the accurate determination of the critical exponents ν, ß, and γ reveals that the percolation phase transition involved in the system has the same universality class as the standard percolation problem.
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Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have been carried out to study the adsorption on square and triangular lattices of particles with two bonding sites that, by decreasing temperature or increasing density, polymerize reversibly into chains with a discrete number of allowed directions and, at the same time, undergo a continuous isotropic-nematic (IN) transition. The process has been monitored by following the behavior of the adsorption isotherms (chemical potential µ as a function of the surface coverage θ) for different values of lateral interaction energy/temperature. The numerical data were compared with mean-field analytical predictions and exact functions for noninteracting and 1D systems. The obtained results revealed the existence of three adsorption regimes in temperature. (1) At high temperatures, above the critical one characterizing the IN transition at full coverage T(c)(θ = 1), the particles are distributed at random on the surface and the adlayer behaves as a noninteracting 2D system. (2) At very low temperatures, the asymmetric monomers adsorb, forming chains over almost the entire range of coverage, and the adsorption process behaves as a 1D problem. (3) In the intermediate regime, the system exhibits a mixed regime and the filling of the lattice proceeds according to two different processes. In the first stage, the monomers adsorb isotropically on the lattice until the IN transition occurs in the system and, from this point, particles adsorb, forming chains so that the adlayer behaves as a 1D fluid. The two adsorption processes are present in the adsorption isotherms, and a marked singularity can be observed that separates both regimes. Thus, the adsorption isotherms appear as sensitive quantities with respect to the IN phase transition, allowing us (i) to reproduce the phase diagram of the system for square lattices and (ii) to obtain an accurate determination of the phase diagram for triangular lattices.
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The statistical thermodynamics of straight rigid rods of length k on triangular lattices was developed on a generalization in the spirit of the lattice-gas model and the classical Guggenheim-DiMarzio approximation. In this scheme, the Helmholtz free energy and its derivatives were written in terms of the order parameter, δ, which characterizes the nematic phase occurring in the system at intermediate densities. Then, using the principle of minimum free energy with δ as a parameter, the main adsorption properties were calculated. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations and experimental data were performed in order to evaluate the outcome and limitations of the theoretical model.
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In a previous paper [F. Romá, A. J. Ramirez-Pastor, and J. L. Riccardo, Phys. Rev. B 72, 035444 (2005)], the critical behavior of repulsive rigid rods of length k (k-mers) on a square lattice at half coverage has been studied by using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The obtained results indicated that (1) the phase transition occurring in the system is a second-order phase transition for all adsorbate sizes k; and (2) the universality class of the transition changes from 2D Ising-type for monomers (k = 1) to an unknown universality class for k ≥ 2. In the present work, we revisit our previous results together with further numerical evidences, resulting from new extensive MC simulations based on an efficient exchange algorithm and using high-performance computational capabilities. In contrast to our previous conclusions (1) and (2), the new numerical calculations clearly support the occurrence of a first-order phase transition for k ≥ 2. In addition, a similar scenario was found for k-mers adsorbed on the triangular lattice at coverage k/(2k+1).
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Transición de Fase , Algoritmos , Simulación por Computador , Modelos Químicos , Método de Montecarlo , TermodinámicaRESUMEN
The adsorption of long, straight rigid rods of length k (k-mers) on 2D lattices is described by using a new theoretical approach based on a generalization of the classical Guggenheim-DiMarzio approximation. In this scheme, the Helmholtz free energy and its derivatives are written in terms of the order parameter δ, which characterizes the nematic phase occurring in the system at intermediate densities. Then, using the principle of minimum free energy with δ as a parameter, the main adsorption properties are calculated. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations are performed in order to test the validity of the theoretical model. The obtained results indicate that the new thermodynamic description is significantly better than the existing theoretical models developed to treat the polymer adsorption problem.
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Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Polímeros/química , Termodinámica , Adsorción , Método de MontecarloRESUMEN
In the present paper, the adsorption thermodynamics of a lattice-gas model which mimics a nanoporous environment is studied by considering nonadditive interactions between the adsorbed particles. It is assumed that the energy linking a certain atom with any of its nearest neighbors strongly depends on the state of occupancy in the first coordination sphere of such an adatom. By means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in the grand canonical ensemble, adsorption isotherms and differential heats of adsorption were calculated. Their striking behaviors were analyzed and discussed in terms of the low temperature phases formed in the system. Finally, the results obtained from MC simulations were compared with the corresponding ones from Bragg-Williams approximation.
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Nanoestructuras/química , Adsorción , Gases/química , Método de Montecarlo , Tamaño de la Partícula , Porosidad , Propiedades de Superficie , TermodinámicaRESUMEN
Polymers are frequently deposited on different surfaces, which has attracted the attention of scientists from different viewpoints. In the present approach polymers are represented by rigid rods of length k (k-mers), and the substrate takes the form of an L×L square lattice whose lattice constant matches exactly the interspacing between consecutive elements of the k-mer chain. We briefly review the classical description of the nematic transition presented by this system for k≥7 observing that the high-coverage (θ) transition deserves a more careful analysis from the entropy point of view. We present a possible viewpoint for this analysis that justifies the phase transitions. Moreover, we perform Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in the grand canonical ensemble, supplemented by thermodynamic integration, to first calculate the configurational entropy of the adsorbed phase as a function of the coverage, and then to explore the different phases (and orientational transitions) that appear on the surface with increasing the density of adsorbed k-mers. In the limit of θâ1 (full coverage) the configurational entropy is obtained for values of k ranging between 2 and 10. MC data are discussed in comparison with recent analytical results [D. Dhar and R. Rajesh, Phys. Rev. E 103, 042130 (2021)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.103.042130]. The comparative study allows us to establish the applicability range of the theoretical predictions. Finally, the structure of the high-coverage phase is characterized in terms of the statistics of k×l domains (domains of l parallel k-mers adsorbed on the surface). A distribution of finite values of l (lâªL) is found with a predominance of k×1 (single k-mers) and k×k domains. The distribution is the same in each lattice direction, confirming that at high density the adsorbed phase goes to a state with mixed orientations and no orientational preference. An order parameter measuring the number of k×k domains in the adsorbed layer is introduced.
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Surface growth properties during irreversible multilayer deposition of straight semirigid rods on linear and square lattices have been studied by Monte Carlo simulations and analytical considerations. The filling of the lattice is carried out following a generalized random sequential adsorption mechanism where the depositing objects can be adsorbed on the surface forming multilayers. The results of our simulations show that the roughness evolves in time following two different behaviors: an "homogeneous growth regime" at initial times, where the heights of the columns homogeneously increase, and a "segmented growth regime" at long times, where the adsorbed phase is segmented in actively growing columns and inactive nongrowing sites. Under these conditions, the surface growth generated by the deposition of particles of different sizes is studied. At long times, the roughness of the systems increases linearly with time, with growth exponent ß=1, at variance with a random deposition of monomers which presents a sublinear behavior (ß=1/2). The linear behavior is due to the segmented growth process, as we show using a simple analytical model.
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Numerical simulations and finite-size scaling analysis have been carried out to study standard and inverse percolation of straight rigid rods on triangular lattices. In the case of standard percolation, the lattice is initially empty. Then, linear k-mers (particles occupying k consecutive sites along one of the lattice directions) are randomly and sequentially deposited on the lattice. In the case of inverse percolation, the process starts with an initial configuration where all lattice sites are occupied by single monomers (each monomer occupies one lattice site) and, consequently, the opposite sides of the lattice are connected by nearest-neighbor occupied sites. Then the system is diluted by randomly removing sets of k consecutive monomers (linear k-mers) from the lattice. Two schemes are used for the depositing/removing process: an isotropic scheme, where the deposition (removal) of the linear objects occurs with the same probability in any lattice direction, and an anisotropic (perfectly oriented) scheme, where one lattice direction is privileged for depositing (removing) the particles. The study is conducted by following the behavior of four critical concentrations with size k: (i) [(ii)] standard isotropic[oriented] percolation threshold θ_{c,k}[Ï_{c,k}], which represents the minimum concentration of occupied sites at which an infinite cluster of occupied nearest-neighbor sites extends from one side of the system to the other. θ_{c,k}[Ï_{c,k}] is reached by isotropic[oriented] deposition of straight rigid k-mers on an initially empty lattice; and (iii) [(iv)] inverse isotropic[oriented] percolation threshold θ_{c,k}^{i}[Ï_{c,k}^{i}], which corresponds to the maximum concentration of occupied sites for which connectivity disappears. θ_{c,k}^{i}[Ï_{c,k}^{i}] is reached after removing isotropic [completely aligned] straight rigid k-mers from an initially fully occupied lattice. θ_{c,k}, Ï_{c,k}, θ_{c,k}^{i}, and Ï_{c,k}^{i} are determined for a wide range of k (2≤k≤512). The obtained results indicate that (1)θ_{c,k}[θ_{c,k}^{i}] exhibits a nonmonotonous dependence on the size k. It decreases[increases] for small particle sizes, goes through a minimum[maximum] at around k=11, and finally increases and asymptotically converges towards a definite value for large segments θ_{c,kâ∞}=0.500(2) [θ_{c,kâ∞}^{i}=0.500(1)]; (2)Ï_{c,k}[Ï_{c,k}^{i}] depicts a monotonous behavior in terms of k. It rapidly increases[decreases] for small particle sizes and asymptotically converges towards a definite value for infinitely long k-mers Ï_{c,kâ∞}=0.5334(6) [Ï_{c,kâ∞}^{i}=0.4666(6)]; (3) for both isotropic and perfectly oriented models, the curves of standard and inverse percolation thresholds are symmetric to each other with respect to the line θ(Ï)=0.5. Thus a complementary property is found θ_{c,k}+θ_{c,k}^{i}=1 (and Ï_{c,k}+Ï_{c,k}^{i}=1) which has not been observed in other regular lattices. This condition is analytically validated by using exact enumeration of configurations for small systems, and (4) in all cases, the critical concentration curves divide the θ space in a percolating region and a nonpercolating region. These phases extend to infinity in the space of the parameter k so that the model presents percolation transition for the whole range of k.
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The site-bond percolation problem in two-dimensional kagome lattices has been studied by means of theoretical modeling and numerical simulations. Motivated by considerations of cluster connectivity, two distinct schemes (denoted as Sâ©B and SâªB) have been considered. In Sâ©B (SâªB), two points are connected if a sequence of occupied sites and (or) bonds joins them. Analytical and simulation approaches, supplemented by analysis using finite-size scaling theory, were used to calculate the phase boundaries between the percolating and nonpercolating regions, thus determining the complete phase diagram of the system in the (p_{s},p_{b}) space. In the case of the Sâ©B model, the obtained results are in excellent agreement with previous theoretical and numerical predictions. In the case of the SâªB model, the limiting curve separating percolating and nonpercolating regions is reported here.
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A simple model for amorphous solids, consisting of a triangular lattice with a fraction of attenuated bonds randomly distributed (which simulate the presence of defects in the surface), is used here to find out, by using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, how the adsorption thermodynamics of repulsively interacting monomers is modified with respect to the same process in the regular lattice. The degree of disorder of the surface is tunable by selecting the values of (1) the fraction of attenuated bonds ρ (0 ≤ρ≤ 1) and (2) the attenuation factor r (0 ≤r≤ 1), where r is defined as the ratio between the value of the lateral interaction associated to an attenuated bond and that corresponding to a regular bond. Adsorption isotherm and differential heat of adsorption calculations have been carried out showing and interpreting the effects of the disorder. A rich variety of behavior has been observed for different values of ρ and r, varying between two limit cases: bond-diluted lattices (r = 0 and ρ≠ 0) and regular lattices (r = 1 and any value of ρ). In addition, the critical behavior of the system was studied, showing that the order-disorder phase transition observed for the regular lattice survives, though with modifications, above a critical curve (ρ-r-temperature).