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BACKGROUND: Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is less immunogenic in low- or middle-income than in high-income countries. We tested whether bacterial and viral components of the intestinal microbiota are associated with this phenomenon. METHODS: We assessed the prevalence of enteropathogens using TaqMan array cards 14 days before and at vaccination in 704 Indian infants (aged 6-11 months) receiving monovalent type 3 OPV (CTRI/2014/05/004588). Nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) serotypes were identified by means of VP1 sequencing. In 120 infants, the prevaccination bacterial microbiota was characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. RESULTS: We detected 56 NPEV serotypes on the day of vaccination. Concurrent NPEVs were associated with a reduction in OPV seroconversion, consistent across species (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.57 [.36-.90], 0.61 [.43-.86], and 0.69 [.41-1.16] for species A, B, and C, respectively). Recently acquired enterovirus infections, detected at vaccination but not 14 days earlier, had a greater interfering effect on monovalent type 3 OPV seroresponse than did persistent infections, with enterovirus detected at both time points (seroconversion in 44 of 127 infants [35%] vs 63 of 129 [49%]; P = .02). The abundance of specific bacterial taxa did not differ significantly according to OPV response, although the microbiota was more diverse in nonresponders at the time of vaccination. CONCLUSION: Enteric viruses have a greater impact on OPV response than the bacterial microbiota, with recent enterovirus infections having a greater inhibitory effect than persistent infections.
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Enterovirus , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Intestinos/virología , Vacuna Antipolio Oral/farmacología , Seroconversión , Enterovirus/genética , Infecciones por Enterovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Enterovirus/inmunología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Lactante , Intestinos/microbiología , Vacuna Antipolio Oral/inmunología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genéticaRESUMEN
The combination of nanoparticles with the photosensitizing molecules will assist in developing new approach for their biological applications. In this paper work, we have studied the interaction of photosensitising mesotetrakis (2,6,dimethoxyphenol) porphyrin molecule (P1) with AuTiO2 nanoparticles using absorption, fluorescence and time resolved measurements. An isosbestic point is appeared in the absorption spectrum of P1 on increasing the concentration of AuTiO2 nanoparticles indicates the interaction of P1 with AuTiO2 nanoparticles. Static type of quenching is observed in the fluorescence quenching measurement which is confirmed through lifetime measurements. Energy level calculations and Rehm Weller methods confirms the electron transfer mechanism from the excited P1 to the AuTiO2 nanoparticles. The observed effective binding and electron transfer property of porphyrin with AuTiO2 nanoparticles has great potential to be applied in the field of photodynamic therapy.
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Oro/química , Nanopartículas/química , Porfirinas/química , Titanio/química , Espectrometría de FluorescenciaRESUMEN
Malnourished children are at higher risk of mortality and morbidity following diarrheal illness and certain enteropathogens have been associated with malnutrition in children. Very few studies have comprehensively looked at the etiology of diarrhea in malnourished children and most have used conventional diagnostic methods with suboptimal sensitivity. We used a highly sensitive molecular approach against a broad range of pathogens causing diarrhea and examined their association with malnutrition. In addition, we looked at the pathogen diversity of pediatric diarrhea, three years after the nationwide rotavirus vaccine introduction to understand the evolving landscape of pathogens, which is crucial for planning strategies to further reduce the diarrhea burden. Clinical details and diarrheal stool samples were collected from hospitalized children aged < 5 years from three sentinel sites in India for a period of one year. The samples were tested by qPCR for 16 established causes of diarrhea using TaqMan Array Cards. A total of 772 children were enrolled, from whom 482 (62.4%) stool specimens were tested. No specific pathogen was associated with diarrhea among children with acute or chronic malnutrition compared to those with better nutritional status. Overall, adenovirus was the leading pathogen (attributable fraction (AF) 16.9%; 95% CI 14.1 to 19.2) followed by rotavirus (AF 12.6%; 95% CI 11.8 to 13.1) and Shigella (AF 10.9%; 95% CI 8.4 to 16.4). The majority of diarrhea requiring hospitalization in children aged < 2 years could be attributed to viruses, while Shigella was the most common pathogen among children aged > 2 years. These data on the prevalence and epidemiology of enteropathogens identified potential pathogens for public health interventions.
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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: There is poor knowledge and behaviors regarding chronic diseases related nutritional and lifestyle factors among women in low income countries. To evaluate efficacy of a multilevel population-based intervention in improving knowledge and practices for related factors we performed a study in India. METHODS: Population based study among women 35-70 years was performed in four urban and five rural locations. Stratified sampling was performed and we enrolled 4624 (rural 2616, urban 2008) of eligible 8000 women (58%). Demographic details, medical history, diet, physical activity and anthropometry were recorded and blood hemoglobin, glucose and total cholesterol determined. Knowledge and behaviors regarding diet in chronic diseases were inquired in a randomly selected 100 women at each site (n = 900). A systematic multilevel population based intervention (using posters, handouts, street plays, public lectures, group lectures and focused group discussions) was administered over 6 months at each site. The questionnaire was re-administered at the end in random 100 women (n = 900) and differences determined. Descriptive statistics are reported. Comparison of parameters before and after intervention was assessed using Mann Whitney test. RESULTS: Prevalence (%) of chronic disease related lifestyles and risk factors in rural/urban women, respectively, was illiteracy in 63.6/29.4, smoking/tobacco use 39.3/18.9, high fat intake 93.6/93.4, high salt intake 18.2/12.6, low physical activity 59.5/70.2, overweight/obesity 22.5/45.6, truncal obesity 13.0/44.3, hypertension 31.6/48.2, hypercholesterolemia 13.5/27.7, and diabetes in 4.3/15.1 percent. Composite chronic diseases knowledge at baseline vs after intervention increased significantly in overall (32.0 vs 62.0), rural (29.0 vs 63.5) and urban (39.5 vs 60.5) groups (p < 0.001). Significant increase in knowledge regarding diet in hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and anemia as well as importance of dietary proteins, fats, fibres and fruits was observed (p < 0.001). There was insignificant change in most of the practices regarding intake of low fat, high protein, high fibre diet except sieving the flour which declined significantly (80.1 vs 53.6, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A short-term multilevel population-wide intervention among women in rural and urban locations in India increased chronic disease knowledge but failed to influence practices.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Adulto , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Antropometría , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Estilo de Vida , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Precautionary measures such as physical distancing, wearing a mask, and hand hygiene to suppress virus transmission necessitated a shift in the communication paradigm.The study aimed to check the effects of wearing masks (N95, surgical, and cloth) due to the COVID-19 pandemic on interpersonal communication in audiology-speech-language pathology clinical setup from a clinician perspective. A total of 105 participants, 17 males, and 88 females, in the age range of 19 to 29 years (Mean age = 21.41 years; S.D = 1.6), participated in the study. A questionnaire consisting of 15 close-ended questions grouped into five major categories, Communication Effectiveness (3 questions), Visual Cues (5 questions), Physiological Effect (4 questions), Palliative Effect (1 question), and Environment Effect (2 questions) was framed. Procedure: Participants rated the questions using a binary forced-choice as either Yes or No adapted into a google form. Results showed that most questions in all five categories received an above-average "yes" response. A significant association between questions in communication effectiveness with visual cues and physiological effects was noticed, leading to the conclusion that wearing face masks impacted overall communication by affecting various parameters of speech, majorly, the voice. It was also seen that of all the participants, 60% used N95, 32.4% used cloth, and only 7.6% used surgical face masks. Speech-language pathologists have a significant role in facilitating oral/ verbal communication when such barriers are encountered in clients with communication disorders and fellow professionals with strategies to strengthen oral/ verbal communication.
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In this report, we have utilized a smartphone-based innovative tool named anterior segment photography with an intraocular lens (ASPI) with a cobalt blue filter on the smartphone flash for photographing fluorescein-stained corneas. An intraocular lens along with a cobalt blue filter was attached to the smartphone camera to achieve this purpose. The filter could block out all wavelengths of light except the blue wavelength (450-490 nm) emerging from the smartphone camera. A pilot study was conducted on 27 eyes of 25 patients where images of various corneal pathologies were obtained using ASPI blue light imaging. The images were clear and highly magnified and could be used for documentation, teleconsultation for expert opinion, education, and monitoring of disease progression. ASPI-aided blue light imaging could be easily fabricated and is a frugal inexpensive device, which is used by different ophthalmic personnel to obtain fluorescein-stained corneal images.
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Lentes Intraoculares , Teléfono Inteligente , Humanos , Proyectos Piloto , Colorantes/farmacología , Fotograbar/métodos , Córnea , FluoresceínaRESUMEN
Precise estimation of Creatinine (CRE) is an indispensable analysis used in the clinical settings for early stage detection of kidney dysfunction. In the present work, we described the non-enzymatic detection of serum CRE using ellipsoidal nanostructured Fe2O3 integrated polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite sensor platform. Hydrothermally derived Fe2O3 was distributed on the PANI matrices to form supramolecular nanocomposite via simple oxidative polymerization method. The Fe2O3 coordinated PANI composite showed better complex formation ability towards CRE with improved active surface area and charge transfer efficiency compared to pristine Fe2O3 and PANI. Further, the scan rate analysis confirmed the quasi-reversible diffusion controlled electrochemical kinetics of the reaction. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) outcomes evidenced the higher sensitivity with wide linear detection range (1 µM -13 mM), lower detection limit (144 nM) and enhanced selectivity. The blood serum sample analysis of pre and post dialysis patients ensured that our prepared Fe2O3/PANI-1 composite exhibited better recovery percentage (91.9%) and Bland-Altman plot showed statistical bias is laid within the 95% confidence interval (CI). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) index calculated from Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation from our experimental results and the values have been validated with the commercial Jafee's method. The overall analysis confirmed that the prepared Fe2O3/PANI nanocomposite modified electrode has improved sensitivity and selectivity towards target molecule without the aid of any bio receptors and binders in real time CRE quantification with better accuracy.
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Técnicas Electroquímicas , Nanocompuestos , Compuestos de Anilina , Creatinina , HumanosRESUMEN
Binding of lysozyme with AgTiO2 nanoparticles was analyzed by using absorption, fluorescence, time resolved and synchronous fluorescence measurements. In the presence of AgTiO2 nanoparticles, the fluorescence intensity of lysozyme was decreased. Static type of binding was confirmed through lifetime and ground state absorption measurements. From the fluorescence quenching data, the binding constant and the number of binding sites were found to be 1.5×10(4)M(-1) and 1.03, respectively. From the synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic measurements, tryptophan residue in lysozyme was found to have interaction with the nanoparticles. Further, the influence of AgTiO2 nanoparticles on the binding strength of lysozyme with a drug molecule was analyzed through fluorescence quenching methods. The presence of nanoparticles decreases the binding capability of drug with protein. Overall, the observed results will provide basic insights on the utilization of nanoparticles in drug delivery applications.
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Portadores de Fármacos/metabolismo , Muramidasa/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/metabolismo , Compuestos de Plata/metabolismo , Titanio/metabolismo , Sitios de Unión , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Eritrosina/metabolismo , Colorantes Fluorescentes/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Muramidasa/química , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/ultraestructura , Unión Proteica , Compuestos de Plata/química , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia , Titanio/químicaRESUMEN
Oxcarbazepine is an antiepileptic drug (AED) indicated for use as monotherapy and add-on therapy in adults and children 4 years of age and older. Despite being structurally related to carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine differs substantially in its pharmacokinetic and safety profile; oxcarbazepine has a much lower risk of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions than carbamazepine. Carbamazepine has also been shown to induce the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone-binding globulin, thus reducing free serum testosterone levels and possibly causing erectile dysfunction (ED) in some men; these effects have not been observed with oxcarbazepine. This paper provides a discussion of recent clinical experience with men who presented in private clinical practice with complaints of ED while being treated with carbamazepine for seizure disorders. The four illustrative case studies presented in this report suggest that switching AED treatment from carbamazepine to oxcarbazepine in men with epilepsy can reduce the ED side effects observed with carbamazepine.
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Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Carbamazepina/análogos & derivados , Carbamazepina/efectos adversos , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Disfunción Eréctil/inducido químicamente , Carbamazepina/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oxcarbazepina , Erección Peniana/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
A series of novel 2-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones have been synthesized by condensing the aromatic primary amine of 2-substituted quinazolines with different aldehydes and ketones. The synthesized compounds were confirmed by their spectral data (IR, NMR and MS) and the purity was ascertained by elemental analysis. When these compounds were evaluated for analgesic and antiinflammatory activities, compounds I-VIII exhibited more potent analgesic activity than diclofenac sodium, while the compounds IV, V, VI and VII exhibited more potent antiinflammatory activity than diclofenac sodium. The activity values were found to be significant as compared to those of controls.
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Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/síntesis química , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Quinazolinas/síntesis química , Quinazolinas/farmacología , Animales , Carragenina , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/prevención & control , Indicadores y Reactivos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectrometría de Masas , Ratas , Espectrofotometría InfrarrojaRESUMEN
We describe the ocular alterations and the management after stings from Hymenopteran insects. In all the five patients, the insect was identified as bee. The patients presented with significant corneal edema, which resolved dramatically in three of them after removal of stingers. Among the other two one went for permanent corneal decompensation and the other developed Intumuscent cataract with increased intraocular pressure. Although a rare occurrence, ocular trauma caused by Hymenopteran insects has a potential to cause severe ocular damage in humans. A high level of clinical suspicion and immediate removal of the stingers along with administration of high doses of topical and systemic steroids is a must to prevent chances of permanent corneal damage and intraocular complications.
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Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Catarata/etiología , Edema Corneal/etiología , Himenópteros , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/complicaciones , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Catarata/diagnóstico , Preescolar , Edema Corneal/diagnóstico , Edema Corneal/terapia , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/diagnóstico , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/terapia , Masculino , Soluciones Oftálmicas/administración & dosificación , Agudeza VisualRESUMEN
AIM: Some literatures revealed that the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for single component or multicomponent analysis of montelukast sodium with other drugs. However, these methods deals with time consuming, so it is necessary to develop a cost-effective and less time consuming method for the estimation of doxofylline and montelukast sodium in combined pharmaceutical formulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The separation was performed on an inertsil C8 (5 µm, 4.6 × 250 mm) column in isocratic mode with the mobile phase consisting a mixture of methanol and sodium phosphate buffer (75:25 v/v, pH 6.5 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid). The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL min(-1) and eluents were monitored at 230 nm. RESULTS: The selected chromatographic conditions were found to separate doxofylline (retention time = 3.4 min) and montelukast sodium (retention time = 5.5 min) with a resolution of 5.47. The proposed HPLC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, repeatability, specificity, robustness, and ruggedness as per International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines Q2(R1), November 2005 (Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology). The percentage recoveries for doxofylline and montelukast sodium ranged from 98.1% to 101.7% and 98.2 to 101.9%, respectively, which indicated that the above method was enough accurate and precise. CONCLUSIONS: Hence, it was concluded that the developed method is suitable for routine analysis of these combination due to its less analysis time.
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We describe a child with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML M7) with trisomy 8 and ring chromosome 8. Ring chromosome 8 associated with AML is uncommon and is reported to have a poor outcome. The combination of trisomy 8 and ring chromosome 8 has not been previously reported. This 15-month-old girl had presented with a history of fever, weight loss of 1 kg, gum bleeds and pallor. Clinical examinations revealed no nodes or organomegaly. Investigations revealed pancytopenia and elevated serum LDH. Bone marrow aspirate confirmed the presence of myeloid blasts positive only for CD 41 and CD 61 on flow cytometry. Chromosomal analysis from the bone marrow showed 46, XX [13]/ 47, XX, +8[2]/ 47, XX, +r (8) [5]. The child was treated as per UK MRC AML protocol (ADE 10+3+5). Bone marrow on day 21 post-induction was in morphological remission. Repeat karyotyping revealed 46,XX suggesting that the patient was in cytogenetic remission. Cytogenetic sub grouping in AML patients provides guidelines for the choice of optimal treatment strategy. There was no HLA matched family donor and hence an unrelated donor search was commenced as she was in the group with unfavourable cytogenetics. She developed acute myelofibrosis soon after the second cycle of chemotherapy with swinging fever and rapidly enlarging spleen. The marrow showed 11% blasts with intense fibrosis. She went through a stormy period during conditioning for unrelated stem cell transplantation. She passed away on day 11 post transplantation of veno-occlusive disease of liver and multiorgan failure. This case illustrates the poor outcome in paediatric AML with trisomy and ring chromosome 8.
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Two cases of posterolateral corner reconstruction of the knee with postoperative sciatic perineural analgesia using a mixture of clonidine and buprenorphine, are presented. Numeric rating scores for pain with movement were 0-2 out of 10 postoperatively after injection. Gross motor function below the knee was maintained in both cases.
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Bupivacaína/uso terapéutico , Clonidina/uso terapéutico , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Adolescente , Analgésicos/efectos adversos , Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Anestésicos Locales/efectos adversos , Anestésicos Locales/uso terapéutico , Bupivacaína/efectos adversos , Clonidina/efectos adversos , Humanos , Articulación de la Rodilla/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Bloqueo Nervioso/métodos , Dimensión del Dolor , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Nervio CiáticoRESUMEN
We report a case of Neocosmospora vasinfecta keratitis in a 55-year-old man. While the patient did not recall any specific trauma or eye injury, he might have sustained a trivial wound during the course of his duties as a farmer. Direct examination of corneal scrapings revealed fungus filaments. As topical treatment with natamycin and econazole and subsequent systemic ketoconazole therapy failed, a full thickness therapeutic keratoplasty was performed. Post-operative treatment with amphotericin B and clotrimazole combined with cyclosporine resulted in a complete cure. The residual corneal infiltration in the recipient cornea became clear in a week. The fungal isolate was initially identified as a Fusarium species, but later reidentified through the use of morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region as N. vasinfecta. The latters is a Hypocrealean fungus not hitherto reported as a causative agent of keratomycosis.
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Aspergilosis/microbiología , Úlcera de la Córnea/microbiología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/microbiología , Hypocreales/aislamiento & purificación , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Aspergilosis/terapia , Úlcera de la Córnea/terapia , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/terapia , Humanos , Hypocreales/citología , Hypocreales/genética , Hypocreales/patogenicidad , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
AIMS: To evaluate the epidemiology, microbiological features, as well as antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Nocardiafrom cases with ocular nocardial infections seen over a period of 8 years in a tertiary eye care hospital. METHODS: Microbiology records of 164 cases of culture-proven ocular nocardial infection diagnosed between March 1997 and February 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. The outcome data included isolation rate, predisposing factors, demography (age and sex), and category of infection, utility of conventional diagnostic methods, microbiological profile, and antibiogram-resistogram patterns. RESULTS: A total of 164 (3.1%) Nocardiaspecies were identified among 5378 culture-proven cases. Ninety-six (58.5%) isolates were from corneal scrapings followed by vitreous biopsy (17.0%). Most (58.0%) of the cases were between 51 and 80 age groups. Male preponderance was obvious. All the 164 (100%) nocardial infections were identified by culture. Of 125 ocular specimens subjected to Gram's staining, nocaridal filaments were identified in 70 (56%) specimens. In addition to KOH mounting, modified AFB staining was also found to be helpful. Upon in vitrosusceptibility testing, 98.7 and 90.2% of nocardial isolates showed sensitivity towards amikacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular nocardiosis is relatively rare among ocular infections. Amikacin and ciprofloxacin are highly effective in treating ocular nocardiasis. Prompt and accurate microbiological diagnosis and early administration of these antibiotics may have a positive effect on the ocular outcome as well as in controlling nocardial prevalence.
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Córnea/microbiología , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/tratamiento farmacológico , Nocardiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Amicacina/uso terapéutico , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Niño , Preescolar , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapéutico , Córnea/anatomía & histología , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nocardiosis/epidemiología , Nocardiosis/microbiología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Experimental studies of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) obtained through different synthesis routes show considerable variability in their mechanical properties. The strongest CNTs obtained so far had a high Young's modulus of 1 TPa but could only be produced in gram scale quantities. The synthesis by catalytic chemical vapor deposition, a method that holds the greatest potential for large-scale production, gives CNTs with a high defect density. This leads to low Young's modulus values below 100 GPa for multiwall CNTs. Here we performed direct measurements of the mechanical properties of catalytically grown CNTs with only a few walls and find a Young's modulus of 1 TPa. This high value is confirmed for CNTs grown under two different growth conditions where the synthesis parameters such as the hydrocarbon source, catalyst material, and the synthesis temperature were varied. The results indicate that the observed difference in the Young's modulus for the catalytically grown CNTs with high and low numbers of walls is probably related to the growth mechanism of CNT.
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We examined the impact of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) on hospital discharge rates for invasive pneumococcal disease among Michigan children younger than 5 years old. After the introduction of PCV7, the hospital discharge rate for children younger than 1 years old was significantly lower than before introduction. We correlated the decreased rates with the introduction and rapid uptake of PCV7. Lack of change in the hospital discharge rates for other age groups likely represents a slower uptake of PCV7 compared with that for children aged younger than 1 year.