Advancing nanobubble technology for carbon-neutral water treatment and enhanced environmental sustainability.

Gaseous nanobubbles (NBs) with dimensions ranging from 1 to 1000 nm in the liquid phase have garnered significant interest due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, including specific surface area, low internal gas pressure, long-term stability, efficient mass transfer, interface potential, and free radical production. These remarkable properties have sparked considerable attention in the scientific community and industries alike. These hold immense promise for environmental applications, especially for carbon-neutral water remediation. Their long-lasting stability in aqueous systems and efficient mass transfer properties make them highly suitable for delivering gases in the vicinity of pollutants. This potential has prompted research into the use of NBs for targeted delivery of gases in contaminated water bodies, facilitating the degradation of harmful substances and advancing sustainable remediation practices. However, despite significant progress in understanding NBs physicochemical properties and potential applications, several challenges and knowledge gaps persist. This review thereby aims to summarize the current state of research on NBs environmental applications and potential for remediation. By discussing the generation processes, mechanisms, principles, and characterization techniques, it sheds light on the promising future of NBs in advancing environmental sustainability. It explores their role in improving oxygenation, aeration, and pollutant degradation in water systems. Finally, the review addresses future research perspectives, emphasizing the need to bridge knowledge gaps and overcome challenges to unlock the full potential of this frontier technology for enhanced environmental sustainability.

Synergistic roles of carbon dioxide nanobubbles and biochar for promoting direct CO2 assimilation by plants and optimizing nutrient uptake efficiency.

This study investigates the synergistic role of carbon dioxide nanobubbles (CNBs) and biochar (BC) on seed germination, plant growth, and soil quality, employing Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Phaseolus vulgaris (beans) as test plant species. CNBs, generated and dispersed in both distilled water (DW) and tap water (TW), exhibited distinct characteristics, with TW-CNBs being larger and more stable (peak values of around 18.17 nm and 299.5 nm, zeta potential (ZP) of -5.91 mV), while DW-CNBs have peak values of around 1.63 nm and 216.1 nm, ZP of -3.23 mV. The results suggest CNBs enhance seed germination by upto 20%. CNBs in BC amended soil further promoted plant height and leaf number. CNBs increased dissolved CO2 levels to 2-24 ppm within 40 min, while BC enriched soil organic carbon from 19.20 to 24.96 ppm in beans and 18.33 to 22.35 ppm in tomatoes. The pH levels decreased from 7.68 to 3.78 for TW-CNBs and from 7.41 to 2.13 for DW-CNBs. Additionally, the electrical conductivity (EC) decreased from 112.1 to 99.6 for TW-CNBs, while it increased from 4.15 to 32.1 for DW-CNBs. Together they significantly increased soil available phosphorus and potassium to 4.03-8.06 and 3.58-7.16 kg ha-1; and 5.67-55.74 and 17.57-43.79 kg ha-1 in bean and tomato, respectively. Variations in nutrient concentrations were observed, with substantial increase in Na (16.27% and 6.58%), Zn (3.39% and 0.46%), and Mg (5.05% and 1.44%) content for beans and tomatoes, respectively. Structural equation model and principal component analysis revealed differences between CNB and BC treated soils, highlighting positive impact on soil quality and plant growth compared to control. Integration of CNBs and BC presents a multifaceted approach to enhance soil quality and promote plant growth, offering promising solutions for sustainable agriculture and environmental management.

Impact of 3D Curvature on the Polarization Orientation in Non-Ising Domain Walls.

Ferroelectric domain boundaries are quasi-two-dimensional functional interfaces with high prospects for nanoelectronic applications. Despite their reduced dimensionality, they can exhibit complex non-Ising polarization configurations and unexpected physical properties. Here, the impact of the three-dimensional (3D) curvature on the polarization profile of nominally uncharged 180° domain walls in LiNbO3 is studied using second-harmonic generation microscopy and 3D polarimetry analysis. Correlations between the domain-wall curvature and the variation of its internal polarization unfold in the form of modulations of the Néel-like character, which we attribute to the flexoelectric effect. While the Néel-like character originates mainly from the tilting of the domain wall, the internal polarization adjusts its orientation due to the synergetic upshot of dipolar and monopolar bound charges and their variation with the 3D curvature. Our results show that curved interfaces in solid crystals may offer a rich playground for tailoring nanoscale polar states.

Semiochemical based integrated livestock pest control.

The role of arthropods as livestock pests has been well established. Besides their biting habits causing nuisance in animals; they are important vectors for transmission of economically important livestock diseases worldwide. Various pests and vector control managemental programs that also make use of chemicals have variable success rates. Consequently, insecticide/acaricide resistance has been reported against most of the commonly used chemicals along with increased concern for environment and demand for clean and green, residue-free animal products. This calls for an urgent need to develop novel, alternate, effective strategies/technologies. This lays the foundation for the use of semiochemicals as alternatives along with other biological control agents. Current knowledge on semiochemical use in livestock is refined and limited; however, it has been widely exploited in the agricultural sector to control plant and food crop pests, surveillance, and monitoring. Semiochemicals have an added advantage of being natural and safe; however, knowledge of extraction and quantification by using assays needs to be explicit. Expertise is required in behavioral and electrophysiological studies of arthropods and their interactions with the host and environment targeting specific semiochemicals for promising results. A thorough prior understanding on aspects such as mechanism of action, the stimulus for the release, the effecter/target species, response produced, application methods, dose and concentration is required to develop any successful pest/vector control program. The current review provides essential and frontline information on semiochemicals and their potential applications in the livestock sector along with future challenges and interventions.

Discoidin domain receptor inhibitors as anticancer agents: A systematic review on recent development of DDRs inhibitors, their resistance and structure activity relationship.

Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) are one of the less explored targets for the treatment of cancer which belong to receptor tyrosine kinases family. Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) are a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase and essential for controlling cellular functions like proliferation, morphogenesis, adhesion, differentiation, invasion, matrix remodeling, and migration. Although there are many targets and their inhibitors are reported which treat cancer. But most of drugs were amalgamated with moderate to severe side effects. This results in untreated cancerous cells. One of the reasons that cancer is considered challenging to treat because the targets were mutating rapidly and the inhibitor become less potent. The target identification is a tedious task for the researchers from the early 1990 s till date. When it comes to cancer, there has not been any magical stick to treat it undisputedly. Therefore, need for discovery of new receptor may helpful to overcome these difficulties. The development of DDR inhibitors has received a lot of attention ever since the target was discovered. In this review we have reported the development of most promising DDR1 and DDR2 small molecule inhibitors from the perspective of medicinal chemistry. We have also discussed about the clinical trials, recent patents, selectivity biological activity, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of DDR1 and DDR2 inhibitors.

Antioxidants: an approach for restricting oxidative stress induced neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide. Oxidative stress contributes towards induction of neurodegeneration. It is one of the reasons behind initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Understanding of oxidative balance and restoration of oxidative stress has demonstrated its effectiveness in the management of AD. Various natural and synthetic molecules have been found to be effective in different models of AD. Some clinical studies also support the use of antioxidants for prevention of neurodegeneration in AD. In this review we are summarizing the development of antioxidants to restrict oxidative stress induced neurodegeneration in AD.

A green approach towards sorption of CO2 on waste derived biochar.

Carbon capture technologies have advanced in recent years to meet the ever-increasing quest to minimize excessive anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The most promising option for CO2 control has been identified as carbon capture and storage. Among the numerous sorbents, char generated from biomass thermal conversion has shown to be an efficient CO2 adsorbent. This study examines various characteristics that can be used to increase the yield of biochar suited for carbon sequestration. This review gives recent research progress in the area, stressing the variations and consequences of various preparation processes on textural features such as surface area, pore size and sorption performance with respect to CO2's sorption capacity. The adjoining gaps discovered in this field have also been highlighted herewith, which will serve as future work possibility. It aims to analyse and describe the possibilities and potential of employing pristine and modified biochar as a medium of CO2 capture. It also examines the parameters that influence biochar's CO2 adsorption ability and pertinent challenges regarding the production of biochar-based CO2 sorbent materials.

Effect of levulinic acid on production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from food waste by Haloferax mediterranei.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), especially poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is considered as the most suitable candidate to replace petrochemical plastics. However, the high production cost and the composition of the monomers in the copolymer are the major constraints in production. The 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) rich copolymers are ideal for various applications due to their lower melting points, improved elasticity, and ductility. Haloferax mediterranei is a suitable microorganism for the production of biopolymer PHBV from biowaste. Nevertheless, the potential of H. mediterranei cultivated on food waste as sustainable substrate and levulinic acid as an inducer has not been explored for PHBV production. This study aims at the valorization of food waste as low-cost substrate and evaluation of effect of levulinic acid in the production and composition of PHBV using H. mediterranei. Shake-flask fermentations using different concentrations of salt, glucose and levulinic acid were first performed to optimize the cultivation conditions. The highest growth of the halophile was observed at salt concentration of 15% and glucose of concentration 10 g/L. Under optimized growth conditions, H. mediterranei was cultivated for PHBV production in fed-batch bioreactor with pulse fed levulinic acid. The maximum biomass of 3.19 ± 0.66 g/L was achieved after 140 h of cultivation with 3 g/L of levulinic acid. A decrease in H. mediterranei growth was noticed with the increase in levulinic acid concentration in the range of 3-10 g/L. The overall yield of PHBV at 3, 5, 7 and 10 g/L of levulinic acid were 18.23%, 56.70%, 31.54%, 21.29%, respectively. The optimum concentration of 5 g/L of levulinic acid was found to produce the maximum yield of 56.70% PHBV with 18.55 mol% 3HV content. A correlation between levulinic acid concentrations and PHBV production established in this study can serve as an important reference for future large-scale production.

Microbial xylitol production.

Xylitol is pentahydroxy sugar alcohol, existing in very trace amount in fruits and vegetables, and finds varied application in industries like food, pharmaceuticals, confectionaries, etc. and is of prime importance to health. Owing to its trace occurrence in nature and considerable increase in market demand that exceeds availability, alternate production through biotechnological and chemical approach is in process. Biochemical production involves substrates like lignocellulosic biomasses and industrial effluents and is an eco-friendly process with high dependency on physico-chemical parameters. Although the chemical processes are faster, high yielding and economical, they have a great limitation as usage of toxic chemicals and thus need to be regulated and replaced by an environment friendly approach. Microbes play a major role in xylitol production through a biotechnological process towards the development of a sustainable system. Major microbes working on assimilation of xylose for production of xylitol include Candida tropicalis, Candida maltose, Bacillus subtilis, Debaromyces hansenii, etc. The present review reports all probable microbial xylitol production biochemical pathways encompassing diverse bioprocesses involved in uptake and conversion of xylose sugars from agricultural residues and industrial effluents. A comprehensive report on xylitol occurrence and biotechnological production processes with varied substrates has been encompassed. KEY POINTS: • Xylitol from agro-industrial waste • Microbial xylose assimilation.

Management of COVID-19-induced cytokine storm by Keap1-Nrf2 system: a review.

The natural pathway of antioxidant production is mediated through Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with Cap and collar homology [ECH]-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) system. Keap1 maintains a low level of Nrf2 by holding it in its protein complex. Also, Keap1 facilitates the degradation of Nrf2 by ubiquitination. In other words, Keap1 is a down-regulator of Nrf2. To boost the production of biological antioxidants, Keap1 has to be inhibited and Nrf2 has to be released. Liberated Nrf2 is in an unbound state, so it travels to the nucleus to stimulate the antioxidant response element (ARE) present on the antioxidant genes. AREs activate biosynthesis of biological antioxidants through genes responsible for the production of antioxidants. In some cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is an enormous release of cytokines. The antioxidant defense mechanism in the body helps in counteracting symptoms induced by the cytokine storm in COVID-19. So, boosting the production of antioxidants is highly desirable in such a condition. In this review article, we have compiled the role of Keap1-Nrf2 system in antioxidant production. We further propose its potential therapeutic use in managing cytokine storm in COVID-19.

Neurodegeneration by oxidative stress: a review on prospective use of small molecules for neuroprotection.

The intricate physiology of many Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders points towards oxidative damages of neurons. Various studies have established that oxidative stress is a big threat to integrity of neurons. All the sections of central nervous system are exposed to free radicals and charged species formed during oxidative degradation of catecholamines and polyunsaturated fatty acids which are present abundantly in CNS. By products of other biochemical reactions also contribute to oxidative stress in central nervous system. If these charged species are not counter neutralized by antioxidants, it leads to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotropic lateral sclerosis, Multiple sclerosis, Spinal cord injury, Schizophrenia etc. The level of charged species and free radicals is found to be higher in neurodegenerative diseases than normal physiological condition and it is related to oxidative damages to neuronal cells. In many of such cases, use of antioxidants decreases oxidative stress and contribute to neuroprotection. This review intends to compile approach of managing oxidative stress in various neurodegenerative disorders. The perspective of this review is to study antioxidants and their role in neuroprotection.

Comparative study on toxicity evaluation of anaerobically treated parboiled rice manufacturing wastewater through fish bioassay.

Short term aquatic bioassay has been developed into a useful tool in water quality management. These tests give information on comparative toxicity of several compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of raw and anaerobically treated effluents of the parboiled rice manufacturing industry. The acute toxicity test was carried out by using the fish Lebistes reticulatus under laboratory conditions. LC50 values for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours ranged between 4.6 and 7.0% for the raw parboiled rice manufacturing wastewater. Two anaerobic fixed film fixed bed reactors and two different media matrices, i.e. UV stabilized Biopac media and Fugino spirals, were used for the treatment of parboiled rice mill wastewater. Effluents from these two reactors depicted LC50 values in the range of 68-88% and 62-78% for Biopac and Fugino spiral packed reactors, respectively. From the results, it is evident that anaerobically treated effluents from Biopac packed reactor is marginally better than Fugino spiral packed reactor. Results subjected to statistical evaluation depicted regression coefficient of more than 0.9 indicating good correlation between the mortality and effluent concentration.

Development of low-density oligonucleotide microarrays for detecting mutations causing Wilson's disease.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in ATP7B, a copper transporter gene, leading to hepatic and neuropsychiatric manifestations due to copper accumulation. If diagnosed early, WD patients can be managed by medicines reducing morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis of this disease requires a combination of tests and at times is inconclusive due to overlap of the symptoms with other disorders. Genetic testing is the preferred alternative in such cases particularly for individuals with a family history. Use of DNA microarray for detecting mutations in ATP7B gene is gaining popularity because of the advantages it offers in terms of throughput and sensitivity. This study attempts to establish the quality analysis procedures for microarray based diagnosis of Wilson's disease. METHODS: A home-made microarrayer was used to print oligonucleotide based low-density microarrays for addressing 62 mutations causing Wilson's disease reported from Indian population. Inter- and intra- array comparisons were used to study quality of the arrays. The arrays were validated by using mutant samples generated by site directed mutagenesis. RESULTS: The hybridization reaction were found to be consistent across the surface of a given microarray. Our results have shown that 52 °C post-hybridization wash yields better reproducibility across experiments compared to 42 °C. Our arrays have shown > 80 per cent sensitivity in detecting these 62 mutations. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate the design and evaluation of a low-density microarray for the detection of 62 mutations in ATP7B gene, and show that a microarray based approach can be cost-effective for detecting a large number of mutations simultaneously. This study also provides information on some of the important parameters required for microarray based diagnosis of genetic disorders.

A positive correlation between mutated gene of sickle cell anemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase among gond tribes of Chhattisgarh, India.

BACKGROUND: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzymopathy affecting millions of individuals worldwide. It is believed that the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in different ethnic populations increases its association with other pathological conditions especially sickle cell anemia (SCA), as they both are well-known adaptations against malaria. Thus, the present study aims to determine the frequency of G6PD deficiency among SCA patients and the association between them in the tribal community (Gond) of Chhattisgarh, India. METHOD: A total of 810 samples from three different age groups i.e., 10-20, 21-30, and 31-40 years were collected from the tribal community (Gond) of Kabirdham district of Chhattisgarh. The frequency of SCA was determined by a slide test followed by cellulose acetate paper electrophoresis and G6PD deficiency by methemoglobin reduction test. Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) gene polymorphism in sickle celled individuals and variant analysis in G6PD deficient individuals were analyzed by RT-PCR. RESULTS: The frequency of SCA and G6PD deficiency was reported at 9.75% and 17.16% respectively and a high degree of positive correlation between SCA and G6PD deficiency was also found (HbSS-G6PD deficient: r = 0.84, p = .356; HbAS-G6PD deficient: r = 0.89, p = .345). Results of the GST gene revealed that GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes are present in almost all sickled individuals while GSTP1 and GSTP1a exist in the mutated form in a maximum percentage of individuals. G6PD variant analysis also showed that 70% and 60% of individuals have mutated Mahidol and Union variants respectively, while none of the individuals have mutated Chinese variants. CONCLUSION: A high degree of correlation between SCA and G6PD was reported among Gond tribes of Chhattisgarh, India with a high degree of mutated GSTP1, GSTP1a, Mahidol, and Union variants. The study makes it possible to take specific preventive measures concerning the medication of anti-oxidizing drugs.

MXene/biochar composites for enhanced wastewater reclamation and bioenergy production: A kinetics and thermodynamics study.

The study explores the synthesis and utilization of biochar (BC) and multi-layer MXene to MXene/biochar (MB) composites for wastewater treatment. Simultaneously, it also investigates their energy generation potential through biomass and soil property assessments. The integrated column and batch treatments have shown significant results, elevating total dissolved solids from 63.7 to 125.5 mg L-1 with column treatment, while reducing them to 6.37 % and 1.35 % with BC and MB treatment, respectively. BC with high carbon content, demonstrated increased hydrophobicity, which was amplified by the integration of MXene, thereby enhancing its potential for advanced wastewater treatment. Treated wastewater exhibited elevated nutrient concentrations (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Na, and NH4+), promoting the growth of Pennisetum purpureum. WW_B shows promising energy potential, with a higher heating value of 25.03 MJ kg-1 and a lower heating value of 23.57 MJ kg-1. They demonstrated high volatile matter exceeding 70.9 wt %, and a fixed carbon from 10.02 to 27.53 wt %, signifying their potential for efficient conversion and bio-oil yield during pyrolysis. The ultimate analysis emphasized significant carbon, with oxygen content ranging from 43.42 to 47.78 wt %., influencing combustion characteristics. MT_B exhibited its suitability for energy production through thermochemical conversion, underlined by its high flammability and low volatile ignition values. In the absence of BC, the Ea ranged from 24.77 to 77.88 kJ mol-1 in wastewater and from 21.67 to 69.6 kJ mol-1 in MB treated wastewater. Meanwhile, when soil contained BC and was irrigated with wastewater, the Ea varied from 24.66 to 80.91 kJ mol-1. In the case of MB treated wastewater, it ranged from 25.01 to 75.79 kJ mol-1. The research thereby affirms the potential of MB composites to advance water and energy sustainability setting us for broader nexus-based applications.

Effect of biochar on the fate of antibiotic resistant genes and integrons in compost amended agricultural soil.

The persistence and transmission of emerging pollutants such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via mobile genetic elements (MGEs) have caused concern to scientific community. Composting practises are often adapted for the reduction of organic waste or to enhance fertility in agriculture soil but its continuous usage has posed a potential risk of increased abundance of ARGs in soil. Thus, the present study scrutinises the emerging risk of ARGs and MGEs in agriculture soil and its potential mitigation using biochar owing to its proven environmental sustainability and performance. After 30 days incubation, ARG distribution of SulI, SulII, dfrA1, dfrA12, tetA, flor, and ErmA was 50, 37.5, 37.5, 62.5, 42.11, 62.5, and 52.63% in control samples whereas it was 5, 15.78, 21.05, 15.79, 10.53, 21.05, and 31.58%, respectively, for biochar amended samples. Similarly, IntI1 and IntI2 in control and biochar amended samples were 18.75 and 6.25% and 10.53 and 5.26%, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) factor suggests that biochar amendment samples showed enhanced value for pH, organic matter, and organic carbon over control samples. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation analysis performed between detected ARGs and MGEs demonstrated the positive and significant correlation at p < 0.05 for both control and biochar amended samples.

Biodegradation of ciprofloxacin using machine learning tools: Kinetics and modelling.

Recently, the rampant administration of antibiotics and their synthetic organic constitutes have exacerbated adverse effects on ecosystems, affecting the health of animals, plants, and humans by promoting the emergence of extreme multidrug-resistant bacteria (XDR), antibiotic resistance bacterial variants (ARB), and genes (ARGs). The constraints, such as high costs, by-product formation, etc., associated with the physico-chemical treatment process limit their efficacy in achieving efficient wastewater remediation. Biodegradation is a cost-effective, energy-saving, sustainable alternative for removing emerging organic pollutants from environmental matrices. In view of the same, the current study aims to explore the biodegradation of ciprofloxacin using microbial consortia via metabolic pathways. The optimal parameters for biodegradation were assessed by employing machine learning tools, viz. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and statistical optimization tool (Response Surface Methodology, RSM) using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Under optimal culture conditions, the designed bacterial consortia degraded ciprofloxacin with 95.5% efficiency, aligning with model prediction results, i.e., 95.20% (RSM) and 94.53% (ANN), respectively. Thus, befitting amendments to the biodegradation process can augment efficiency and lead to a greener solution for antibiotic degradation from aqueous media.

An assessment of EGFR and HER2 inhibitors with structure activity relationship of fused pyrimidine derivatives for breast cancer: a brief review.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its subtype human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gets activated when its endogenous ligand(s) bind to its ATP binding site of target receptors. In breast cancer (BC), EGFR and HER2 are two proteins are overexpressed which leads to overexpression of cells proliferation and decreases cell death/apoptosis. Pyrimidine is one of the most widely studied heterocyclic scaffolds for EGFR as well as HER2 inhibition. We gather some remarkable results for fused-pyrimidine derivatives on various cancerous cell lines (in-vitro) and animal (in-vivo) evaluation to highlight their potency. The heterocyclic (five, six-membered, etc.) moieties which are coupled with pyrimidine moiety are potent against EGFR and HER2 inhibitions. Hence structure-activity relationship (SAR) plays important role in study of heterocyclic moiety along pyrimidine and effects of substituents, groups for increase or decrease in the cancerous activity and toxicity. By thoughtful of fused pyrimidines SAR study, it facilitates in receiving excellent overview of the compounds by concerning of efficacy and potential summary for future EGFR inhibitors. Furthermore, we studied the in-silico interactions of synthesized compounds to evaluate binding affinity towards the key amino acids..Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Unravelling the in vivo dynamics of liposomes: Insights into biodistribution and cellular membrane interactions.

Liposomes, as a colloidal drug delivery system dating back to the 1960s, remain a focal point of extensive research and stand as a highly efficient drug delivery method. The amalgamation of technological and biological advancements has propelled their evolution, elevating them to their current status. The key attributes of biodegradability and biocompatibility have been instrumental in driving substantial progress in liposome development. Demonstrating a remarkable ability to surmount barriers in drug absorption, enhance stability, and achieve targeted distribution within the body, liposomes have become pivotal in pharmaceutical research. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate details of liposomal drug delivery systems, focusing specifically on their pharmacokinetics and cell membrane interactions via fusion, lipid exchange, endocytosis etc. Emphasizing the nuanced impact of various liposomal characteristics, we explore factors such as lipid composition, particle size, surface modifications, charge, dosage, and administration routes. By dissecting the multifaceted interactions between liposomes and biological barriers, including the reticuloendothelial system (RES), opsonization, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) phenomenon, and Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy (CARPA) effect, we provide a deeper understanding of liposomal behaviour in vivo. Furthermore, this review addresses the intricate challenges associated with translating liposomal technology into practical applications, offering insights into overcoming these hurdles. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinical adoption and patent landscape of liposomes across diverse biomedical domains, shedding light on their potential implications for future research and therapeutic developments.

Efficient mitigation of emerging antibiotics residues from water matrix: Integrated approaches and sustainable technologies.

The prevalence of antibiotic traces in the aquatic matrices is a concern due to the emanation of antibiotic resistance which requires a multifaceted approach. One of the potential sources is the wastewater treatment plants with a lack of advance infrastructure leading to the dissemination of contaminants. Continuous advancements in economic globalization have facilitated the application of several conventional, advanced, and hybrid techniques for the mitigation of rising antibiotic traces in the aquatic matrices that have been thoroughly scrutinized in the current paper. Although the implementation of existing mitigation techniques is associated with several limiting factors and barriers which require further research to enhance their removal efficiency. The review further summarizes the application of the microbial processes to combat antibiotic persistence in wastewater establishing a sustainable approach. However, hybrid technologies are considered as most efficient and environmental-benign due to their higher removal efficacy, energy-efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. A brief elucidation has been provided for the mechanism responsible for lowering antibiotic concentration in wastewater through biodegradation and biotransformation. Overall, the current review presents a comprehensive approach for antibiotic mitigation using existing methods however, policies and measures should be implemented for continuous monitoring and surveillance of antibiotic persistence in aquatic matrices to reduce their potential risk to humans and the environment.