Agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors with the deciduous retained: Conservative and biomimetic approach using the BAIR technique.

OBJECTIVE: Agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors is a condition that requires treatment aimed at improving the esthetics, even at an early age. However, traditional therapeutic protocols are long, invasive and have limitations and contraindications imposed by the age of the patient. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Recent developments in restorative dentistry have provided a new approach to this clinical situation, in particular when the deciduous laterals are retained. We report two cases regarding the management of missing lateral incisors using Biologically Active Intrasulcular Restoration (BAIR) technique. The BAIR technique allows us to transform the shape of the deciduous lateral incisor into the permanent, acting both on the dental morphology and proportions, and on the appearance of the soft tissues and the gingival parables. CONCLUSIONS: The BAIR technique is a valid approach to cases of agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors, when the deciduous are retained. It does not require any preparation of the dental tissues, is reversible and minimally invasive. It is applicable to patients of all ages, and results are obtained in a single appointment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The BAIR technique allows a biomimetic conservative approach for the rehabilitation of congenitally missing permanent lateral incisors, when the deciduous are retained. It is a non-invasive protocol and effective in successfully restoring esthetics.

In vitro comparison of bonding effectiveness of different adhesive strategies.

ABSTRACT: Purpose: To compare the bond strength to human dentin for a variety of adhesive materials, including self-adhesive resin composites, self-etch and etch-and-rinse adhesive systems and glass-ionomer cement by means of micro shear bond strength (µSBS) test and SEM observations. METHODS: Seventy-two human molars were sectioned to obtain a 2 mm-thick slab of mid-coronal dentin and were subsequently randomly divided into nine groups (n = 8). Nine conical frustum-shaped build-ups were constructed on the occlusal surface of each dentin slab using bonding agents (Group 1: OptiBond FL; Group 2: OptiBond XTR) combined with a resin composite (Premise Flow), self-adhesive resin composites (Group 3: RelyX Unicem; Group 4: RelyX Unicem 2; Group 5: SmartCem2; Group 6: SpeedCEM; Group 7: Maxcem Elite; Group 8: Vertise Flow) and a glass-ionomer cement (Group 9: Ketac-Fil). Specimens were subjected to µSBS test and observed with SEM. Data were analyzed by a mixed model and chi-square test. RESULTS: The bond strengths measured in Groups 3-9 were significantly lower than those recorded in Groups 1 and 2. There were no significant differences in bond strengths between Groups 1 and 2 or between Groups 4 through 8. The bond strength measured in Group 9 was significantly lower than those recorded in Groups 4, 5, and 6 but was not significantly different than those recorded in Groups 3, 7, and 8. Failures were mainly adhesive in all groups.

Can discolored dental composites be bleached in depth?

Objectives: Previous in vitro studies determined the whitening effects of bleaching products on stained resin composite surfaces. This in vitro study aimed to verify the effectiveness of a whitening system on composite resin previously subjected to pigmentation, specifically examining the depth of whitening effectiveness within the material structure. Materials and Methods: A commercially available nano-filled composite resin was used. Specimens were stained using a coffee-based solution and a 10% carbamide peroxide-based gel was employed as the whitening agent. The pigment's penetration and the effect of the bleaching gel were evaluated by measuring color (CieLab values) from the outer edge to the inner part of the specimens. Color measurements were taken at 14 points, starting from 0.1 mm from the external perimeter up to 3.0 mm. Results: Analysis of variance tests showed a statistically significant difference between the Control Group (CG), Pigmentation Group, and Whitening Group. The whitening agent was effective up to 1.5 mm in depth, with Whiteness index (W) values not statistically different from those of CG up to 0.5 mm in depth. Conclusions: Whitening agents on nano-filled resin composite previously pigmented appear effective in restoring the W to values similar to the original, particularly in the superficial layers of the sample.

Lung function assessment in children with Long-Covid syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: A significant percentage of patients who survived the Coronavirus Infection Disease 2019 (COVID-19) showed persistent general and respiratory symptoms even months after recovery. This condition, called Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 or Long-Covid syndrome (LCS), has been described also in children with positive history for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Little is known about the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying this syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate any difference between children with LCS and asymptomatic peers with previous COVID-19 in terms of lung function and lung ultrasound (LUS) patterns. Secondly, we tested associations between lung function abnormalities and LUS findings with Long-Covid. METHODS: We carried out a prospective, descriptive, observational study including 58 children aged 5-17 years: 28 with LCS compared to 30 asymptomatic children with previous COVID-19. We collected demographic data, history of asthma, allergy or smoke exposure, and acute COVID-19 symptoms. After a median period of 4.5 months (1%-95% range 2-21) since the infection, lung function was assessed by spirometry, body plethysmography, diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Airways inflammation was investigated by fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). LUS was performed independently by two experienced clinicians. RESULTS: We found that children with LCS were older than controls (mean (SD) 12 (4.1) vs. 9.7 (2.6); p = .04). Children with LCS complained more frequently fatigue (46.4%), cough (17.9%), exercise intolerance (14.3%) and dyspnea (14.3%). Lung function was normal and similar between the two groups. The frequency of LUS abnormalities was similar between the two groups (43.3% children with LCS vs. 56.7% controls; p = .436). Children with LCS showed lower FeNO values (log difference -0.30 (CI 95% -0.50, -0.10)), but no association of LCS with a lower lung function and abnormal LUS findings was found. CONCLUSIONS: LCS seems to be more frequent in older age children. Lung functional and structural abnormalities were not different between children with LCS and asymptomatic subjects with previous COVID-19. In addition, children with LCS showed lower FeNO values than controls, suggesting its potential role as a marker in LCS. However, further and larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Adhesion to primary dentin: microshear bond strength and scanning electron microscopic observation.

PURPOSE: To compare the bond strength to human primary dentin of a self-adhesive light-curing resin composite, a self-etch adhesive and a glass-ionomer cement by means of microshear bond strength (pSBS) test and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations. METHODS: 75 human primary molars were sectioned to obtain a 2 mm-thick slab of mid-coronal dentin, randomly divided into three groups (n=25). Nine conical frustum-shaped buildups were constructed on the occlusal surface of each dentin slab using a self-adhesive light-curing resin composite (Vertise Flow; Group 1), bonding agent (Optibond All-in-One; Group 2) combined with resin composite (Premise Flow) and a glass-ionomer cement (Ketac-Fil; Group 3). After thermocycling, specimens were subjected to microSBS test. All debonded specimens were observed at SEM. Data were analyzed by a mixed model and chi-square test. RESULTS: The bond strength measured in Group 1 (9.0 +/- 4.5 MPa) was significantly lower than that one recorded in Group 2 (20.2 +/-12.5 MPa) although it was significantly higher than the one recorded in Group 3 (4.8 +/- 2.3 MPa). Failures were mainly adhesive in all groups.

New Indications of Biological Drugs in Allergic and Immunological Disorders: Beyond Asthma, Urticaria, and Atopic Dermatitis.

Asthma, chronic urticaria, and atopic dermatitis are some of the most numerous allergic diseases affecting children. Recent advances in the understanding of their specific intracellular molecular pathways have led to the approval of monoclonal antibodies targeting definite inflammatory molecules in order to control symptoms and improve quality of life. Less is known about other allergic and immunologic disorders such as rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, eosinophilic esophagitis, anaphylaxis, and food allergy undergoing allergen immunotherapy. The increasing evidence of the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogeneses made it possible to find in children new indications for known biological drugs, such as omalizumab and dupilumab, and to develop other ones even more specific. Promising results were recently obtained, although few are currently approved in the pediatric population. In this review, we aim to provide the latest evidence about the role, safety, and efficacy of biologic agents to treat allergic and immunologic diseases in children.

Maxillary Anterior Teeth Dimensions and Relative Width Proportions: A Narrative Literature Review.

Predictable results in the aesthetic treatment of anterior teeth can be obtained by resorting to the concept of dental aesthetics and, in particular, defining the ideal tooth dimensions and proportions to obtain a harmonious smile. Considering the great variety of articles dealing with the topic, and the lack of updated reviews, this narrative literature review aims to evaluate current knowledge on anterior teeth dimensions and to verify the existence and the potential applications of the anterior teeth proportioning theories (Golden Proportion, Golden Percentage, RED Proportion, and Golden Rectangle). PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were comprehensively searched using different keywords and term combinations. The research includes articles published up to June 2023, no time limits were set, and only articles in English were included. Inclusion criteria comprehended reviews, clinical studies, and in-vitro studies. A total of 66 articles were selected. Two main topics were identified: "Anterior teeth dimensions", "Golden Proportions, Golden Percentage, RED Proportions, and Golden Rectangle". As far as tooth dimensions are concerned, different width ranges are recognized for men and women and for different ethnic groups. Perfectly symmetric contralateral elements are found in low percentages of subjects. The correlation between dental dimensions and facial parameters is not always present, and it strongly depends on the sample's ethnicity and gender. Ideal tooth proportions were only partially identified.

A 52-week multicenter retrospective real-world study on effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in children with atopic dermatitis aged from 6 to 11 years.

Background: Dupilumab has been shown to be a safe and effective drug for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children from 6 months to 11 years in randomized clinical trials. Aim: The aim of this real-life study was to determine the effectiveness in disease control and safety of dupilumab at W52 in moderate-to-severe AD children aged 6-11 years.Methods: All data were collected from 36 Italian dermatological or paediatric referral centres. Dupilumab was administered at label dosage with an induction dose of 300 mg on day 1 (D1), followed by 300 mg on D15 and 300 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W). Treatment effect was determined as overall disease severity, using EASI, P-NRS, S-NRS and c-DLQI at baseline, W16, W24, and W52. Ninety-six AD children diagnosed with moderate-to-severe AD and treated with dupilumab were enrolled.Results: Ninety-one (94.8%) patients completed the 52-week treatment period and were included in the study. A significant improvement in EASI score, P-NRS, S-NRS and c-DLQI was observed from baseline to weeks 16, 24 and 52.Conclusions: Our real-life data seem to confirm dupilumab effectiveness and safety in paediatric patients. Moreover, our experience highlighted that patients achieving clinical improvement at W16 preserved this condition over time.

Stain Susceptibility of Composite Resins: Pigment Penetration Analysis.

Composite resins are considered the material of choice for esthetic direct restorations, considering both their satisfying esthetic and mechanical properties. The success of composite resin restorations depends highly on their color stability. Discoloration causes color mismatch, consequent patient dissatisfaction, and eventually additional costs for correction/replacement of the restoration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of pigment penetration within the composite resins, in order to understand how discoloration can be treated properly. Two different commercially available composite resins were compared in the study: a nano-filled composite resin and a non-homogeneous micro-hybrid composite resin. A coffee solution was used to induce staining of the materials. Subsequently, the penetration of the pigments was measured by analyzing the color from the outside to the inside of the specimen. 14 levels were analyzed starting from 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm in depth. The ANOVA test demonstrated a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) between test and control groups up to a depth of 1.0 mm for the nano-filled composite and up to a depth of 2.0 mm for the non-homogeneous micro-hybrid composite. The two composite resin materials, subjected to pigmenting treatment, underwent a color variation with different patterns.

Time-Specific Factors Influencing the Development of Asthma in Children.

Susceptibility to asthma is complex and heterogeneous, as it involves both genetic and environmental insults (pre- and post-birth) acting in a critical window of development in early life. According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, several factors, both harmful and protective, such as nutrition, diseases, drugs, microbiome, and stressors, interact with genotypic variation to change the capacity of the organism to successfully adapt and grow in later life. In this review, we aim to provide the latest evidence about predictive risk and protective factors for developing asthma in different stages of life, from the fetal period to adolescence, in order to develop strategic preventive and therapeutic interventions to predict and improve health later in life. Our study shows that for some risk factors, such as exposure to cigarette smoke, environmental pollutants, and family history of asthma, the evidence in favor of a strong association of those factors with the development of asthma is solid and widely shared. Similarly, the clear benefits of some protective factors were shown, providing new insights into primary prevention. On the contrary, further longitudinal studies are required, as some points in the literature remain controversial and a source of debate.

Comparison of experienced and inexperienced operators on bond strengths of total-etch and self-etch bonding systems.

PURPOSE: To compare a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system and a one-step self-etch adhesive system in order to evaluate the influence of clinical experience on dentin bond strength. METHODS: 24 human molars were sectioned to obtain two 1 mm-thick slabs of mid-coronal dentin. Both surfaces of one of the two slabs that were obtained from each tooth were treated with a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (OptiBond Solo Plus), while both surfaces of the other slab were treated with a one-step self-etch adhesive (OptiBond All-In-One). 24 undergraduate, second-year students applied the adhesive on one of the two surfaces of each slab (Student group), while 12 dentists with experience in adhesive restorative dentistry (Expert group) applied the same adhesive on the other surface of the slab. Nine conical frustum-shaped resin composite (Premise Flowable) build-ups, whose smaller base was bonded to the dentin surface, were constructed on both surfaces of each dentin slab using a custom-made device. After thermocycling, specimens were subjected to microshear bond strength test. Data were analyzed by a multilevel statistical model. RESULTS: The interaction term Experience x Adhesive resulted statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The bond strength (MPa) resulting from the self-etch adhesive was similar in the Student (27.8 +/- 9.0) and in the Expert group (26.5 +/- 7.0). The etch-and-rinse adhesive bond strength within the Student group (23.6 +/- 10.4) was lower than that within the Expert group (28.1 +/- 8.9).

[Clinician' emotional resonance as investigation tool: development and preliminary validation of a questionnaire]. / Il sentire del clinico come strumento di conoscenza: sviluppo e validazione preliminare di una scala di valutazione.

AIMS: A robust psychopathological and psychotherapeutic tradition underscores the importance of the clinician's feelings in the assessment and therapeutic process. Our aim is to develop an instrument to evaluate psychiatrist' experience induced by each patient. This paper describes the development and preliminary validation of this instrument. METHODS: Based on the relevant literature and our clinical experience, we developed a self-completed questionnaire consisting of 65 items covering various aspects of the clinician' emotional resonance. Ten psychiatrists completed our questionnaire immediately after first clinical interviews involving a total of 125 patients with various psychiatric diagnoses. Also, they completed the Profile of Mood State (POMS) immediately before and after these interviews. The factor structure and convergent validity of the questionnaire was examined. RESULTS: We identified a six-factor structure. The factors showed acceptable internal consistency and were interpretable as different aspects of the clinician-patient interaction as experienced by the clinician. There was a consistent pattern of correlations between factor scores and changes in POMS scale scores during the clinical interviews. DISCUSSION: The study results, though preliminary, suggest that clinicians' subjective reactions during their interactions with patients can be validly and reliably measured. Quantitative measurement of clinician's subjectivity is potentially useful in both clinical and research settings.

Biologic Therapy and Severe Asthma in Children.

Severe asthma is a heterogeneous, complex and chronic disease widespread in the pediatric population. According to the recent findings about the different endotypes of asthma in children, each one characterized by specific intracellular molecular pathways, several innovative biologic therapies have been developed. Due to their precise ability to target specific inflammatory type 2 mediators, biologics have revolutionized the care of chronic allergic diseases in the pediatric and adult population. In this review, we aim to provide the latest evidence about the use, indications, efficacy and safety of biologic therapies to treat severe asthma in children and adolescents.

Immunological Targets of Biologic Drugs in Allergic Skin Diseases in Children.

Atopic dermatitis and urticaria are two invalidating skin disorders that are very common in children. Recent advances in the understanding of their specific intracellular molecular pathways have permitted the development of precise biological molecules, targeting inflammatory mediators and arresting the pathogenetic pathways of skin diseases. Many biologics with promising results have been studied, although few are currently approved in children. In this review, we aim to provide the latest evidence about the use, indications, efficacy and safety of biologic therapies to treat atopic dermatitis and chronic urticaria in children and adolescents.

Accuracy of Digital Impressions in Fixed Prosthodontics: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies.

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of direct digital impressions in vivo and compare it to that of conventional impressions in order to assess whether intraoral scanners could be a legitimate alternative for the manufacturing of fixed prosthodontics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases using query terms such as digital impression; intraoral digital impression; intraoral scanner; intraoral digital scanner; conventional impression; analogue impression; and accuracy. The outcomes were the trueness and precision of digital impressions in comparison to those of high-precision conventional impressions in vivo. RESULTS: Six studies matched the inclusion criteria. Four studies investigated the precision of digital impressions, while two studies focused on their trueness. Even if all the authors agreed that conventional impressions were more accurate than digital impressions in vivo, they gave different opinions on using intraoral scanners in a clinical context without causing misfit of the final restoration. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present review, conventional impressions performed using high-precision impression materials showed greater accuracy than digital impressions. However, additional studies assessing the accuracy of digital impressions in a wider variety of clinical situations are highly recommended.

Oxidative Stress Markers and the Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of potentially preventable blindness in low birth weight preterm infants. Several perinatal and postnatal factors contribute to the incomplete maturation of retinal vascularization, leading to oxidative stress damage. Literature data suggest that the lack of equilibrium between pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants plays a key role. In the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in identifying the antecedents of ROP and the relevant pathogenic mechanisms involved. In this context, a panel of biomarkers was investigated in order to achieve early detection of oxidative stress occurrence and to prevent retinal damage. Several nutritional elements have been found to play a relevant role in ROP prevention. At this stage, no conclusive data have been shown to support the usefulness of one biomarker over another. Recently, the Food and Drugs Administration, the European Medicine Agency, and the National Institute of Health proposed a series of criteria in order to promote the inclusion of new biomarkers in perinatal clinical guidelines and daily practice. The aim of the present review is to offer an update on a panel of biomarkers, currently investigated as potential predictors of ROP, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.

Double microtensile bond strength test: an alternative methodology for sample preparation.

The aim of the present study was to compare the technique currently used for carrying out the microtensile bond strength (muTBS) test with an alternative method. Six human molars were sectioned transversally to obtain two specimens from each tooth: a 0.75-mm-thick slab of mid-coronal dentin, which presented an occlusal and a cervical surface (DS specimen); and the remaining section of the tooth with an exposed dentin surface (SS specimen). A self-etch adhesive system and four layers (2 mm each) of resin composite were applied to the sectioned surfaces by means of a custom-made special device, in order to obtain a cylindrical build-up. Each specimen was sectioned lengthwise to obtain multiple sticks. The end sections of sticks obtained from DS specimens were resin composite, whereas the middle section was dentin. The sticks obtained from SS specimens were half resin composite and half dentin. The specimens were fractured under tension. Data were subjected to a multilevel statistical model. The maximum load at break of SS specimens was higher than that of DS specimens. This modified methodology offers two main advantages over the traditional procedure: easier manipulation of the sticks; and the possibility of testing deep dentin.

[Sibutramine-related panic attack: a clinical case of apparent resolution with paroxetine]. / Sibutramina e attacco di panico: un caso clinico con apparente risoluzione mediante paroxetina.

The authors report the case of a patient arrived in psychiatric ambulatory with a panic-like symptomatology. The patient refers that the symptomatology appeared after taking sibutramine. She took it with the intent to lose weight. After the disturbance beginning, the patient interrupted the sibutramine treatment but the psychiatric symptomatology didn't regress completely. It is supposed, in the light of this new evidence and in conformity of DSM-IV criteria, the diagnosis of substance-induced anxiety disorder with panic attack. Paroxetine and alprazolam were administered to the patient, with the resolution of the anxious symptoms. After eight months the treatment was suspended, since the patient referred to be pregnant; in any case, during the pregnancy no other panic attacks occurred. After six months from the suspension of the drugs, the patient can no longer be classified as affected by panic attack according to the DSM-IV criteria.

Adhesion to Zirconia: A Systematic Review of Current Conditioning Methods and Bonding Materials.

Background. Reliable bonding between resin composite cements and high strength ceramics is difficult to achieve because of their chemical inertness and lack of silica content that makes etching impossible. The purpose of this review is to classify and analyze the existing methods and materials suggested to improve the adhesion of zirconia to dental substrate by using composite resins, in order to explore current trends in surface conditioning methods with predictable results. Methods. The current literature, examining the bond strength of zirconia ceramics, and including in vitro studies, clinical studies, and a systematic review, was analyzed. The research in the literature was carried out using PubMed and Cochrane Library databases, only papers in English, published online from 2013 to 2018. The following keywords and their combinations were used: Zirconia, 3Y-TZP, Adhesion, Adhesive cementation, Bonding, Resin, Composite resin, Composite material, Dentin, Enamel. Results. Research, in PubMed and Cochrane Library databases, provided 390 titles with abstracts. From these, a total of 93 publications were chosen for analysis. After a full text evaluation, seven articles were discarded. Therefore, the final sample was 86, including in vitro, clinical studies, and one systematic review. Various adhesive techniques with different testing methods were examined. Conclusions. Airborne-particle abrasion and tribo-chemical silica coating are the pre-treatment methods with more evidence in the literature. Increased adhesion could be expected after physico-chemical conditioning of zirconia. Surface contamination has a negative effect on adhesion. There is no evidence to support a universal adhesion protocol.

Influence of operator skill on microleakege of total-etch and self-etch bonding systems.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of operator skill on microleakage in class V restorations using simplified bonding systems. METHODS: Two cavities were carried out on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 50 human bicuspid teeth. The teeth were randomly assigned to two groups according to the operator's skill: student group and expert group. The two cavities of each tooth were randomly treated with Adper Scotchbond 1 XT (total-etch adhesive) and Adper Prompt L-Pop (self-etch adhesive). All cavities were restored with a 0.2mm thick layer of flowable composite (Filtek flow) followed by one bulk increment of resin composite (Filtek Supreme XT). Specimens were thermocycled, immersed in 2% methylene blue and sectioned in a bucco-lingual plane. They were then examined under a stereomicroscope and scored according to microleakage. The data was subjected to a multilevel statistical model. RESULTS: At the dentine margin the microleakage resulting from both the self-etch adhesive and the total-etch one was similar in the student and in the expert groups. The interaction term skill x adhesive was not statistically significant (p=0.4156). At the enamel margin the self-etch adhesive microleakage within the student group resulted lower than that within the expert group. On the other hand, the total-etch adhesive microleakage within the expert group resulted lower than that within the student group. The interaction term skill x adhesive was statistically significant (p=0.0037). CONCLUSIONS: Both the adhesives used were sensitive to operator skill in obtaining a reliable seal with the enamel. On the dentine, both adhesives demonstrated little sensitivity to operator skill.