RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Various adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are associated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). However, the effects of PPIs on the renal system are unclear so far. Thus, the main objective of the current study was to identify the possible signals of PPIs in the renal system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data mining algorithms such as proportional reporting ratio i.e. PRR (≥2) with associated chi-squared value (>4), reporting odds ratio i.e. ROR (≥2) with 95% confidence interval and case count (≥3) were calculated to identify a possible signal. RESULTS: The calculated PRR and ROR have indicated a positive signal of PPIs with suspected chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, renal failure, renal injury, and end-stage renal disease. The subgroup analysis results have shown a greater number of cases in the age group (18-64 years) as compared to other age groups whereas the number of cases in the female was found to be more as compared to males. The sensitivity analysis results have also shown no significant impact of concomitantly administered drugs on the outcome. CONCLUSION: PPIs may be associated with various ADRs on the renal system.
We have examined the adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on the renal system using data from FDA Adverse Event Reporting System of the USA between 1 January 2004 and 30 September 2021. After doing the subgroup as well as sensitivity analysis, we have identified a positive signal of suspected chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, renal failure, renal injury, and end-stage renal disease with selected PPIs. Therefore, the adverse effects of selected PPIs on the renal system should be considered and further causality assessment should be performed to confirm the association.
Asunto(s)
Lesión Renal Aguda , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inhibidores de la Bomba de Protones/efectos adversos , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos/epidemiología , Lesión Renal Aguda/inducido químicamente , Lesión Renal Aguda/epidemiología , Algoritmos , Minería de DatosRESUMEN
Non-invasive mucosal immune response plays an important role in controlling various infections through mucosal route. Therefore, the appropriate induction of effective immune response should be elicited after immunization. Currently, a lot of strategies have been investigated to enhance the mucosal immunity including microparticles, liposomes, virosomes, cochleates and aracheosomes. These carriers due to tunable and unique physicochemical properties offer the possibility for better antigen presentation by appropriate cells, being more effective to induce a comparable immune response. The objective of this review is to give an overview of novel strategies for the delivery of vaccines through the mucosal route.