Right-Sided Cardiac Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Chronic Chagas Disease: A Review of Clinical Features and Post-Mortem Examination.

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) is a potential major complication in patients with chronic Chagas heart disease (CChD). The source of PE is the right-sided chambers instead of deep vein thrombosis. Little is known regarding risk factors, clinical picture, and the clinical course of patients with PE secondary to CChD. The aim of this review was to try to provide doctors with such data. We searched for papers related to PE in CChD patients in the PUBMED from 1955 to 2020. Twenty-six manuscripts were retrieved, of which 12 fulfilled entry criteria and were included in the study. Right-sided cardiac thrombosis or PE was confirmed on morphological or imaging studies. A total of 431 patients with PE were reported. Age varied from 30 to 85 years. About 332 patients were reported to have chronic heart failure (CHF), whereas 41 (9%) sudden cardiac death (SCD) at autopsy. Clinical manifestations reported were sudden onset dyspnea was found in 1 patient, haemoptysis in 2, worsening CHF in 2, and chest pain in 1. An X-ray chest was reported for 6 patients: abnormalities consistent with PE were found in 3. The resting electrocardiogram (ECG) was reported for 5 patients: it was abnormal in all. One study reported a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 42.1 ± 18.7%. The prevalence of right-sided cardiac thrombosis varied from 66% to 85% patients. PE was the cause of death in 17% of patients. The clinical diagnosis of PE in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChCM) is very difficult in the absence of a prediction score that performs well. However, in the presence of haemoptysis or worsening heart failure (HF), abnormal ECG, or chest X-ray, the diagnosis of PE should be raised, and patients promptly referred to detailed Doppler Tissue Echocardiography and computed tomography angiography, and treated in a timely manner.

Coronary artery bypass surgery in Brazil: analysis of the national reality through the bypass registry

Abstract Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most frequently performed heart surgery in Brazil. Recent international guidelines recommend that national societies establish a database on the practice and results of CABG. In anticipation of the recommendation, the BYPASS Registry was introduced in 2015. Objective: To analyze the profile, risk factors and outcomes of patients undergoing CABG in Brazil, as well as to examine the predominant surgical strategy, based on the data included in the BYPASS Registry. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 2292 patients undergoing CABG surgery and cataloged in the BYPASS Registry up to November 2018. Demographic data, clinical presentation, operative variables, and postoperative hospital outcomes were analyzed. Results: Patients referred to CABG in Brazil are predominantly male (71%), with prior myocardial infarction in 41.1% of cases, diabetes in 42.5%, and ejection fraction lower than 40% in 9.7%. The Heart Team indicated surgery in 32.9% of the cases. Most of the patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (87%), and cardioplegia was the strategy of myocardial protection chosen in 95.2% of the cases. The left internal thoracic artery was used as a graft in 91% of the cases; the right internal thoracic artery, in 5.6%; and the radial artery in 1.1%. The saphenous vein graft was used in 84.1% of the patients, being the only graft employed in 7.7% of the patients. The median number of coronary vessels treated was 3. Operative mortality was 2.8%, and the incidence of cerebrovascular accident was 1.2%. Conclusion: CABG data in Brazil provided by the BYPASS Registry analysis are representative of our national reality and practice. This database constitutes an important reference for indications and comparisons of therapeutic procedures, as well as to propose subsequent models to improve patient safety and the quality of surgical practice in the country.

B-Type natriuretic peptide as a predictor of short-term mortality in on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Objective: The present study refers to a determination of the preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide is a predictor of short-term all-cause mortality in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgeries. Methods: Two hundred and twenty-one patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgeries were evaluated prospectively during a 30-day postoperative follow-up period. Serum B-type natriuretic peptide concentration was measured without a 24-hour period prior to the surgical procedure and the value obtained was correlated with a short-term all-cause mortality. Results: Data analysis showed that all-cause mortality rates were equal to 9.5% in 30 days. Accuracy analysis by the receiver operating characteristic curve found an ideal cut-off value of B-type natriuretic peptide equal to 150 pg/mL in relation to mortality (AUC=0.82, 95% CI=0.71-0.87, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that B-type natriuretic peptide value greater than or equal to 150 pg/mL (P=0.030, HR=3.99, 95% CI=1.14-13.98) was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in a 30-day follow-up period. Conclusion: Preoperative serum B-type natriuretic peptide concentration is an independent predictor of short-term all-cause mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Predictive factors of long-term stay in the icu after cardiac surgery: logistic casus score, serum bilirubin dosage and extracorporeal circulation time

Abstract Objective: To test the capacity of the Logistic CASUS Score on the second postoperative day, the total serum bilirubin dosage on the second postoperative day and the extracorporeal circulation time, as possible predictive factors of long-term stay in Intensive Care Unit after cardiac surgery. Methods: Eight-two patients submitted to cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation were selected. The Logistic CASUS Score on the second postoperative day was calculated and bilirubin dosage on the second postoperative day was measured. The extracorporeal circulation time was also registered. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A, those who were discharged up to the second day of postoperative care; Group B, those who were discharged after the second day of postoperative care. Results: In this study, 40 cases were listed in Group A and 42 cases in Group B. The mean extracorporeal circulation time was 83.9±29.4 min in Group A and 95.8±29.31 min in Group B. Extracorporeal circulation time was not significant in this study (P=0.0735). The level of P significance of bilirubin dosage on the second postoperative day was 0.0003 and an area under the ROC curve of 0.708 with a cut-off point at 0.51 mg/dl was registered. The level of P significance of Logistic CASUS Score on the second postoperative day was 0.0001 and an area under the ROC curve of 0.723 with a cut-off point at 0.40% was registered. Conclusion: The Logistic CASUS Score on the second postoperative day has shown to be better than the bilirubin dosage on the second postoperative day as a predictive tool for calculating the length of stay in intensive care unit during the postoperative care period of patients. Notwithstanding, extracorporeal circulation time has failed to prove itself as an efficient tool to predict an extended length of stay in intensive care unit.

The brazilian registry of adult patient undergoing cardiovascular surgery, the bypass project: results of the first 1,722 patients

Abstract Objective: To report the early results of the BYPASS project - the Brazilian registrY of adult Patient undergoing cArdiovaScular Surgery - a national, observational, prospective, and longitudinal follow-up registry, aiming to chart a profile of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery in Brazil, assessing the data harvested from the initial 1,722 patients. Methods: Data collection involved institutions throughout the whole country, comprising 17 centers in 4 regions: Southeast (8), Northeast (5), South (3), and Center-West (1). The study population consists of patients over 18 years of age, and the types of operations recorded were: coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), mitral valve, aortic valve (either conventional or transcatheter), surgical correction of atrial fibrillation, cardiac transplantation, mechanical circulatory support and congenital heart diseases in adults. Results: 83.1% of patients came from the public health system (SUS), 9.6% from the supplemental (private insurance) healthcare systems; and 7.3% from private (out-of -pocket) clinic. Male patients comprised 66%, 30% were diabetics, 46% had dyslipidemia, 28% previously sustained a myocardial infarction, and 9.4% underwent prior cardiovascular surgery. Patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery were 54.1% and 31.5% to valve surgery, either isolated or combined. The overall postoperative mortality up to the 7th postoperative day was 4%; for CABG was 2.6%, and for valve operations, 4.4%. Conclusion: This first report outlines the consecution of the Brazilian surgical cardiac database, intended to serve primarily as a tool for providing information for clinical improvement and patient safety and constitute a basis for production of research protocols.

Ressecção de um lipoma de átrio direito e reconstrução parcial com pericárdio bovino / Right atrial lipoma resection and partial reconstruction using bovine pericardium

Os tumores primários do coração têm uma incidência variando de 0,001 por cento a 0,28 por cento dentre todos os tumores, relatados em séries de necropsias. Lipoma consiste de um tumor benigno que corresponde a cerca de 8 por cento de todos os tumores cardíacos primários. Os sintomas, quando presentes, estão relacionados ao tamanho e à localização do tumor. Apresentamos o caso de um homem com 27 anos, com um lipoma no átrio direito que foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico, com ressecção tumoral e reconstrução parcial do átrio direito com pericárdio bovino.

The primary heart tumors have an incidence varying from 0.001 percent to 0.28 percent of all tumors, reported in necropsies series. Lipoma consists of a benign tumour corresponding to about 8 percent of all primary heart tumors. When present, the symptoms are related to the size and location of such tumor. We report a case of a 27-year-old man with a lipoma in the right atrium who underwent surgical treatment with tumor resection and partial reconstruction of the right atrium using bovine pericardium.

Importância da troponina I no diagnóstico do infarto do miocárdio no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização / The importance of troponin I in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the postoperative of coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um valor de corte para a troponina I, correlacionando-a com a ocorrência de infarto do miocárdio pós-cirúrgico (IAMPC). MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 180 pacientes consecutivos portadores de coronariopatia obstrutiva com indicação cirúrgica. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 60,6 ± 9,3 anos, sendo 119 (66,1 por cento) do sexo masculino e 61 (33,9 por cento), do feminino. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo sem infarto (A) - 170 pacientes - e infartado (B) - 10 pacientes. Foram coletados de cada um troponina I, ao momento da indução anestésica e ao segundo dia do pósoperatório, e correlacionada com a presença ou não de IAMPC. A análise estatística foi feita com a ajuda do programa StatsDirect 1.6.0 para Windows. RESULTADOS: A troponina I pré-operatória apresentou uma média de 1,0 ± 6 ng/ml. A regressão logística univariada mostrou correlação da troponina I do segundo dia de pós-operatório com IAMPC com P=0,0005. A curva ROC determinou um valor de corte de 6,1 ng/ml, sensibilidade = 90,0 por cento e especificidade = 82,1 por cento, OR = 49,8 (IC 95 por cento 6,1-410,4) com P<0,0001. CONCLUSÃO: A chance de um paciente com infarto pósoperatório apresentar troponina igual ou superior a 6,1 ng/ml é 49,8 vezes maior do que a de um paciente que não infartou apresentar troponina acima desse nível.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to establish a cut-off value for troponin I by correlating it to occurrence of postoperative myocardial infarction. METHODS: 180 consecutive patients with coronary disease referred for surgery were included. The mean age of the patients were 60.6 (±9.3) years, with 119 (66.1 percent) males and 61 (33.9 percent) females. The patients were divided into two groups: group without myocardial infarction (A) - 170 patients - and with myocardial infarction (B) - 10 patients.The troponin I was collected from each patient at the beginning of anesthesia and on the second postoperative day by correlating it to presence or not of postoperative myocardial infarction. StatsDirect 1.6.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Preoperative troponin I was 1.0 (±6) ng/ml as mean. Univariate logistic regression showed correlation of troponin I of the second postoperative day with myocardial infarction (P=0.0005). ROC curve was used to define the cutoff value, and 6.1 ng/ml (sensitivity=90.0 percent, specificity=82.1 percent, OR=49.8 with CI=95 percent 6.1- 410.4, P<0.0001) were found. CONCLUSION: The chance of a patient with postoperative myocardial infarction to present troponin I equal to or higher than 6.1 ng/ml is 49.8-fold higher than the chance of a patient without infarction to present troponin I higher than this value.

Ressecção de mixoma ventricular esquerdo após acidente vascular cerebral embólico / Resection of left ventricular myxoma after embolic stroke

Mixoma cardíaco é o tumor primário mais comum do coração. Sua principal localização é no átrio esquerdo, mas pode surgir em qualquer câmara cardíaca. Os sintomas clínicos são variáveis, mas dispnéia e embolia são os mais freqüentes. Relatamos o caso de um jovem com acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico embólico causado por um grande mixoma no ventrículo esquerdo. O paciente foi submetido a cirurgia três semanas após o acidente vascular cerebral. O tumor foi ressecado com cuidado, sem fragmentar. O tratamento cirúrgico foi eficaz. Enfatizamos a raridade da presente localização, juntamente com uma revisão da literatura atual.

Cardiac myxoma is the most common primary tumor of the heart. The tumor is located mainly in the left atrium but can arise from any heart chamber. Clinical symptoms are variable but dyspnea and embolism are the most frequent. We report a case of a young man that had embolic ischemic stroke caused by a large left ventricular myxoma. The patient underwent surgery three weeks after the stroke. The tumor was carefully resected without fragmentation. Surgical treatment was effective. We emphasize the rarity of this location together with a review of the current literature.

Marcapasso multisítio no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca: evolução e resultados / Multisite pacing to treat cardiac insuficiency: evolution and outcome

A insuficiência cardíaca ainda é o maior problema de saúde da população mundial, acometendo cerca de 22 milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo, em sua maioria idosos, grupo populacional que mais cresce há várias décadas no mundo todo. A terapia de ressincronização ventricular por meio da implantação de marcapasso multisítio tem sido estudada por inúmeros autores, tornando-se uma importante opção terapêutica na insuficiência cardíaca. Objetivo: avaliar a sobrevivência...

Forma inusitada de Pericardite Crônica Constritiva Idiopática / Unusual presentation of Idiophatic Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis

Paciente masculino, 55 anos, com queixa progressiva há 1 ano e 8 meses. Estava com 160kg (habitual 95 kg), extremamente edemaciado, com ortopnéia. Trouxe exames ecocardiográficos normais e eletrocardiograma com inversão de onda T. Biópsia endomiocárdica afastou fibrose endomiocárdica ou cardiomiopatia restritiva, mas as curvas pressóricas eram típicas de processo restritivo. Novo ecocardiograma agora mostrou pericárdio bastante espesso. Indicada pericardiectomia, recebendo alta com remissão completa dos sintomas. O estudo anatomopatológico foi inespecífico, sendo a pericardite classificada como idiopática. O caso alerta para a necessidade de alto grau de suspeição de pericardite constritiva em pacientes com ascite volumosa sem causa aparente.

A 55-year-old male patient presented in our service with progressive dyspnea and ascitis beginning 1 year and 8 months previously. He weighed 160 kg (normal weight 95 kg), with ascitis and orthopnea. On admission he presented normal echocardiograms. An electrocardiogram showed diffuse inverted T waves. An endomyocardial biopsy was not elucidative. A new echocardiogram confirmed a very thick pericardium. Surgical pericardial resection was indicated. The postoperative period was uneventful with complete remission of symptoms. The anatomopathological analysis was normal. The pericarditis was classified as idiopathic. This case is a warning for the need of much suspicion in patients with apparent causeless voluminous ascitis.

Efeito da terapia de ressincronização cardíaca na miocardiopatia dilatada de origem isquêmica: uma alternativa incomum para implante do eletrodo no seio coronariano / The cardiac resynchroronization therapy effect in the dilated myocardiopathy of isquemic origin: an odd alternative for the stimulation pacing implant in the coronary core

O uso de marcapasso biventricular na ressincronização cardíaca tornou-se conduta de rotina no tratamento de pacientes com cardiopatia dilatada, embora não seja indicação tradicional como indicação em todos pacientes portadores de bradiarritmias. Costumeiramente, utiliza-se um eletrodo na ponta de ventrículo direito e outro na parede lateral do ventrículo esquerdo, o que melhora significativamente a função ventricular, a capacidade para o exercício, a classe funcional e a qualidade de vida. Na literatura, verifica-se que não há consenso acerca das melhores posições para os eletrodos, já que em algumas situações a anatomia da circulação venosa coronária torna seu implante problemático. Apresenta-se neste caso uma alternativa de implante na veia coronária anterior esquerda, com resultados esquivalentes aos padrões normais

Correção de aneurisma de ventrículo esquerdo em paciente chagásico empregando prótese de pericárdio bovino / Surgical correction of left ventricle aneurysm in a patient with Chagas disease utilizing prosthesis of bovine pericardium

Os autores descrevem a correção cirúrgica de aneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo em paciente chagásica que apresentava insuficiência cardíaca. Usando uma prótese de pericárdio bovino foi possível reconstruir a parede aneurismática do ventrículo esquerdo, obtendo-se acentuada redução dos sintomas. Assim, acreditam que os benefícios já adquiridos neste tipo de operação em pacientes com aneurismas de ventrículo esquerdo de etiologia isquêmica, podem ser estendidos aos pacientes chagásicos

Comportamento de paciente chagásico após implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador / Behavior of the chagasic patient after a cardioverter-defibrilator implantation(ICD)

Esta apresentação de caso é de um paciente chagásico com taquicardia/fibrilação ventricular encaminhado para implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador cardíaco. Sua evolução mostra episódios desta mesma arritmia que foi revertida com sucesso após terapia com burst e/ou choque

Implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador de dupla-câmara utilizando cabo-eletrodo único / Dual-chamber cardioverter-defibrillator implantation using a single-pass lead

O modo VDD com eletrodo único para a estimulação cardíaca artificial em pacientes com BAVT e resposta cronotrópica do nó sinusal tem sido utilizado em casos selecionados. Este relato de caso apresenta o uso de um eletrodo similar que inova ao incorporar uma mola de choque para a desfibrilação ventricular no mesmo cabo-eletrodo. Um cardioversor-desfibrilador-implantável (CDI) especialmente projetado, com canal de sensibilidade otimizado, permite a captação da onda P com segurança na obtenção do sincronismo atrioventricular. Adicionalmente, o sistema permite aumentar a especificidade dos algoritmos de discriminação de taquicardias supraventriculares de modo similar aos obtidos nos CDIs de dupla-câmara com dois eletrodos.

Aneurisma do seio de Valsava: análise de sete casos / Aneurysm of the sinus of Valsava: analysis of seven cases

Os autores apresentam a experiência acumulada de janeiro de 1984 a julho de 1990, no Instituto de Moléstias Cardiovasculares (IMC), de sete casos de aneurisma do seio de Valsalva (ASV), tratados cirurgicamente com uso de retalho de pericárdio bovino (PB), ou troca valvar nos casos indicados. Cinco casos eram de origem congênita e dois estavam associados a doença reumática. Dos congênitos, quatro estavam rotos, sendo dois para o átrio direito e dois para o ventrículo direito; em um caso nao havia rotura e se projetava para o ventrícuio esquerdo. Dos dois casos associados a doença reumática, um estava roto para o ventrículo direito e o outro apresentava protrusao do saco aneurismático para o ventriculo esquerdo e eversao da válvula aórtica correspondente. Foi usado retalho de PB para dar sustentaçao à sutura nos casos de ASV congênitos; destes, um evoluiu com deiscência da sutura aos sete meses e aos seis anos, sendo reoperado nas duas ocasioes. Nos casos associados a doença reumática, foi realizada a substituiçao valvar com prótese biológica PB IMC; dos dois pacientes, um foi a óbito, em decorrência de acidente vascular cerebral, no 15( dia de pós-operatório. Conclui-se que, quando nao há alteraçoes secundárias nas válvulas (ex.: calcificaçao, endocardite, etc.), a restauraçao é possível e desejada, com boa evoluçao quando se usa retralho de pericárdio bovino.

Ruptura traumática de aorta torácica tamponamento estável por 60 horas / Traumatic disrupition of thoracic aorta with steady tamponade for 60 hours

Os autores apresentam um caso de lesao aórtica em um paciente de 23 anos de idade, vítima de acidente motociclístico, e com admissao em nosso hospital 48 horas após o trauma. Sob a evidência de um alargamento de mediastino ao Rx de tórax e drenagem de hemotórax seguido de observaçao clínica em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, realizou-se Tomografia Computadorizada de tórax que comprovou ruptura de aorta torácica, sendo realizado reparo cirúrgico imediato. O presente artigo procura destacar a raridade da evoluçao deste caso e realçar a importância do diagnóstico precoce das injúrias vasculares traumáticas do tórax, uma vez que a mortalidade aumenta proporcionamente ao espaço de tempo decorrido.