Public Health Response to a Case of Paralytic Poliomyelitis in an Unvaccinated Person and Detection of Poliovirus in Wastewater - New York, June-August 2022.

On July 18, 2022, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) notified CDC of detection of poliovirus type 2 in stool specimens from an unvaccinated immunocompetent young adult from Rockland County, New York, who was experiencing acute flaccid weakness. The patient initially experienced fever, neck stiffness, gastrointestinal symptoms, and limb weakness. The patient was hospitalized with possible acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) was detected in stool specimens obtained on days 11 and 12 after initial symptom onset. To date, related Sabin-like type 2 polioviruses have been detected in wastewater* in the patient's county of residence and in neighboring Orange County up to 25 days before (from samples originally collected for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring) and 41 days after the patient's symptom onset. The last U.S. case of polio caused by wild poliovirus occurred in 1979, and the World Health Organization Region of the Americas was declared polio-free in 1994. This report describes the second identification of community transmission of poliovirus in the United States since 1979; the previous instance, in 2005, was a type 1 VDPV (1). The occurrence of this case, combined with the identification of poliovirus in wastewater in neighboring Orange County, underscores the importance of maintaining high vaccination coverage to prevent paralytic polio in persons of all ages.

Wastewater Testing and Detection of Poliovirus Type 2 Genetically Linked to Virus Isolated from a Paralytic Polio Case - New York, March 9-October 11, 2022.

In July 2022, a case of paralytic poliomyelitis resulting from infection with vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 2 (VDPV2)§ was confirmed in an unvaccinated adult resident of Rockland County, New York (1). As of August 10, 2022, poliovirus type 2 (PV2)¶ genetically linked to this VDPV2 had been detected in wastewater** in Rockland County and neighboring Orange County (1). This report describes the results of additional poliovirus testing of wastewater samples collected during March 9-October 11, 2022, and tested as of October 20, 2022, from 48 sewersheds (the community area served by a wastewater collection system) serving parts of Rockland County and 12 surrounding counties. Among 1,076 wastewater samples collected, 89 (8.3%) from 10 sewersheds tested positive for PV2. As part of a broad epidemiologic investigation, wastewater testing can provide information about where poliovirus might be circulating in a community in which a paralytic case has been identified; however, the most important public health actions for preventing paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States remain ongoing case detection through national acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) surveillance†† and improving vaccination coverage in undervaccinated communities. Although most persons in the United States are sufficiently immunized, unvaccinated or undervaccinated persons living or working in Kings, Orange, Queens, Rockland, or Sullivan counties, New York should complete the polio vaccination series as soon as possible.

Exome Sequencing Starting from Single Cells.

Single-cell genomic analysis enables researchers to gain novel insights across diverse research areas, including developmental biology, tumor heterogeneity, and disease pathogenesis. Conducting single-cell genomic analysis using next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods has traditionally been challenging as the amount of genomic DNA present in a single cell is limited. Advancements in multiple displacement amplification (MDA) technologies allow the unbiased amplification of limited quantities of DNA under conditions that maintain its integrity. This method of amplification results in high yield and facilitates the generation of high-complexity NGS libraries that ensure the highest coverage to effectively allow variant calling. With the introduction of new sequencing platforms and chemistry, whole genome sequencing became a more cost-effective application, but enrichment of specific regions of interest further reduces the amount of required sequencing output and associated costs. There are two enrichment methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based and hybrid-capture-based methods. PCR-based methods are very flexible and highly effective but focus on specific loci, typically known to be associated with disease. Inherited diseases of unknown genetic origin require a more comprehensive approach to capture the genetic variation that is not yet associated with a specific disease. Hybrid capture enrichment methods require considerable amounts of DNA such that exome enrichment from single cells is only possible after preamplification of this limited material. This article describes the complete workflow from single cells and small quantities of DNA to exome-NGS libraries for Illumina sequencing instruments and includes the following protocols: © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Whole genome amplification from single cells or small amounts of gDNA Basic Protocol 2: NGS library generation of MDA-amplified material Basic Protocol 3: Exome enrichment.

Differential impact of genetic deletion of TIGIT or PD-1 on melanoma-specific T-lymphocytes.

Immune checkpoint (IC) blockade and adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T-cells (ACT) are two major strategies to treat metastatic melanoma. Their combination can potentiate T-cell activation in the suppressive tumor microenvironment, but the autoimmune adverse effects associated with systemic injection of IC blockers persist with this strategy. ACT of tumor-reactive T-cells defective for IC expression would overcome this issue. For this purpose, PD-1 and TIGIT appear to be relevant candidates, because their co-expression on highly tumor-reactive lymphocytes limits their therapeutic efficacy within the tumor microenvironme,nt. Our study compares the consequences of PDCD1 or TIGIT genetic deletion on anti-tumor properties and T-cell fitness of melanoma-specific T lymphocytes. Transcriptomic analyses revealed down-regulation of cell cycle-related genes in PD-1KO T-cells, consistent with biological observations, whereas proliferative pathways were preserved in TIGITKO T-cells. Functional analyses showed that PD-1KO and TIGITKO T-cells displayed superior antitumor reactivity than their wild-type counterpart in vitro and in a preclinical melanoma model using immunodeficient mice. Interestingly, it appears that TIGITKO T-cells were more effective at inhibiting tumor cell proliferation in vivo, and persist longer within tumors than PD-1KO T-cells, consistent with the absence of impact of TIGIT deletion on T-cell fitness. Taken together, these results suggest that TIGIT deletion, over PD-1 deletion, in melanoma-specific T-cells is a compelling option for future immunotherapeutic strategies.

Optimized Workflow for Whole Genome and Transcriptome Next-Generation Sequencing of Single Cells or Limited Nucleic Acid Samples.

Whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing require orders of magnitude more of starting nucleic acid than what is found in single cells or other extremely limited samples. High fidelity amplification of this minute amount of nucleic acids is essential to overcome the limitations caused by the low input, degradation and contamination, and to ensure a sufficient amount of DNA for preparation of high complex and high quality next-generation sequencing (NGS) libraries. Recent technical advances in multiple displacement amplification (MDA) enable studies of rare cell types, heterogeneity of body fluids, tissues, environmental samples, and organisms that cannot be cultured. Several strategies for amplification of limiting amounts of nucleic acid have been described, with PCR being popular. However, PCR-based methods result in high error rates, lower library complexity, and lower coverage uniformity. In this article, a HiFi MDA is used to accurately amplify the limited material and to allow library preparation starting from high input, while reducing PCR cycling to achieve sufficient library yields. This article describes a complete workflow from cells and small quantities of DNA or RNA to NGS libraries for Illumina sequencing instruments. © 2023 QIAGEN GmbH. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Whole genome amplification from single cells Support Protocol 1: PicoGreen™ quantification of MDA amplified DNA Support Protocol 2: Purification of amplified DNA after MDA Basic Protocol 2: Whole transcriptome amplification from single cells Alternate Protocol: Whole transcriptome amplification from purified RNA Basic Protocol 3: Enrichment of complete small genomes using target-specific primers in MDA Basic Protocol 4: Complete viral RNA amplification using target-specific primers in MDA Basic Protocol 5: Enzymatic fragmentation and adapter ligation of MDA amplified material Basic Protocol 6: Normalization of library concentration using magnetic beads.

Transcriptomic points of departure calculated from human intestinal cells exposed to dietary nanoparticles.

Use of nanoparticles (NPs) in the food industry raises dietary health concerns. Assessing dietary NPs remains challenged due the vast number of products and the resource-intensive nature of toxicity testing. Advancements in high-throughput transcriptomics, coupled with benchmark dose (BMD) analysis are poised to modernize chemical safety assessments. The study objective was to derive transcriptomic point of departure (tPOD) values for common dietary NPs through dose-response analysis of 3'RNA-sequencing data. Two intestinal cell lines (Caco-2, HIEC-6) were exposed to 9 forms of Ag, SiO2, and TiO2, and expression of L1000 landmark genes was characterized. In Caco-2 cells, tPODmode concentrations were 0.4-0.6, 21-32, and 17-59 ppm for NPs of Ag, SiO2, and TiO2, respectively; in HIEC-6 cells, the respective tPOD values were 6-7, 7-9, and 3-13 ppm. Pathway BMDs across cases identified, for example, osteoclast and Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, and cell cycle, signaling, and senescence pathways. In all cases, the tPOD and pathway BMD values were lower than concentrations associated with cellular changes (e.g., generation of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines, and cytotoxicity). These results demonstrate that transcriptomics dose-response analysis using in vitro models can help to increase understanding of a NP's mechanisms of action and derive quantitative information for dietary risk assessment.

PD-1 and TIGIT coexpression identifies a circulating CD8 T cell subset predictive of response to anti-PD-1 therapy.

BACKGROUND: Clinical benefit from programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) inhibitors relies on reinvigoration of endogenous antitumor immunity. Nonetheless, robust immunological markers, based on circulating immune cell subsets associated with therapeutic efficacy are yet to be validated. METHODS: We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cell from three independent cohorts of melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma patients treated with PD-1 inhibitor, at baseline and longitudinally after therapy. Using multiparameter flow cytometry and cell sorting, we isolated four subsets of CD8+ T cells, based on PD-1 and TIGIT expression profiles. We performed phenotypic characterization, T cell receptor sequencing, targeted transcriptomic analysis and antitumor reactivity assays to thoroughly characterize each of these subsets. RESULTS: We documented that the frequency of circulating PD-1+TIGIT+ (DPOS) CD8+ T-cells after 1 month of anti-PD-1 therapy was associated with clinical response and overall survival. This DPOS T-cell population was enriched in highly activated T-cells, tumor-specific and emerging T-cell clonotypes and T lymphocytes overexpressing CXCR5, a key marker of the CD8 cytotoxic follicular T cell population. Additionally, transcriptomic profiling defined a specific gene signature for this population as well as the overexpression of specific pathways associated with the therapeutic response. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a convincing rationale for monitoring this PD-1+TIGIT+ circulating population as an early cellular-based marker of therapeutic response to anti-PD-1 therapy.

Interactions of murine APOBEC3 and human APOBEC3G with murine leukemia viruses.

APOBEC3 proteins are cytidine deaminases which help defend cells against retroviral infections. One antiviral mechanism involves deaminating dC residues in minus-strand DNA during reverse transcription, resulting in G-to-A mutations in the coding strand. We investigated the effects of mouse APOBEC3 (mA3) and human APOBEC3G (hA3G) upon Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV). We find that mA3 inactivates MLV but is significantly less effective against MLV than is hA3G. In contrast, mA3 is as potent against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1, lacking the protective Vif protein) as is hA3G. The two APOBEC3 proteins are packaged to similar extents in MLV particles. Dose-response profiles imply that a single APOBEC3 molecule (or oligomer) is sufficient to inactivate an MLV particle. The inactivation of MLV by mA3 and hA3G is accompanied by relatively small reductions in the amount of viral DNA in infected cells. Although hA3G induces significant levels of G-to-A mutations in both MLV and HIV DNAs, and mA3 induces these mutations in HIV DNA, no such mutations were detected in DNA synthesized by MLV inactivated by mA3. Thus, MLV has apparently evolved to partially resist the antiviral effects of mA3 and to totally resist the ability of mA3 to induce G-to-A mutation in viral DNA. Unlike the resistance of HIV-1 and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 to hA3G, the resistance of MLV to mA3 is not mediated by the exclusion of APOBEC from the virus particle. The nature of its resistance and the mechanism of inactivation of MLV by mA3 are completely unknown.

TCR Analyses of Two Vast and Shared Melanoma Antigen-Specific T Cell Repertoires: Common and Specific Features.

Among Immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment, the adoptive transfer of antigen specific T cells is still a relevant approach, that could have higher efficacy when further combined with immune check-point blockade. A high number of adoptive transfer trials have been performed in metastatic melanoma, due to its high immunogenic potential, either with polyclonal TIL or antigen-specific polyclonal populations. In this setting, the extensive characterization of T cell functions and receptor diversity of infused polyclonal T cells is required, notably for monitoring purposes. We developed a clinical grade procedure for the selection and amplification of polyclonal CD8 T cells, specific for two shared and widely expressed melanoma antigens: Melan-A and MELOE-1. This procedure is currently used in a clinical trial for HLA-A2 metastatic melanoma patients. In this study, we characterized the T-cell diversity (T-cell repertoire) of such T cell populations using a new RNAseq strategy. We first assessed the added-value of TCR receptor sequencing, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, by direct comparison with cytometry analysis of the T cell populations labeled with anti-Vß-specific antibodies. Results from these analyzes also confirmed specific features already reported for Melan-A and MELOE-1 specific T cell repertoires in terms of V-alpha recurrence usage, on a very high number of T cell clonotypes. Furthermore, these analyses also revealed undescribed features, such as the recurrence of a specific motif in the CDR3α region for MELOE-1 specific T cell repertoire. Finally, the analysis of a large number of T cell clonotypes originating from various patients revealed the existence of public CDR3α and ß clonotypes for Melan-A and MELOE-1 specific T cells. In conclusion, this method of high throughput TCR sequencing is a reliable and powerful approach to deeply characterize polyclonal T cell repertoires, and to reveal specific features of a given TCR repertoire, that would be useful for immune follow-up of cancer patients treated by immunotherapeutic approaches.

Selective and nonselective packaging of cellular RNAs in retrovirus particles.

Assembly of retrovirus particles normally entails the selective encapsidation of viral genomic RNA. However, in the absence of packageable viral RNA, assembly is still efficient, and the released virus-like particles (termed "Psi-" particles) still contain roughly normal amounts of RNA. We have proposed that cellular mRNAs replace the genome in Psi- particles. We have now analyzed the mRNA content of Psi- and Psi+ murine leukemia virus (MLV) particles using both microarray analysis and real-time reverse transcription-PCR. The majority of mRNA species present in the virus-producing cells were also detected in Psi- particles. Remarkably, nearly all of them were packaged nonselectively; that is, their representation in the particles was simply proportional to their representation in the cells. However, a small number of low-abundance mRNAs were greatly enriched in the particles. In fact, one mRNA species was enriched to the same degree as Psi+ genomic RNA. Similar results were obtained with particles formed from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein, and the same mRNAs were enriched in MLV and HIV-1 particles. The levels of individual cellular mRNAs were approximately 5- to 10-fold higher in Psi- than in Psi+ MLV particles, in agreement with the idea that they are replacing viral RNA in the former. In contrast, signal recognition particle RNA was present at the same level in Psi- and Psi+ particles; a minor fraction of this RNA was weakly associated with genomic RNA in Psi+ MLV particles.

Packing interactions between transmembrane helices alter ion selectivity of the yeast Golgi Ca2+/Mn2+-ATPase PMR1.

PMR1 is the yeast secretory pathway pump responsible for high affinity transport of Mn2+ and Ca2+ into the Golgi, where these ions are sequestered and effectively removed from the cytoplasm. Phenotypic growth assays allow for convenient screening of side chains important for Ca2+ and Mn2+ transport. Earlier we demonstrated that mutant Q783A at the cytoplasmic interface of M6 could transport Ca2+, but not Mn2+. Scanning mutagenesis of side chains proximal to residue Gln-783 in membrane helices M2, M4, M5, and M6 revealed additional residues near the cytoplasmic interface, notably Leu-341 (M5), Phe-738 (M5), and Leu-785 (M6) that are sensitive to substitution. Importantly, we obtained evidence for a packing interaction between Val-335 in M4 and Gln-783 in M6 that is critical for Mn2+ transport. Thus, mutant V335G mimics the Mn2+ transport defect of Q783A and mutant V335I can effectively suppress the Mn2+-defective phenotype of Q783A. These changes in ion selectivity were confirmed by cation-dependent ATP hydrolysis using purified enzyme. Other substitutions at these sites are tolerated individually, but not in combination. Exchange of side chains at 335 and 783 also results in ion selectivity defects, suggesting that the packing interaction may be conformation-sensitive. Homology models of M4, M5, and M6 of PMR1 have been generated, based on the structures of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. The models are supported by data from mutagenesis and reveal that Gln-783 and Val-335 show conformation-sensitive packing at the cytoplasmic interface. We suggest that this region may constitute a gate for access of Mn2+ ions.

Antifungal activity of amiodarone is mediated by disruption of calcium homeostasis.

The antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone was recently demonstrated to have novel broad range fungicidal activity. We provide evidence that amiodarone toxicity is mediated by disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In mutants lacking calcineurin and various Ca2+ transporters, including pumps (Pmr1 and Pmc1), channels (Cch1/Mid1 and Yvc1), and exchangers (Vcx1), amiodarone sensitivity correlates with cytoplasmic calcium overload. Measurements of cytosolic Ca2+ by aequorin luminescence demonstrate a biphasic response to amiodarone. An immediate and extensive calcium influx was observed that was dose-dependent and correlated with drug sensitivity. The second phase consisted of a sustained release of calcium from the vacuole via the calcium channel Yvc1 and was independent of extracellular Ca2+ entry. To uncover additional cellular pathways involved in amiodarone sensitivity, we conducted a genome-wide screen of nearly 5000 single-gene yeast deletion mutants. 36 yeast strains with amiodarone hypersensitivity were identified, including mutants in transporters (pmr1, pdr5, and vacuolar H+-ATPase), ergosterol biosynthesis (erg3, erg6, and erg24), intracellular trafficking (vps45 and rcy1), and signaling (ypk1 and ptc1). Of three mutants examined (vps45, vma3, and rcy1), all were found to have defective calcium homeostasis, supporting a correlation with amiodarone hypersensitivity. We show that low doses of amiodarone and an azole (miconazole, fluconazole) are strongly synergistic and exhibit potent fungicidal effects in combination. Our findings point to the potentially effective application of amiodarone as a novel antimycotic, particularly in combination with conventional antifungals.