Immunomodulation and Humoral Immune Response in Teleost Immunized with Aeromonas-Derived Antigenic Extracellular Bioactive Molecules.

The common use of antimicrobials in food-animal production can lead to drug residues in edible tissues for consumers. However, immunomodulators enhance immune responses and vaccine effectiveness. A new perspective explores bacterial extracellular bioactive molecules (EBMs) in food-animal production to modulate host immune responses, potentially transforming pathogen management and antimicrobial use. This study investigates the immunogenic potential of Aeromonas hydrophila-derived EBMs (Antigens) to enhance the immune system. Four Antigens were administered intraperitoneally to Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia). Antigens 2 and Antigens 3 boosted fish immune competence within 21 days. Remarkably, Antigens 3 induced robust immunity against A. hydrophila with a single dose, notably enhancing antibody-based immune responses. The increased antibody activity suggests Antigens 3 could be a vaccine candidate, promising further research and potential application in food-animal production to improve disease control. This study highlights immunomodulators' potential in reshaping disease management in the food-animal industry, emphasizing the benefits of focusing on bacterial EBMs to reduce reliance on antimicrobials and achieve sustainable disease prevention.

Assessment of asymptomatic bacteriuria and sterile pyuria among antenatal attendants in hospitals in northern Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) and sterile pyuria (SP) are complexities of UTI whose prevalence are not known in the northern sector of Ghana. Our aim was to determine the occurrence of sterile pyuria and asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women accessing antenatal care at a secondary and tertiary care hospitals in Tamale, northern Ghana. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted by screening 530 pregnant women with no signs of acute urinary tract infection attending antenatal clinic for a period of 6 months. Midstream urine was collected for microscopy, quantitative urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. RESULTS: Asymptomatic bacteriuria was respectively 20 and 35.5% at Tamale Central and Tamale Teaching Hospital out of the 390 and 90 women screened. Sterile pyuria was found among 66% of the 50 women presenting at Tamale Central Hospital. More than 64% of isolates recovered from ASB patients were S. aureus and coagulase negative Staph. (CoNS). Escherichia coli was the dominant species among members of the enterobacteriaceae isolated. Highest susceptibility was recorded against gentamicin and amikacin while most resistance was to Ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin. Resistance to imipenem and vancomycin were 28.8 and 52%, with strains showing multiple drug resistance of between 81 and 92%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is appreciably higher (20-35.5%) than documented rates in the southern sector of the country. The presence of sterile pyuria which may be an indication of asymptomatic renal impairment and most often overlooked in antenatal management is 66%. Empirical treatment of UTIs at the Tamale Central and Teaching Hospital without confirmation of susceptibility may result in treatment failure. It is necessary to screen and treat pregnant women for ASB and SP due to the complications associated with these conditions.

How Worried Are You about Food Fraud? A Preliminary Multi-Country Study among Consumers in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries.

Food fraud is an old, recurring, and global threat to public health. It poses a serious threat to food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite the prevalence of food fraud in SSA, little is known about how food fraud is viewed by consumers. This study aims to provide an overview of consumers' concerns about food fraud in SSA. A multi-country survey was conducted in October 2022-31 January 2023, and 838 valid responses were returned. To reduce the large and correlated dataset, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used. Five components were derived from PCA: (i) Staple foods; (ii) Premium food and drink products; (iii) Trust in reliable sources; (iv) Trust in less reliable sources; and (v) Trust in food vendors. The findings revealed Ghanaian (mean rank = 509.47) and Nigerian (mean rank = 454.82) consumers tended to score higher on the measure of food fraud concern suggesting that they were less confident in the safety and quality of the food they consume. Demographic characteristics including age, number of children, personal and family experience of food fraud and PCA components such as 'Staple foods', 'Trust in reliable sources', and 'Trust in food vendors' significantly predicted the model. This is the first preliminary study to provide empirical findings on consumers' concerns about food fraud in SSA. Practical and policy recommendations for the region are suggested. This includes (i) modelling the AfriFoodinTegrity in West Africa across other major regions such as Central, East, and Southern Africa; (ii) establish a regional sub-Saharan Africa Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (SSA-RASFF) platform; and (iii) food safety and food fraud reports could be incorporated into SSA-RASFF portal for information sharing.

Antibiotic resistance pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from mobile phones of healthcare workers in public hospitals in Ghana.

Introduction: mobile phone plays an essential role in the lives of healthcare professionals in hospitals as far as communication is concerned. However, it can also serve as a source of nosocomial infections. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli isolated from mobile phones used by healthcare staff working in three public hospitals in Ghana. Methods: in total, 220 swab samples were collected from 110 mobile phones of healthcare workers at a referral and two public tertiary hospitals in Ghana. Direct spreading of swab samples on agar plates was done. MacConkey agar and Baird Parker agar were used to isolate E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute´s guidelines were followed for susceptibility testing, and S. aureus strains resistant to cefoxitin were considered to be MRSA. All E. coli and MRSA isolates were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics using European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) 2018 guidelines with its breakpoints. Obtained qualitative data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel. Results: of 110 mobile phones, 78 (70.9%) and 4 (3.6%) were colonized with S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. From the 78 S. aureus isolates, 22 (28%) isolates were MRSA. Fifty percent (50%) (11/22) of the MRSA isolates were multi-drug resistant, of which one isolate was resistant to all antibiotics tested. E. coli isolates had 100 resistances to both ceftriaxone and ceftazidime. Conclusion: mobile phones used by healthcare workers in hospitals frequently harbor E. coli, S. aureus, MRSA and may be sources of hospital-associated infections.

Dissemination Routes of Carbapenem and Pan-Aminoglycoside Resistance Mechanisms in Hospital and Urban Wastewater Canalizations of Ghana.

Wastewater has a major role in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dynamics and public health. The impact on AMR of wastewater flux at the community-hospital interface in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is poorly understood. Therefore, the present study analyzed the epidemiological scenario of resistance genes, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and bacterial populations in wastewater around the Tamale metropolitan area (Ghana). Wastewater samples were collected from the drainage and canalizations before and after three hospitals and one urban waste treatment plant (UWTP). From all carbapenem/pan-aminoglycoside-resistant bacteria, 36 isolates were selected to determine bacterial species and phenotypical resistance profiles. Nanopore sequencing was used to screen resistance genes and plasmids, whereas, sequence types, resistome and plasmidome contents, pan-genome structures, and resistance gene variants were analyzed with Illumina sequencing. The combination of these sequencing data allowed for the resolution of the resistance gene-carrying platforms. Hospitals and the UWTP collected genetic and bacterial elements from community wastewater and amplified successful resistance gene-bacterium associations, which reached the community canalizations. Uncommon carbapenemase/ß-lactamase gene variants, like blaDIM-1, and novel variants, including blaVIM-71, blaCARB-53, and blaCMY-172, were identified and seem to spread via clonal expansion of environmental Pseudomonas spp. However, blaNDM-1, blaCTX-M-15, and armA genes, among others, were associated with MGEs that allowed for their dissemination between environmental and clinical bacterial hosts. In conclusion, untreated hospital wastewater in Ghana is a hot spot for the emergence and spread of genes and gene-plasmid-bacterium associations that accelerate AMR, including to last-resort antibiotics. Urgent actions must be taken in wastewater management in LMICs in order to delay AMR expansion. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one the major threats to public health today, especially resistance to last-resort compounds for the treatment of critical infections, such as carbapenems and aminoglycosides. Innumerable works have focused on the clinical ambit of AMR, but studies addressing the impact of wastewater cycles on the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria are still limited. The lack of knowledge is even greater when referring to low- and middle-income countries, where there is an absence of accurate sanitary systems. Furthermore, the combination of short- and long-read sequencing has surpassed former technical limitations, allowing the complete characterization of resistance genes, mobile genetic platforms, plasmids, and bacteria. The present study deciphered the multiple elements and routes involved in AMR dynamics in wastewater canalizations and, therefore, in the local population of Tamale, providing the basis to adopt accurate control measures to preserve and promote public health.

Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices among consumers in developing countries: An international survey.

An international survey among consumers in developing countries from Asia and Africa on food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) was carried out using structured questionnaires. Data were collected from 453 consumers comprising 265 from Africa and 188 from Asia. Significant difference (p < 0.05) on food safety knowledge attitude and practice between consumers from Africa and Asia was observed. In Africa, consumers in Cameroon had the least food safety knowledge (73.15 ±â€¯16.43) compared to Ghana (78.19 ±â€¯15.84) and Nigeria (88.16 ±â€¯8.88). Similarly, consumers in Iran had the least food safety knowledge (73.33 ±â€¯19.84) in Asia compared to Malaysia (88.36 ±â€¯11.64) and Pakistan (89.42 ±â€¯9.89). Among the respondents, 89% were aware of food poisoning while 304 (67.1%) consume food kept for long at room temperature. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of consumers between Africa and Asia. Overall, respondents from Asia have better food safety knowledge than respondents from Africa.

Prevalence and pattern of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from door handles and other points of contact in public hospitals in Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Studies have implicated Staphylococcus aureus as the leading cause of septicemia in the Tamale metropolis of Ghana. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the environments of three hospitals in Ghana. METHODS: A total of 120 swab samples were taken from door handles, stair railings and other points of contact at Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale Central Hospital and Tamale West Hospital. The swab samples were directly plated on Mannitol Salt and Baird Parker agar plates and incubated at 37 °C (± 2) for 18-24 h. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute's guidelines. Isolates resistant to both cefoxitin and oxacillin were considered to be MRSA. RESULTS: A total of 47 (39%) positive S. aureus samples were isolated from all three hospitals, of which, eight (17%) were putative MRSA isolates. One MRSA isolate was resistant to all the antibiotics used (cefoxitin, oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim). Five of the MRSA isolates were multi-drug resistant, whilst the other three were resistant to only two antibiotics. All the multi-drug resistant MRSA isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotics. The percentage of isolates resistant to oxacillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim were 17, 13, 9, 28, 89, 13 and 11% respectively. CONCLUSION: The high multi-drug resistance of MRSA in hospital environments in Ghana reinforces the need for the effective and routine cleaning of door handles in hospitals. Further investigation is required to understand whether S. aureus from door handles could be the possible causes of nosocomial diseases in the hospitals.

Assessment of formaldehyde levels in local and imported fresh fish in Ghana: a case study in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana.

Fish is an important source of protein all over the world, including in Ghana. The fishery sector plays a major role in meeting the domestic need of animal protein and also contributes greatly in foreign exchange earnings. The domestic supply of fish does not meet the demand, so Ghana imports fish and fish products from other countries. Media reports in Ghana have alleged the use of formaldehyde to preserve fish for increased shelf life and to maintain freshness. This research, therefore, sought to establish the levels of formaldehyde in imported and local fresh fish in the Tamale Metropolis by using a ChemSee formaldehyde and formalin detection test kit. Positive and negative controls were performed by using various concentrations of formalin (1, 10, 30, 50, 100, and 300 ppm) and sterile distilled water, respectively. Three times over a 6-month period, different fish species were obtained from five wholesale cold stores (where fish are sold in cartons) and some local sales points (where locally caught fish are sold). A total of 32 samples were taken during three different sampling sessions: 23 imported fish (mackerel, herring, horse mackerel, salmon, and redfish) and 9 local tilapia. The fish were cut, and 50 g was weighed and blended with an equal volume (50 ml) of sterile distilled water. Samples were transferred to test tubes and centrifuged. A test strip was dipped into the supernatant and observed for a color change. A change in color from white to pink or purple indicated the presence of formaldehyde in fish. The study showed that no formaldehyde was present in the imported and local fish obtained. The appropriate regulatory agencies should carry out this study regularly to ensure that fish consumed in Ghana is safe for consumption.

First identification of Salmonella Urbana and Salmonella Ouakam in humans in Africa.

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella infections are increasing worldwide, but there are few reports on Salmonella surveillance in African countries and other developing countries. This has made it difficult to estimate the actual burden of salmonellosis, especially in Africa. This study was conducted in a neglected Northern Region of Ghana where there are no previous data on Salmonella serotypes. METHODOLOGY: Standard microbiological tests were used for isolation, identification, and serotyping. Micro-dilution was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility tests. RESULTS: Four serotypes of Salmonella were identified: S. Urbana, S. Ouakam, S. Senftenberg, and S. Stanleyville. All the serotypes were susceptible to the 20 antibiotics used in the susceptibility test. S. Urbana and S. Ouakam were identified in humans for the first time in Africa. CONCLUSION: This study may serve as a baseline study for future investigations on Salmonella in the region and may assist public health officials to take the appropriate measures in case of a disease outbreak caused by Salmonella in the area. The article may also give health officials a fair idea of the resistance level of these serotypes in the region.